Non-woven Synthetic Fabrics Research Articles

English

Three pollination control tents (PCTs) made from novel nonwoven synthetic fabrics with more open pore structure (DWB10, DWB23 and DWB24) were compared with the standard DWB01 fabric for pollen proofing in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) at the research station of Lion Seed Ltd Essex, UK in 2019. PCTs of 63.5 x 63.5 cm footprint accommodated single potted plants. A completely randomised trial with five replications including an open pollinated control was conducted using cytoplasmic male sterile line 1TM37. Analysis was computed for (a) full data and (b) excluding three DWB23 defective tents. Differences among treatments were non-significant for all morphological traits except for number of secondary branches in (a) only. There was thus no micro-climatic difference among treatments for morphological traits of the 1TM37 CMS line. Among the seed related traits, 1000-seed weight and 10-day germination (%) were significant between treatments in (a) but only 1000-seed weight in (b). The mean 1000-seed weight was significantly higher for the open control than all other PCT treatment means which did not differ significantly from zero. Therefore, all four fabrics of PCTs were equally pollen proof in preventing pollen contamination. It is concluded for the first time that mini-tents of these novel nonwoven fabrics, engineered for both larger pores for air permeability and fibre architecture to prevent pollen transmission, adequately eliminated cross-pollination while maintaining ambient environmental conditions and are effective for sugar beet breeding. The PCT technology may be equally usefully deployed in other traditional, commercial and fibre crops for hybrid seed production. Key words: Sugar beet, nonwoven synthetic fabric, pollination control tent, male sterility. &nbsp

Integration of treatment technologies with Fenton reagent for laboratory effluent remediation

This study investigated of the potential value of the integration of the coagulation/flocculation, Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) (Fenton reagent) and slow sand filtration technologies, with the aim of treating laboratory wastewater. The treatment system was designed in laboratory scale through coagulation/flocculation. It involved the use of Jar Test equipment with a sequence of two rotational phases: fast mixes to 300 rpm for 20 seconds and slow mixes to 30 rpm for 6 minutes and 10 seconds, with the addition of anionic polymer and sedimentation for 60 minutes at ambient temperature. In the treatment via Fenton reagent, two rotational phases were used: rapid mixing at 300 rpm for 20 seconds with the addition of iron (Fe2+) and slow mixing at 30 rpm for 6 minutes and 10 seconds with the addition of hydrogen peroxide, followed by 60 minutes of sedimentation at ambient temperature. A cylindrical tank of polyvinyl chloride, sands and non-woven synthetic fabrics were used in the slow filtration. The filtration rate adopted was 3 m3 m-2 d-1 with a hydraulic retention time of 264 minutes. The best concentrations of chemical reagents used in the treatments were: 0.80 mg L-1 of polymeric anionic, 200.00 mg L-1 of H2O2 and 13.00 mg L-1 of total soluble iron. The integration of the treatment technologies made it possible to achieve a removal rate of 75.27% of COD and 94.12% of total phenols. Furthermore, the conjugation of the processes allowed the removal of 87.58% of TOC.

Physical properties of nonwoven and woven felted fabrics

PurposeThe use of nonwoven fabrics in garment has been, up to now, purely functional and hidden from view. In fact, their uses have been limited to garment interlining in the apparel industry. Felted structures from wool have been limited to the craft market for the production of art and craft objects of decoration. This paper aims to compare the mechanical and thermo-physical comfort properties of a woven wool, a felted wool fabric, a felted wool/polyester and two non-woven synthetic fabrics for apparel use.Design/methodology/approachFabric samples were sourced locally. Five fabric samples were selected: one woolen woven, one felted woven, one polyester/wool non-woven and two non-woven synthetic fabrics. The wool fabric was felted by mechanical action using the Wascator FOM 71P machine. All fabric samples were conditioned before they were tested for their mechanical and thermal comfort properties as per standard test methods.FindingsThe comparative study of the mechanical and thermal properties of the five fabric samples have been successfully investigated as textile materials for commercial garments. In terms of fabric stiffness, drape and handle, the two non-woven synthetic fabrics were, in general, poorer than the woven wool and the felted woven wool fabrics. The synthetic non-woven fabrics also performed poorly in terms of serviceability. But it was found that the nonwoven synthetic fabrics were best suited when thermal insulation is required and were found to be better than the woven felted wool fabric of comparative weight per unit area.Originality/valueThe value of this study is that it demonstrates the scope of felted woolen structures and other synthetic nonwovens fabrics as usable materials, in part or in full, in the development of apparel for winter wear especially in cold environments and where aesthetic appeal is secondary.

