Non-coding Control Region Research Articles

New mitochondrial genomes of three whip spider species from the Amazon (Arachnida, Amblypygi) with phylogenetic relationships and comparative analysis

The complete mitochondrial genomes of the whip spiders Charinus carajas, C. ferreus, and Heterophrynus longicornis were sequenced, annotated, and compared with other mitogenomes of whip spiders and arachnids. The three new mitogenomes have the 37 genes usually observed in Metazoa: 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), plus a non-coding control region (CR). Most PCGs presented an ATN start codon, except cox1 in both Charinus species, initiating with TTA. Most PCGs terminated with stop codons TAA or TAG, except nad5 of C. carajas and cox3 of H. longicornis, which presented an incomplete stop codon (T). The Ka/Ks ratios were less than one for all the PCGs, indicating these genes are under purifying selection. All the tRNAs, except for serine 1 (trnS1), had the typical cloverleaf-shaped secondary structure. All the phylogenetic analyses resolved Charinus carajas and C. ferreus as monophyletic groups. Nonetheless, we did not recover the monophyly of Heterophrynus longicornis. The phylogenies under partitioned models did not recover suprageneric taxonomic groups as clades, but the Bayesian inference under the CAT infinite mixture model recovered the family Phrynidae and the superfamily Phrynoidea as monophyletic groups.

Insights into phylogenetic relationships and gene rearrangements: complete mitogenomes of two sympatric species in the genus Rana (Anura, Ranidae).

Mitochondrial genomes (also known as mitogenomes) serve as valuable molecular markers and have found widespread applications in molecular biology and ecology. There is abundant sequence variation in vertebrate mitogenomes, and occasionally, they exhibit gene rearrangements. In this study, two Chinese endemic Rana species, Ranajiemuxiensis and Ranahanluica, were sequenced and analyzed to obtain their complete mitogenomes. The two species were sympatrically distributed in the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, in Wulingyuan District, Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province, China. The mitogenome of R.jiemuxiensis was 17,506 bp, while that of R.hanluica was 17,505 bp, each comprising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and a non-coding control region (D-loop). The gene content, nucleotide composition, and evolutionary rates of each mitogenome were analyzed and compared with those of congeners. A phylogenetic analysis based on 22 mitogenomes in Rana revealed that the two sympatric species were in two different lineages, indicating that they were genetically separated to a certain extent. Three types of gene rearrangement patterns were identified when examining the gene orders of the 22 Rana mitogenomes. Most of the species shared a second and dominant gene rearrangement pattern that originated from the first ancient pattern. A "tandem duplication - multiple deletion" hypothesis was proposed to explain the evolution of these different gene rearrangement patterns. This study provided valuable data references and enhanced our understanding of the phylogenetic implications and gene rearrangements of Rana species.

Mitochondrial genome of the Indian spot-billed duck and its phylogenetic and conservation implications.

The Indian spot-billed duck, Anas poecilorhyncha is a large dabbling and non-migratory breeding bird. The identification and phylogenetic relationship of A. poecilorhyncha remain uncertain due to the presence of overlapping meristic characters and hybridization with closely related species. Molecular data aids when there are challenges in morphological identification. However, genetic characterization of A. poecilorhyncha has been paid less attention. Apart from their functional and physiological role, mitochondrial genome can also be used for various purposes, including species identification, phylogenetic analysis, understanding the domestication history of species etc. Therefore, the present study aimed to sequence the mitochondrial genome of A. poecilorhyncha and its closely related domestic species A. platyrhynchos (mallard duck) to understand their mitochondrial genome structure and phylogenetic relationships. The length of mitochondrial genome of A. poecilorhyncha and A. platyrhynchos was 16,608 and 16,604bp respectively. Mitochondrial genome contained 37 genes and a non-coding control region. Overall, the characteristics of mitochondrial genome of both species were found to be conserved. The phylogenetic tree exhibited seven major clades (A to G) with a high bootstrap support. Notably, the Indian A. poecilorhyncha population formed a distinct clade (C) whereas the A. poecilorhyncha that were probably sampled from China grouped along with A. zonorhyncha (clade B). Besides, one of the A. poecilorhyncha probably sampled from China was placed in the clade A, which predominantly consisted of A. platyrhynchos. It suggests that Indian A. poecilorhyncha population is genetically different from Chinese A. poecilorhyncha population. Further, it sheds light on the importance of conducting a comprehensive phylogenetic study on these species. The newly sequenced mitochondrial genome of A. poecilorhyncha and A. platyrhynchos would be useful not only to have a better understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of Anas species but also to help in the conservation of A. poecilorhyncha which is under constant threat from rapid urbanization, interspecific hybridization and other human activities.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the shining leaf chafer Mimela junii (Duftschmidt, 1805) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The complete mitochondrial genome of the shining leaf chafer Mimela junii was sequenced and is herein described. The mitogenome consists of a circular molecule of 16,805 bp, with an overall AT content of 75.7%. It encodes for 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and contains a non-coding Control Region (CR) characterized by the presence of tandem repeats. The gene order corresponds to the ancestral Pancrustacea model and mitogenome characteristics are congruous with those of hexapods. In the phylogenetic analysis, M. junii is nested within a paraphyletic Anomala with high support, and is herein associated with Anomala corpulenta with medium/low support.

