Nonaddicted People Research Articles

Shaping the Bilingualism of Game-Addicted Players

In today's world, many people who spend more and more time in front of their computer and treat it as something more than a popular pass-time activity are often referred to being game addicted. At the same time, however, many of them, because of being exposed to different forms of dialogic English may be observed to excel the language and react to quite many situations they are exposed to both during the play and out of it. This study is meant to show how gaming addicts shape their bilingualism. Due to our research, it was found that such people who are truly addicted to games often reach a higher level of English much faster when contrasted to average L2 users. The research was based on the surveys filled by 54 carefully selected Internet respondents that fit the definition of a game addicted person (APA, 2022) and a standardized CEFR test they were requested to complete; the same test was also requested to be completed by the people who attend standardized blended L2 classes and who play similar games sporadically for pleasure. Consequently, a correlation between addicted and non-addicted people, and their CEFR test results was carried out. What followed was an analysis of the research results and the their detailed description.

Analysis of the Methylation Level of the DAT1 Dopamine Transporter Gene in Patients Addicted to Stimulants, Taking into Account an Analysis of Personality Traits.

Drug addiction is a chronic biochemical drug use disorder that affects the human brain and behavior and leads to the uncontrolled use of legal or illicit drugs. It has been shown that three factors are involved in the development of addiction: genetic factors, a diverse environment, and the effect of medication on gene expression. The comprehensive approach and holistic analysis of the problem are due to the multigenic and multifactorial nature of addiction. Dopamine, one of the major neurotransmitters in the brain, is believed to be the "culprit" that leads to a drug abuse-induced "high". That is why, in our research, we focused mainly on the genes related to dopaminergic reuptake. In the present study, we chose methylation of the DAT1 dopamine transporter gene based on molecular reasons related to the dopaminergic theory of addiction. This study included two groups: 226 stimulant-dependent and 290 non-stimulant-dependent subjects. The analysis consisted of a case-control comparison of people addicted to psychostimulants compared to a control group of healthy and non-addicted people. There were differences in the levels of statistical significance between the groups. Our research shows lower methylation of islands 1, 9, and 14 in addicted people and greater methylation of islands 32 and 33. The difference in individual CpG methylation islands of the gene under study provides valuable information about the DNA methylation process in patients addicted to psychostimulants. Pearson's linear correlation analysis in stimulant dependence showed a negative correlation between total methylation island levels and the NEO-FFI Neuroticism scale. In subjects with neuroticism, the methylation level was statistically significantly lower. Pearson's linear correlation analysis of stimulant-dependent subjects showed a positive correlation between total methylation island levels and the NEO-FFI Openness scale and the NEO-FFI Conscientiousness scale.

Church Responses and Theological Resources for Technological Addiction

In this paper, I engage work done in philosophy, theology, and addiction science to argue that the Church possesses resources for preventing technology addiction. First, I briefly sketch what technology addiction is and provide evidence to suggest that it is rapidly growing. Then, I suggest two causes for the growth of technology addiction: boredom and the desire for a meaningful identity. Third, I discuss two resources that the ancient Churches possess to address these two causes. These two resources are the doctrine of divinisation and the sacrament of reconciliation. Fourth, I argue that some Protestant traditions possess similar practices for addressing technology addiction. The significance of my thesis is that the Church can help preventing non-addicted people from falling prey to technology addiction.

Prediction of addiction to drugs and alcohol using machine learning: A case study on Bangladeshi population

Nowadays addiction to drugs and alcohol has become a significant threat to the youth of the society as Bangladesh’s population. So, being a conscientious member of society, we must go ahead to prevent these young minds from life-threatening addiction. In this paper, we approach a machinelearning-based way to forecast the risk of becoming addicted to drugs using machine-learning algorithms. First, we find some significant factors for addiction by talking to doctors, drug-addicted people, and read relevant articles and write-ups. Then we collect data from both addicted and nonaddicted people. After preprocessing the data set, we apply nine conspicuous machine learning algorithms, namely k-nearest neighbors, logistic regression, SVM, naïve bayes, classification, and regression trees, random forest, multilayer perception, adaptive boosting, and gradient boosting machine on our processed data set and measure the performances of each of these classifiers in terms of some prominent performance metrics. Logistic regression is found outperforming all other classifiers in terms of all metrics used by attaining an accuracy approaching 97.91%. On the contrary, CART shows poor results of an accuracy approaching 59.37% after applying principal component analysis.