Comparação de elementos filtrantes no grau de obstrução em irrigação por gotejamento

Esta pesquisa teve como finalidade mostrar a variação da qualidade da água e sua influência na perda de carga de dois sistemas de filtragem (filtro de disco e manta sintética não tecida) utilizados em um sistema de irrigação localizada por gotejamento. Utilizou-se água de um reservatório aberto, onde foi instalado um módulo de irrigação localizada para o estudo. Para melhor comparação dos filtros, foram utilizados dois índices de uniformidade de distribuição de água para verificar o grau de entupimento dos gotejadores. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em quatro etapas de 30 dias, realizadas em diferentes estações do ano. Em cada etapa, foram analisados os principais parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos da água de irrigação que causam problemas de entupimento nos emissores: sólidos suspensos, turbidez, pH, ferro, manganês, sulfetos, condutividade elétrica, sólidos dissolvidos, dureza, índice de Langelier, algas e bactérias. Os resultados mostraram que os parâmetros químicos que apresentaram médio risco de obstrução aos emissores, foram: pH, ferro e sulfetos. Os parâmetros físicos e biológicos analisados apresentaram baixo risco de entupimento nos gotejadores. No filtro de manta sintética não tecida, a evolução da perda de carga foi mais acentuada e mais rápida em relação ao de disco.

Pré-filtração em pedregulho e filtração lenta com areia, manta não tecida e carvão ativado para polimento de efluentes domésticos tratados em leitos cultivados

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar sistemas de filtragem, composto de pré-filtro de pedregulho seguido de filtro lento com o meio filtrante areia e no topo manta sintética não tecida e pré-filtro de pedregulho seguido de filtro lento com meio filtrante areia e carvão ativado granular e no topo manta sintética não tecida, para polimento de efluentes domésticos tratados em leitos cultivados, visando à aplicação na fertirrigação. Na comparação dos sistemas de filtragem, avaliou-se a eficiência de remoção dos parâmetros: sólidos em suspensão, turbidez, cor aparente, demanda química de oxigênio, oxigênio dissolvido, ferro, manganês, coliformes totais e E. coli. Os dois sistemas operavam 24 horas por dia, com a mesma taxa de aplicação, tratando uma vazão total final de 1,5 m³ dia-1, sendo que a taxa de aplicação para a unidade de pré-filtração era, em média, de 8,4 m³ m-2 dia-1 e para cada uma das unidades de filtração lenta era, em media, de 2,7 m³ m-2 dia-1. As unidades de pré-filtração e filtração lenta mostraram-se eficientes na redução das concentrações de sólidos suspensos, turbidez, cor aparente e DQO, como polimento de esgotos domésticos previamente tratados. O uso de carvão ativado granular, em combinação com areia, proporcionou ao filtro lento maior eficiência na remoção de sólidos suspensos, cor, turbidez, coliformes totais e E. Coli., sem com isso aumentar a perda de carga inicial. Existe a possibilidade de utilização dos efluentes para a prática da fertirrigação, sendo necessário o processo de desinfecção ou não, dependendo da cultura e o sistema de irrigação utilizado.

Water treatment by sedimentation and slow fabric filtration using Moringa oleifera seeds

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the suitability and efficiency of a natural coagulant from Moringa oleifera seeds in treating high turbidity water in the processes of slow direct filtration and sedimentation. In developing countries such as Brazil, the technologies for water treatment shall enable people living in potable-water deficient regions to purify water in easy and self-sustainable ways and at a low cost as well. Within this proposition, a potential use of M. oleifera has been suggested in several previous studies. In this work, a flocculation device made of pet bottles plus three filters consisting of pet bottles and non-woven synthetic fabric was used in the water treatment by slow direct filtration. The water output to the filters was of approximately 4 m³m-² per day. The water treatment by sedimentation comprised a flocculation unit made of pet bottles and a sedimentation tank. Synthetic bentonite-water was used as the untreated water, which was chosen due to its proper qualitative characteristics for the experiments. The data demonstrated that the M. oleifera coagulant was efficient in the treatment of water with high turbidity (50 to 100 NTU) in the tested systems of slow filtration through synthetic non-woven fabric and of sedimentation. Key words: Moringa oleifera, slow filtration, sedimentation, purification of water.