Mitochondrial Genome Characteristics and Phylogenetic Analysis of Fulmekiola serrata (Kobus) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Sugarcane thrips, Fulmekiola serrata (Kobus) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a common foliar pest that infests sugarcane and is found throughout tropical and subtropical countries. In this study, we obtained and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of F. serrata for the first time and explored the phylogenetic relationships of the higher-order elements of Thysanoptera members at the mitochondrial level. The complete mitochondrial genome of F. serrata is 16,596 bp in length and includes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 1 noncoding control region. A+T accounted for 75% of the total bases in the mitochondrial genome of F. serrata, revealing an obvious AT bias. Among the 13 PCGs, except for nad5, which had a start codon of TTG, the remaining genes had ATNs typical of insects (ATA, ATT, ATC, and ATG); nad1, nad2, nad3, and atp8 had incomplete termination codons of TA or T. The remaining nine PCGs were complete with the termination codon TAA. Of the 22 tRNA secondary structures, all were typical cloverleaf secondary structures except for trnS1, which was missing the DHU arm. Compared with the hypothetical ancestral gene arrangement of arthropods, F. serrata presented extensive gene rearrangement, with 23 translocated genes, 8 inverted genes, and 5 shuffled genes. Both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic trees resulted in similar topologies: ((Thripidae + (Stenurothripidae + Aeolothripidae)) + Phlaeothripidae), with Thripidae, Aeolothripidae and Phlaeothripidae being monophyletic groups, whereas F. serrata is closely related to Thrips palmi, and the two are sister groups.

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Siberian Scoter Melanitta stejnegeri and Its Phylogenetic Relationship in Anseriformes.

The Siberian Scoter (Melanitta stejnegeri) is a medium sea duck distinct from M. deglandi due to the absence of hybridization and differences in morphological characteristics. However, knowledge of its phylogenetic relationships within Anseriformes is limited due to a lack of molecular data. In this study, the complete mitogenome of M. stejnegeri was firstly sequenced, then annotated and used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of 76 Anseriformes species. The complete mitogenome of M. stejnegeri is 16,631 bp and encodes 37 typical genes: 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and 1 non-coding control region. Its mitogenome organization is similar to that of other Anseriformes species. The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Melanitta are initially clarified, with M. americana at the base. M. stejnegeri and M. deglandi are sister groups, clustering with M. fusca and M. perspicillata in order. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that Mareca falcata and M. strepera are sister groups, differing from previous studies. Results firstly indicate that Clangula hyemalis and Somateria mollissima are sister groups, suggesting a potentially skewed phylogenetic relationship may have been overlooked in earlier analyses relying solely on mitochondrial genomes. Our results provide new mitogenome data to support further phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of Anseriformes.

First Record of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome for the Genus Borbo (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae): Characterization and Comparative Genomic Analysis

Butterflies of the genus Borbo are mainly distributed in the Oriental and Australian regions and are considered pests of important crops. However, no mitochondrial genomes have been reported for this genus until now, leaving the evolutionary characteristics and differentiation patterns of their mitogenomes unclear. In this study, we present the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the rice swift, Borbo cinnara. The circular double-stranded mitogenome was 15,508 bp in length, comprising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and 1 non-coding control region (CR). Among the mitogenomes of Hesperiinae, the ND3 gene was found to be the most variable PCG, while COX1 was the most conserved. Selection pressure analysis revealed that ND3 was under relaxed purifying selection, whereas COX1 was subjected to strong purifying selection. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed using both the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods yielded robust and identical topologies, confirming the sister relationship between B. cinnara and Pelopidas mathias at the mitogenome level. Methodologically, this research enriches novel molecular markers for the species identification of butterflies and enhances our understanding of mitogenomic evolution in Lepidoptera.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its phylogenetic implications

Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch, 1856 is widespread in tropical and temperate regions. R. maidis can spread viral diseases in maize and harm various important crops. In the present study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of R. maidis. The circular genome is found to be 17,021 bp in length, includes a standard set of 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, and two non-coding control regions. The base composition is 84.32% AT and 15.79% GC. The phylogenetic tree of the 17 Aphidini families constructed based on the nucleotide sequences of complete mitochondrial genomes strongly supports the conclusion that R. maidis is closely related to R. rufiabdominalis.