Comparison of Emotional Intelligence, Attachment Style, and Mental Health in Addicted and Nonaddicted People

Background: Nowadays, because of the increasing prevalence of addiction in society, there are many costs involved in treating addicts and returning them to normal lives. This will not be possible except in new and effective ways. Objectives: This study aimed to compare emotional intelligence, attachment style, and mental health in addicted and healthy individuals. Methods: On the basis of inclusion criteria, available sampling method, and semistructured interview based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5, 100 addicted men were selected and after matching with 100 nonaddicted men by, Extracurricular Vein Scale (TMMS), light questionnaire Adult Attachment Style (AAS), and the Goldenberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were assessed. Results: The results showed that in all 3 components of attention, differentiation, and mood reconstruction of emotional intelligence, addicted people scored lower than the nonaddicted group. The results showed that in the secure attachment style, the mean scores of the nonaddicted group are higher than the addicted group, while in the avoidant insecure style and ambivalent anxiety style, addicted men are significantly higher than nonaddicted men. Also, in all components of mental health, the nonaddicted group obtained higher scores compared with addicted people. Conclusions: Psychological correlations of emotional intelligence, adult attachment style, and mental health are important risk factors for the phenomenon of drug addiction and have many practical implications for preventive interventions and treatment of abusive behaviors.

Factors related to tuberculosis delays: Evidence from nationwide retrospective study in Portugal

Abstract Background Globally, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the top 10 causes of deaths and the leading cause from a single infectious agent. Delayed TB diagnosis and/or treatment may result in the transmission of bacilli, increasing infectivity, the risk of severe disease states, morbidity and mortality. It is essential to identify the factors that prolong delays in TB services so that health planners can initiate necessary measures to control TB infections. Methods A nationwide retrospective study was conducted from 2010 until 2013 to analyze tuberculosis delays under the setting of the Portuguese National Tuberculosis Control Programme. There were 16824 participants who were from 25 administrative districts under 7 regions and were originated from 70 countries in the world. The log-rank test, Cox's regression, and the Kaplan-Meier method have employed to analyze TB delay data. Results The median of patients` delay was 34 days with interquartile ranges (IQR) 50 days. Alcohol addicted people with TB infection were delayed by 40 days with 95% CI 37.73-42.28 whereas the non-addicted people took 33 days with 95% CI 32.35-33.65. The median diagnostic delay was 12 days with an IQR of 38 days. The female participants were delayed more than that of male (median delay for female 17 days with 95% CI 15.80-18.19) in TB diagnosis. Further, comorbidities e.g. lung cancer affected TB candidates were delayed more than their counterparts (median delay 37 days with 95% CI 23.29-50.70). The median of public health delays was 63 days with IQR 72 days. The females were delayed more than that of males (median delay 68 days with 95% CI 66.06-69.94). The adjusted Cox's regression identifies the features - older age, female, drug addiction, and community residence as potential factors that might affect TB delays. Conclusions It is essential to emphasize on the influencing dynamics - older age, female patients, HIV patients, alcohol addiction, and comorbidities to minimize TB delays. Key messages To minimize spreading risk of TB infections the dynamics of TB delays e.g. older age, female patients, drug, and alcohol addiction, comorbidities should be prioritized in the TB control programs. Special attention should be given to other lung diseases while diagnosing TB infections.