Comparison Between Disc and Non-Woven Synthetic Fabric Filter Media to Prevent Emitter Clogging

The aim of this research was to compare the evolution of head loss in disc (130 m) and non-woven synthetic fabric filter media used to filter the water in drip irrigation systems. Two forms of treatment of the irrigation water were carried out: one with a chemical product (chlorine) and the other with none. The research used two different filter media: two for each treatment together with a fertigation technique with organic products in both types of treatment. The chemical treatment of the irrigation water was done by chlorination, in which the source of chlorine was sodium hypochlorite. Water from an open reservoir was used, in which a drip irrigation module was installed. The temporal variation in water quality over one year was analyzed, taking into consideration the physical, chemical, and biological parameters of water that can cause clogging problems in emitters. The results showed that, in irrigation water, the pH and iron chemical parameters presented an average risk of clogging, and the hydrogen sulfide parameters presented a high risk. The performance of the filters was analyzed by comparing the concentrations of the effluent on the disc and non-woven synthetic fabric filters in relation to the efffluent's physical and biological parameters. An attempt was made to follow head loss evolution in relation to the volume filtered by the filters so as to make a comparative analysis. It could be seen that the evolution of head loss was more significant and quicker with the non-woven synthetic fabric filter than with the disc filter. The level of clogging in the emitters was calculated by means of a uniform distribution index. The test area using the non-synthetic woven fiber filter presented the smallest level of clogging and the greatest water distribution index.

Remoção de sólidos suspensos na água de irrigação utilizando mantas sintéticas não tecidas

Com vistas à eficiência de remoção de sólidos em suspensão, quando utilizados em filtros para irrigação localizada, empregaram-se três tipos diferentes de manta sintética não tecida, além de elemento de tela e de disco. Como resultado, as mantas tiveram desempenho superior, ou seja, 27 a 29% de remoção de sólidos em suspensão, enquanto os elementos de tela e disco apresentaram apenas 19 a 20%; contudo, dentre as três mantas avaliadas não foram observadas diferenças significativas, o mesmo ocorrendo entre os elementos de tela e disco.

Evaluation of materials used for bedding encasement: Effect of pore size in blocking cat and dust mite allergen

Background: Mattress and pillow encasings are recommended for patients allergic to dust mites. Many encasements block allergen and are vapor permeable but do not allow free passage of air through the material. Recently, breathable fabrics made from tightly woven synthetic fibers or nonwoven synthetics have been recommend as encasements. Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for testing encasement materials made of breathable fabrics. Methods: Dust samples containing a known quantity of allergen (Der f 1, Der p 1, and Fel d 1) were pulled across a variety of fabrics using a modified dust trap. Airflow through the dust trap was controlled with a vacuum pump. Five minutes after dust was introduced, the pump was shut off. A filter located downstream of the fabric collected allergen passing through the fabric during the test and was assayed with ELISA for the relevant allergen. Fabrics to be tested were obtained from manufacturers and specialty catalogs. Results: As the average pore size decreases, the airflow through a fabric becomes restricted, and the pressure differential created by the vacuum pump increases. Dust mite allergens (Der f 1 and Der p 1) were blocked below detectable limits by fabrics of less than 10 μm in pore size. Fabrics with an average pore size of 6 μm or less blocked cat allergen (Fel d 1). Conclusion: The method we developed provided a rigorous and reliable test for leakage of common indoor allergens through breathable barrier fabrics. Our results show that tightly woven fabrics and nonwoven synthetic fabrics can block common indoor allergens but still allow airflow. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:227-31.)

Hydraulic conductivity and pore sizes of nonwoven filter fabrics

This paper presents a method of determination of hydraulic conductivity and equivalent pore size of nonwoven synthetic filter fabrics. Piwowar's relationship for hydraulic conductivity, checked by Piwowar for glass and basalt fibres is given, and, on the basis of the transformation of Hagen-Poiseuille's formula, values of the empirical coefficients present in these formulae, the investigations on hydraulic conductivity and pore size of nine nonwoven filter fabrics were carried out. The numerical values of these coefficients and, after their substitution, the simplified formulae obtained for hydraulic conductivity and equivalent pore size of nonwoven synthetic filter fabrics are given.