The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Rattus tanezumi (Niethammer, 1975), captured from North China

Rattus tanezumi (Niethammer, 1975) is one of the commensal rodent species in South China. With the development of transportation and climate change, R. tanezumi has gradually migrated north and become the dominant rat species for the past few years. In this study, we assembled a complete mitochondrial genome of R. tanezumi, captured from North China. The mitogenome contains 16,307 nucleotide pairs, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes, as well as one non-coding control region. Based on whole mitogenome phylogenetical analysis showed that R. tanezumi captured from North China had a close phylogenetic relationship with that from Japan and South Korea. These findings are valuable for further studies on the evolution, genetic diversity, and taxonomy of Asian commensal rodent.

Characterisation of the complete mitochondrial genome of the imperiled Pearl darter Percina aurora (Perciformes: Percidae)

ABSTRACT The Pearl darter Percina aurora, a member of the species-rich family Percidae, is endemic to the Pearl and Pascagoula river systems in Louisiana and Mississippi, USA. However, this fish is now only found in the Pascagoula River and is listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. This study, for the first time, assembled and characterised in detail the mitochondrial genome of P. aurora. The mitochondrial genome of P. aurora is 16,646 bp in length and comprises 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rrnS [12s ribosomal RNA] and rrnL [16s ribosomal RNA]). A 33 bp long region was identified as the origin of replication for the light strand (OL), and a putative non-coding control region (CR), 987 bp in length, contains the origin of replication for the heavy strand (OH). The two ribosomal RNA genes, the majority of the PCGs, and the majority of the tRNA genes are encoded on the positive, or heavy, strand. The gene order in P. aurora is identical to that previously reported for confamilial species. All tRNAs exhibit a cloverleaf secondary structure except tRNA-Serine 1 which lacked the D-arm loop. An analysis of selective pressure (Ka/Ks ratios) for all the PCGs showed Ka/Ks values ≤1, suggesting that all these PCGs experience strong purifying selection. This new genomic resource will aid with bioprospecting and biomonitoring of P. aurora using environmental DNA.

Polyomavirus ALTOs, but not MTs, downregulate viral early gene expression by activating the NF-κB pathway

Polyomaviruses are small, circular dsDNA viruses that can cause cancer. Alternative splicing of polyomavirus early transcripts generates large and small tumor antigens (LT, ST) that play essential roles in viral replication and tumorigenesis. Some polyomaviruses also express middle tumor antigens (MTs) or alternate LT open reading frames (ALTOs), which are evolutionarily related but have distinct gene structures. MTs are a splice variant of the early transcript whereas ALTOs are overprinted on the second exon of the LT transcript in an alternate reading frame and are translated via an alternative start codon. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), the only human polyomavirus that causes cancer, encodes an ALTO but its role in the viral lifecycle and tumorigenesis has remained elusive. Here, we show MCPyV ALTO acts as a tumor suppressor and is silenced in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Rescuing ALTO in MCC cells induces growth arrest and activates NF-κB signaling. ALTO activates NF-κB by binding SQSTM1 and TRAF2&3 via two N-Terminal Activating Regions (NTAR1+2), resembling Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1). Following activation, NF-κB dimers bind the MCPyV noncoding control region (NCCR) and downregulate early transcription. Beyond MCPyV, NTAR motifs are conserved in other polyomavirus ALTOs, which activate NF-κB signaling, but are lacking in MTs that do not. Furthermore, polyomavirus ALTOs downregulate their respective viral early transcription in an NF-κB- and NTAR-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that ALTOs evolved to suppress viral replication and promote viral latency and that MCPyV ALTO must be silenced for MCC to develop.