Comparison of Mindfulness, Death Anxiety and Defensive Mechanisms in Addicted and Nonaddicted People

The purpose of this study was to compare mental health, death anxiety and defense mechanisms in addicted and nonaddicted people. The research method is descriptive of comparative causal type. The statistical population of the study consisted of all addicts and nonaddicted people in Zahedan city. The sample consisted of 200 people (100 addicted men and 100 non-addicted men) who were volunteers for non-addicts who were volunteers. The tool used in this research was a questionnaire of 39 items of mind-consciousness [1], a questionnaire of 40 items of defense mechanisms [2], Templar death anxiety inventory (1970). The statistical method used in descriptive and inferential level was used to analyze the variance analysis of variables and independent t-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the components of mindfulness, such as action with mindfulness, lack of judgment, and observation in addicted and non addicted people, as the mean of action component with mindfulness and lack of judgment in lower addicted people From non-addicted And the average component of observation in addicts is higher than non-addict. Also, there is a meaningful difference in the concept of death anxiety in addicted and non-addicted people. The mean of death anxiety in addicted people is higher than non-addicted people. Also, the average of psychosocial defense mechanisms in addicted people is higher than non-addicts, and there is no difference in the mechanisms of growth and non-growth in addicted and non-addicted people.

Increasing the Risk of Stroke by Opium Addiction

IntroductionStroke is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. Besides the identified risk factor, Ischemic stroke evidence show drug use develops or exacerbates the atherosclerotic process. The current study aimed at comparing cerebrovascular ultrasounds’ changes in addicted and nonaddicted people who developed ischemic stroke. MethodsIn the current cross-sectional study, a total of 133 patients with ischemic stroke who were admitted to Vali-Asr hospital from June 2016 to April 2017 were enrolled. For obtaining the quantitative data, t test or Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare the addict or no-addict groups, as well as, categorical data testing was performed using chi-square test. Also, the multiple logistic regression was used for identifying the factors and the significance level was set at 5%. ResultsThe current study was performed on 133 patients, among them 41 patients (30.8%) were opium addicted, and 92 patients (69.2%) were nonaddict. The mean [IQR] number of atherosclerotic plaques were significantly higher in opium addicted group in comparison with the nonaddicted group (3.0 [1.0-4.0] versus 1.5 [0.0-3.0], P = .008). The possibility of increasing the number of plaques in addicted patients was 1.42 times higher than the nonaddicted patients (odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.42 (1.11-1.81), P = .005). ConclusionThe findings demonstrated a significant difference in the vessel stenosis pattern between the addict and nonaddict ischemic stroke groups. To investigate the possible effects of opium use and its associated parameters, ie, dosage, duration of use, and the way of opium use on ischemic stroke, further studies are required.

Investigating the role of attachment styles, dysfunctional attitudes, and spirituality in predicting membership in addicted and non-addicted groups.

Drug addiction as a biological, psychological, and social issue affects all dimensions of one's life. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of attachment styles, dysfunctional attitudes, and spirituality in predicting membership in addicted and non-addicted groups. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 60 addicted people and 60 non-addicted people. The Adult Attachment Scale of Hazan and Shaver, Allport Religious Orientation Scale, and the 26-item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-26) were used to measure the variables. Based on the results, which were analyzed by logistic regression analysis, the variables of attachment style and dysfunctional attitude can significantly predict drug addiction (p < .001). However, avoidant attachment style and spirituality cannot predict readiness for addiction. The results of this study indicate the importance of safe and ambivalent attachment styles and dysfunctional attitudes. Thus, attending to these factors in studies and interventions related to the treatment of substance abuse disorders is essential.

A Comparison of Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems and Mindfulness in Addicts and Non-addicted Males

The main objective of this causal-comparative research was to compare behavioral activation and inhibition systems and mindfulness in addicts and non-addicted men of Maragheh, Iran. In order to do this, 35 addicted males and 35 non-addicted men were chosen using purposeful sampling method and via matching the two groups. The participants answered the 120-item test of activation/inhibition systems (Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire or GWPQ) and the 39-item test of mindfulness (Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills or KIMS). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and SPSS software. The findings showed that the compared groups in activation/inhibition systems and mindfulness had meaningful differences. The average scores of mindfulness in healthy people were higher than those of the addicted people. While the average scores of behavioral inhibition system in healthy people were higher than addicts, the average scores of behavioral activation system in addicts were higher than non-addicted people. In general, since this study showed that activity level of activation system in addicted people is more than non-addicts, activity level of inhibition system in non-addicts is more than addicted people, and that mindfulness skill in addicts is lower than non-addicts there is the necessity to design therapeutic and rehabilitative interventions.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis C Infection (HCV) in Birjand, Iran, 2014

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important global concern, with a frequency of 3% (i.e., 170 million of the population has HCV-Ab). Additionally, 50% of HCV and 80% of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) are chronic. In 20% of cases, HCV occurs as an acute infection, and in the remaining 80% of cases, it becomes chronic. In chronic patients, risk of cirrhosis is up to 44%, risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is 13%, and risk of mortality is 14%. As there is no vaccine available for the virus yet, and since most of the cases are asymptomatic, attention to the epidemiology of the disease among the population is a pressing concern. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HCV in Birjand city. Patients and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 5,235 people who live in Birjand city were selected; after gaining permission for the study, a signed consent form was obtained from each patient. Prevalence of HCV was determined by ELISA test, and positive cases underwent Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping for confirmation. Results: The mean age of the participants was 39.7 ± 14.4. Among them, 52.2% were female and 29.9% had university degrees. Prevalence of HCV-Ab+ was about 0.2% with ELISA, and 0.14% of entire group were confirmed by PCR. No significant relationship was found for age, sex, and education (P > 0.05). Also, there was no significant relationship found with risk factors such as endoscopy, blood transfusion, surgery, hospitalization, phlebotomy, and alcohol drinking (P > 0.05). HCV-Ab was 200 times more prevalent in IV-drug abusers compared to non-addicted people. Also, the prevalence of HCV-Ab in non-IV-drug abuser addicts was 9.3 times higher than in non-addict patients. Prevalence of HCV-Ab in patients who reported illicit sexual activities was 13.3 times higher. In patients with a familial history of HCV, infection was 26.3 times more prevalent than in patients with no familial history (P < 0.001). Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of HCV was 0.2%, which is lower than the mean prevalence in Iran (1%). Prevalence of HCV had a significant relationship with IV-drug abuse.

Comparison of Personality Factors Among People with Substance Dependence Disorder and Non-addicted People

Abstract Prescription of drug abuse is an important and significant world issue. This study aims to compare sixteen personality factors among patients with substance abuse disorder and normal people. The research method was ex post facto and statistical population consisted of two groups of addicted individuals and normal individuals in Tehran. 100 addicted patients were selected by convenient sampling method among patients who had referred to addiction treatment centers in Tehran. The control group with 100 people was selected from normal people. Research instruments included Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Inventory (16PF) and the collected data was analyzed using ANOVA. Findings revealed that there are significant differences in factor A, factor C, factor E, factor F, factor G, factor H, factor I, factor L, factor M, factor N, factor O, factor Q1, factor Q2, factor Q3, and factor Q4 among addicted and healthy groups. It is concluded that an awareness of the effects of personality factors on substance abuse can help to decrease, or even prevent, addiction disorder. Key words: addiction, personality factors, substance dependence disorder

The comparision of the alexithymia in addicted and nonaddicted people in esfahan in 2013

Aim: The present study was conducted to compare alexithymia in addicted and nonaddicted people in Isfahan in 2013. Methods: It had a causal-comparative research method; therefore, 58 addicts who referred to addiction treatment centers of Isfahan were selected through available method. After selecting addicted samples, nonaddicted samples (58 individuals) were chosen from the people living in Isfahan via systematic sampling. Nonaddicted samples were matched to the addicted ones according to the variables of age, gender, educational level, and lodging. The applied instruments in the current study included: The questionnaire of demographic variables and Torento's (1994) 20-item scale of alexithymia. The achieved data were analyzed through MANOVA by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that in general alexithymia (difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings (DDF), and extrovert thinking), there is a significant difference between addicted and nonaddicted groups (P 0.05). Conclusion: The general conclusion implies that the alexithymia can be one of the effective factors in an individual's tendency to drug abuse especially in men.