A new evaluation of the rearranged non-coding control region of JC virus in patients with colorectal cancer

HighlightsA significant proportion of 35/60 (58.33%) tumor tissue and 42/60 (70%) urine samples of the CRC patients were found to be positive for JCV DNA (P = 0.25). The parallel analysis of tumor and urine samples for JCV DNA further supports the potential for non-invasive screening tools.screening JCV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and stool of CRC patients may further support the potential for non-invasive screening tools.The study offers new insights into rearranged NCCR variants isolated from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients’ tissue.The screening and analysis of the rrNCCR region of JCV DNA in CRC patients’ stool may indicate the pathogenesis of the JCV virus in CRC development.The presence of JCV LTAg in tumor tissue is significantly higher than in normal tissue (p = < 0.002), suggesting JCV’s role in cancer development during the latency phase.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the shield-faced leaf-nosed bat from Yunnan Province in China

In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the shield-faced leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros lylei Thomas, 1914) using the Illumina platform. The mitochondrial genome of H. lylei is 16,856 bp in length, encoding 37 genes, which include 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, one replication start, and one non-coding control region (D-loop) of 417 bp in length. It has a G + C content of 42.0%, lower than the A + T content, indicating an obvious AT base preference. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that H. lylei clusters with three species of the genus Hipposideros in one branch and is relatively closely related to H. armiger and H. larvatus.

Assembly and annotation of the first complete mitochondrial genome of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a significant economic pest with a global distribution. Despite the increasing volume of literature on mitochondrial genome sequencing, complete mitochondrial genome sequences have not been reported for P. solenopsis yet. Here, we assembled the complete mitochondrial genome of P. solenopsis using high throughput DNA sequencing technology. The genome is 14,831 bp in length and is comprised of 37 genes: 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The total length of all PCGs is 9,678 bp, accounting for 65.2% of the overall mitogenome. Among the PCGs, atp8 is the smallest gene (99 bp) and nad5 is the largest (1,593 bp). Of the 13 PCGs, seven (nad3, cox3, atp6, atp8, cox2, cox1, nad2) are encoded on the majority strand (J-strand), while six (nad1, nad6, cob, nad4L, nad4, nad5) are on the minority strand (N-strand). The analysis revealed a predominant A+T base composition, making up 90.3% of the total genome. However, the non-coding regulatory control region (CR) is missing due to the non-overlapping endpoints of the linear assembly. This assembly provides comprehensive information for investigating the evolutionary relationships between scale insects and for the precise identification of insects.

Human papillomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus in Korean patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer: Evaluation and genetic variability of the noncoding control region.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important causative factor of cervical cancer and is associated with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a rare and highly fatal cutaneous virus that can cause Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Although coinfection with oncogenic HPV and MCPyV may increase cancer risk, a definitive etiological link has not been established. Recently, genomic variation and genetic diversity in the MCPyV noncoding control region (NCCR) among ethnic groups has been reported. The current study aimed to provide accurate prevalence information on HPV and MCPyV infection/coinfection in NSCLC patients and to evaluate and confirm Korean MCPyV NCCR variant genotypes and sequences. DNA from 150 NSCLC tissues and 150 adjacent control tissues was assessed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting regions of the large T antigen (LT-ag), viral capsid protein 1 (VP1), and NCCR. MCPyV was detected in 22.7% (34 of 150) of NSCLC tissues and 8.0% (12 of 150) of adjacent tissues from Korean patients. The incidence rates of HPV with and without MCPyV were 26.5% (nine of 34) and 12.9% (15 of 116). The MCPyV NCCR genotype prevalence in Korean patients was 21.3% (32 of 150) for subtype I and 6% (nine of 150) for subtype IIc. Subtype I, a predominant East Asian strain containing 25 bp tandem repeats, was most common in the MCPyV NCCR data set. Our results confirm that coinfection with other tumor-associated viruses is not associated with NSCLC. Although the role of NCCR rearrangements in MCPyV infection remains unknown, future studies are warranted to determine the associations of MCPyV NCCR sequence rearrangements with specific diseases.

DNA and seroprevalence study of MW and STL polyomaviruses.

The clinical importance and the pathogenesis of the MW and STL polyomaviruses (PyVs) remain unclear. Our aim was to study the seroprevalence of MWPyV and STLPyV, and to examine the prevalence of viral DNA in respiratory samples and secondary lymphoid tissues. In total, 618 serum samples (0.8-90 years) were analyzed for seroprevalence. For the DNA prevalence study, 146 patients (2.5-37.5 years) were sampled for adenoids (n = 100), tonsils (n = 100), throat swabs (n = 146), and middle ear discharge (n = 15) in study Group 1. In Group 2, we analyzed 1130 nasopharyngeal samples from patients (0.8-92 years) tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The adult seropositivity was 54% for MWPyV, and 81.2% for STLPyV. Both seroprevalence rates increased with age; however, the majority of STLPyV primary infections appeared to occur in children. MWPyV was detected in 2.7%-4.9% of respiratory samples, and in a middle ear discharge. STLPyV DNA prevalence was 1.4%-3.4% in swab samples, and it was detected in an adenoid and in a middle ear discharge. The prevalence of both viruses was significantly higher in the children. Noncoding control regions of both viruses and the complete genomes of STLPyV were sequenced. MWPyV and STLPyV are widespread viruses, and respiratory transmission may be possible.