EPA-1501 – Comparative investigation the role of personality traits and emotional intelligence in tendency to addiction

Aim The research aimed to investigate role of personality traits and Emotional Intelligence in tendency to addiction. Methods In sampling process a total of 73 addicted people and 73 non-addicted people that were randomly selected and completed Schutte's Self- Report E / I Test (SSREIT) (33 items) and Mc Care and Costa's NEO PI-R Inventory. In order to analyzing the data independent T test was used to compare means of two groups. Results Findings indicated significant differences between two groups in components of Emotional Intelligent. Addicted people had less scores in agreeableness, extroversion, conscientiousness, appraisal of emotion, utilization of emotion and general score of emotional intelligence, and more scores in neuroticism than and openness to experience than nonaddicted people. Conclusion Considering the current study are congruent with the other research in this field, it is recommended to apply the plans for EI education related to personality traits for enhancing emotional intelligent components in order to increasing abilities and competencies in confronting with crisis and bad events and reducing risk of abnormal behaviors, specially addiction.

Developing and validation of identifying people in risk of addiction questionnaire (I.p.R.a).

BackgroundDrug addiction is considered as a problem of the new century which has destructive consequences for both family and society. This ominous phenomenon resulted from many factors. Present research aimed at recognition of inter-personal factors related to addiction and were conducted through a questionnaire to identify the youths at risk of addiction.ObjectivesPresent research aimed at recognition of inter-personal factors related to addiction and were conducted through a questionnaire to identify the youths at risk of addiction.Materials and MethodsThe design of the present research is correlational analytic. The population consists of all young addicted or non-addicted people between the ages 18 to 35 and the sample consists of 82 addicted and 223 non-addicted young people in Tehran who were selected randomly and simply. The initial form included 120 questions which were administered on the sample in three stages. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistic and factor analysis.ResultsIn this questionnaire four factors of depression and miserableness, having a positive attitude to drug, stress and anxiety and finally seeking high levels of excitement were respectively the strongest factors in predicting the risk of drug-abuse and addiction. The validity of the questionnaire which consists of 75 questions in the final form was calculated through internal consistency. Cronbach alpha of the whole questionnaire was 0.97, which that of the factor of depression and miserableness was 0.96, the factor of a positive attitude to drug was 0.93, the factor of stress and anxiety was 0.90 and the factor of high excitement-seeking was 0.80.ConclusionsThe evaluation of the questionnaire for identifying the individuals in the risk of addiction showed that the questionnaire benefits from appropriate validity and reliability. Therefore, it can be used in preventive fields and research. Moreover, by illuminating interpersonal factors that are effective in drug abuse, proper strategies can be used to prevent drug addiction.

P-71 - Comparisnal investigation of emotional intelligent and tendency to addiction between addicted and nonaddicted people

Positive influence of emotional intelligence (EI) on psychological functions is fast growing in many aspects of social life and higher levels of emotional intelligence can be important in human's behavior. So this study investigated emotional intelligence in addicted and nonaddicted people. In sampling process a total of 73 addicted people and 73 non-addicted people were randomly selected. All participants were requested to complete Schutte's Self- Report E / I Test (SSREIT). Findings indicated significant differences between two groups in components of emotional intelligent. Nonaddicted people had more scores in appraisal of emotion, utilization of emotion and general score of emotional intelligence than addicted people. Findings indicates that applying of plans in the field of increasing emotional intelligent can help people with positive attitudes to addiction in order to manage the bad problems and event and as a result reduce tendency to addiction.

P01-53 - Comparisonal investigation of emotional intelligence in addicted and nonaddicted people

Introduction &amp; objectivesEmotional intelligence (E/I) consists of appraisal of emotion in the self and others, regulation of emotion in the self and others and utilization of emotion in solving problems. Subsumed under these branches are functions such as verbal and non verbal appraisal and expression of emotion and using emotions to motivate as part of the utilization of emotions. (Salovey &amp; Mayer's, 1990). Emotional intelligence components are important in psychological functions such as problem-solving, happiness, stress-tolerance, self-actualization and interpersonal relationship. So the research aimed to investigate role of Emotional intelligence in tendency to addiction.MethodsIn sampling process a total of 73 addicted people and 73 non-addicted people were randomly selected. All participants were requested to complete Schutte’s Self- Report E/I Test (SSREIT) (33 item). The test measures ability of E/I in three fields: Appraisal of emotion, regulation of emotion and utilization of emotion. In order to analyzing the data independent T test was used to compare means of two groups.ResultsFindings indicated significant differences between two groups in components of emotional intelligent. Nonaddicted people had more scores in appraisal of emotion, utilization of emotion and general score of emotional intelligence. But there was no significant difference in regulation of emotion in two groups.ConclusionsConsidering the results, it is recommended EI education programs and applying the plans for enhancing emotional intelligent components in order to increasing abilities and competencies in confronting with crisis and bad events and reducing risk of abnormal behaviors, specially addiction.

P01-54 - The role of personality traits and religious orientation and tendency to addiction: Comparison between addicted and nonaddicted people

Introduction &amp; objectivesSince the introduction of DSM-III Third Edition in 1980,there has been a growing interest in the study of patients with substance use disorders (SUD). The driving force behind this field has been, and still is, the high clinical pessimism about the prognosis, and the difficulties in the clinical management of the characteristics of diagnosed patients. Also religion and to be religious can play an important role in human’s individual and social life. The religion can be entered in many aspects of human behavior and can affect on their behavior and reduce probably of abnormal functions. So the study was aimed to investigate personality traits and religious orientation in two groups of addicted and nonaddicted people.Methods109 addicted people were randomly selected and compared with 109 nonaddicted people. Participants were asked to fill out Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-FFM PI-R) and self-report questionnaire of Alport's E/I religious orientation. Mean scores were compared with T independent tests.ResultsAnalysis of means indicated significant differences among tow group. Compared to nonaddicted, addicted scored higher on Neuroticism, Openness to experience and External religious orientation, and lower on Extroversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.ConclusionsBased on results it is suggested that evaluating with reliable measures and with more attentions to intrinsic religious orientation related to personality traits can help the psychiatrists and psychologists to diagnose the cause of tendency to addiction and also reduce the psychological problems that is related with addiction before and in during drug treatment and can reduce duration of treatment and enhance efficacy of treatment methods.

P01-88 - Investigation the role of personality factors as the predictors of tendency to addiction

Introduction &amp; objectivesFor better understanding of the effective factors in tendency to addiction the research aimed to test this question that are there specific personality characters that lead to addiction?Methods153 addicted people and 153 nonaddicted people were randomly selected and Mochioly’s Characterlogy Inventory (MCI) was administered on them. The inventory assess personality based on eight characters: sanguine, indifferent, nervous, indolent, indignant, passionate, sentimentee, amorphous.ResultsFindings showed addicted people are much more indifferent, sanguine and passionate than nonaddicted people.ConclusionsIn regard to people with these characters are much more at risk, they should be trained with special plans and be cared so that tendency to addiction in them decrease or control.

P01-62 - Low emotional intelligence as a predictor of tendency to addiction

Introduction &amp; objectivesThe study is to clarify role of emotional intelligent in addicted and nonaddicted people.Method80 addicted and 82 nonaddicted people were randomly selected and Schutte’s Self- Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSREIT) administered on them. Data were analyzed with independent T formula.ResultsResults showed significant differences between components of emotional intelligent especially in regulation, expression and assessment of emotions between two groups.DiscussionFindings indicates that applying of plans in the field of increasing emotional intelligent can help peolple with positive attitudes to addiction in order to manage the bad problems and event and as a result reduce tendency to addiction.