The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Pealius mori (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Pealius mori (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was determined in this study. The mitogenome was 15,654 bp long with 37 typical Insecta mitochondrial genes and one non-coding control region. Its gene content and order were different to other Hemiptera mitochondrial genomes. The overall nucleotide composition of the mitogenome was 42.62% A, 32.73% T, 11.12% G and 13.54% C, with an A + T bias of 75.34%. Phylogenetic analyses of 14 species in Aleyrodidae, 2 species in Lepidoptera and 1 species in Thysanoptera by Maximum Likelihood showed that P. mori China had been more closely related to P. mori France, closely related to Pealius machili. This result well supported the taxonomic position of Aleyrodidae and their close relationship with the Pealius category.

Revealing the complete mtDNA genome sequence of Cemani chicken (Gallus gallus) by using Nanopore sequencing analysis.

This study aimed to identify, discover and explore the characteristics of the mtDNA genomes of Cemani chicken (Gallus gallus). This study used gDNA of Cemani chicken isolated from liver tissue. mtDNA sequencing was performed using WGS mtDNA analysis with nanopore technology by Oxford Nanopore Technologies GridION. Bioinformatics and data analysis were then performed. This study showed that the length of the mtDNA genome is 16,789 bp, consisting of two ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (trnR, trnG, trnK, trnD, trnS, trnY, trnC, trnN, trnA, trnW, trnM, trnQ, trnl, trnL, trnV, trnF, trnP, trnT, trnE, trnL, trnS, trnH), 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) (ND4l, ND3, COX3, ATP6, ATP8, COX2, COX1, ND2, ND1, CYTB, ND6, ND5, ND4), and a noncoding control region (Dloop). Furthermore, analysis showed there were polymorphic sites and amino acid alterations when mtDNA Cemani chicken was aligned with references from GenBank. Site (988T>*) in Dloop genes and (328A>G) in ND3 genes which alter glycine to stop codon, were specific markers found only in Cemani chicken.

Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Blue Whistling Thrush (Myophonus caeruleus).

The blue whistling thrush (Myophonus caeruleus) is a bird belonging to the order Passeriformes and family Muscicapidae. M. caeruleus is widely distributed in China, Pakistan, India, and Myanmar and is a resident bird in the southern part of the Yangtze River in China and summer migratory bird in the northern part of the Yangtze River. At present, there are some controversies about the classification of M. caeruleus. We use complete mitochondrial genomes to provide insights into the phylogenetic position of M. caeruleus and its relationships among Muscicapidae. The mitochondrial genome (GenBank: MN564936) is 16,815 bp long and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a non-coding control region (D-loop). The thirteen PCGs started with GTG and ATG and ended with five types of stop codons. The nucleotide composition of T was 23.71%, that of C was 31.45%, that of A was 30.06%, and that of G was 14.78%. The secondary structures of 22 tRNAs were predicted, all of which could form typical cloverleaf structures. There were 24 mismatches, mainly G-U mismatches. Through phylogenetic tree reconstruction, it was found that Saxicola, Monticola, Oenanthe, and Phoenicurus were clustered into one clade, together with the sister group of Myophonus.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Anidiocerus bimaculatus Zhang, Li & Qi, 2008 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae: Idiocerini)

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Anidiocerus bimaculatus was sequenced and annotated for the first time, which belongs to the subfamily Eurymelinae. The mitogenome of A. bimaculatus was 15,267 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and one non-coding control region. In this mitogenome, all the PCGs are initially encoded by ATT, ATA, ATG, or TTG, and terminated by TAA, or single T. The overall base composition of A. bimaculatus is 43.6% adenines, 36.0% thymines, 9.1% guanines, and 11.3% cytosines. ML phylogenetic analyses confirmed that Idiocerini forms a monophyletic clade and the newly sequenced A. bimaculatus clustered within the Idiocerini clade based on 13 protein-coding genes and two rRNA genes.