Non-volatile Ingredients Research Articles

Comparison with Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua steaming with huangjiu or honey based on UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS analysis combined with multi-component variation

Polygoantum cyrtonema Hua is widely used as food and medicine. It is usually processed before being edible due to the irritability and numb feeling. huangjiu and honey are used to process Polygoantum cyrtonema Hua in this study. The changes in appearance, function components and the comparison of specific ingredients of Polygoantum cyrtonema Hua processed with huangjiu and honey were explored. The results showed that the Polygoantum cyrtonema Hua became dark from bright yellow with the increase in processing time. The polysaccharide content was decreased from 7.42 ± 0.11 g/100g to 3.12 ± 0.19 g/100g (huangjiu-steaming processed, p < 0.05) and 4.41 ± 0.11 g/100g (honey-steaming processed, p < 0.05), while the contents of saponins, phenolic and flavonoids were increased. Besides, the in vitro antioxidant activities of Polygoantum cyrtonema Hua showed a similar change trend with the change of phenolic and flavonoid contents. In the meantime, UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS was used to identify the non-volatile ingredients of raw Polygoantum cyrtonema Hua (S), huangjiu-steaming processed Polygoantum cyrtonema Hua (J16), and honey-steaming processed Polygoantum cyrtonema Hua (M20), identifying 138, 74 and 53 substances, respectively.

Anti-inflammatory mechanism of the non-volatile ingredients originated from Guanghuoxiang () based on high performance liquid chromatography-heated electron spray ionization-high resolution mass spectroscope and cell metabolomics.

To explore the anti-inflammatory components and mechanism of the non-volatile ingredients of patchouli. High performance liquid chromatography-heated electron spray ionization-high resolution mass spectroscope (HPLC-HESI-HRMS) was used to analyze the chemical constituents of the non-volatile ingredients of patchouli. The anti-inflammatory activity of ingredients was evaluated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW264.7 cell inflammation model, and the anti-inflammatory mechanism was investigated using multivariate statistical analysis of cell metabolomics. The non-volatile ingredients of patchouli were characterized by HPLC-HESI-HRMS, and 36 flavonoids and 18 other components were identified. These ingredients of patchouli not only had a good protective effect on the LPS-induced inflammation model of RAW264.7 cells, but also regulated the expression levels of arginine, L-leucine, cholesterol, fructose and sorbitol by down-regulating arginine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, polyol/sorbitol pathway, so as to reduce inflammation and reduce cell damage. The non-volatile ingredients of patchouli had good anti-inflammatory effect and exerted its curative effect by regulating endogenous metabolic pathway to reduce inflammatory response.

Metabolome and transcriptome associated analysis of sesquiterpenoid metabolism in Nardostachys jatamansi.

Nardostachys jatamansi, an extremely endangered valuable plant of the alpine Himalayas, can synthesize specific sesquiterpenoids with multiple effective therapies and is widely exploited for the preparation of drugs, cosmetics and even religious functions (e.g., well-known spikenard). However, how accumulation trend of the sesquiterpenoids in tissues and the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of the active ingredients are not well understood. The single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and RNA-seq transcriptome sequencing were combined to analyse the roots, rhizomes, leaves, flowers and anthocaulus of N. jatamansi. The phytochemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). A high-quality full-length reference transcriptome with 26,503 unigenes was generated for the first time. For volatile components, a total of sixty-five compounds were successfully identified, including fifty sesquiterpenoids. Their accumulation levels in five tissues were significantly varied, and most of the sesquiterpenoids were mainly enriched in roots and rhizomes. In addition, five aromatic compounds were only detected in flowers, which may help the plant attract insects for pollination. For nonvolatile ingredients, nardosinone-type sesquiterpenoids (nardosinone, kanshone C, and isonardosinone) were detected almost exclusively in roots and rhizomes. The candidate genes associated with sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis were identified by transcriptome analysis. Consistently, it was found that most biosynthesis genes were abundantly expressed in the roots and rhizomes according to the functional enrichment and expression patterns results. There was a positive correlation between the expression profile of genes related to the biosynthesis and the accumulation level of sesquiterpenoids in tissues. Gene family function analysis identified 28 NjTPSs and 43 NjCYPs that may be involved in the biosynthesis of the corresponding sesquiterpenoids. Furthermore, gene family functional analysis and gene coexpression network analysis revealed 28 NjTPSs and 43 NjCYPs associated with nardosinone-type sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. Our research results reveal the framework of sesquiterpenoids accumulation and biosynthesis in plant tissues and provide valuable support for further studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of sesquiterpenoid regulation and accumulation in N. jatamansi and will also contribute to the comprehensive utilization of this alpine plant.

Correlation study on non-volatile ingredients of Menthae Haplocalycis Herba formula granules and traditional herbal pieces by UPLC-MS/MS

To establish the method for determining non-volatile ingredients of neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, luteoloside, isoquercitrin, hesperidin, diosmin, diosmetin, luteolin, acacetin and linarin in Menthae Haplocalycis Herba formula granules and traditional herbal pieces by UPLC-MS/MS, and analyze the correlation of non-volatile ingredients in Menthae Haplocalycis Herba formula granules and traditional herbal pieces. Shim-pack GIST C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 2 μm) was adopted with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase for gradient elution at the flow rate of 0.4 mL·min~(-1). The column temperature was set at 35 ℃. The quantitative analysis was performed using the electrospray ionization source and the multiple reaction monitoring. The linear relationship, resolution, repeatability and recovery of the 16 chemical components all met the requirements. The 16 non-volatile ingredients in traditional herbal pieces of Menthae Haplocalycis Herba could be tracked in formula granules. There were certain differences of the 16 chemical components among Menthae Haplocalycis Herba formula granules of different manufacturers and traditional herbal pieces of different producing areas. The UPLC-MS/MS method was simple, rapid and accurate, and could be used for the quality control of non-volatile ingredients in Menthae Haplocalycis Herba formula granules and traditional herbal pieces.

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF EIGHT FLAVONOIDS AND POGOSTONE IN POGOSTEMON CABLIN BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of nine major components including volatile and nonvolatile ingredients in Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. The analysis was performed on a Cosmosil 5 C18-AR-II column (4.6 mm − 250 mm, 5 mm) with 0.2% formic acid in water–acetonitrile gradient elution. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, stability, and accuracy. It was found that the calibration curves for all analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9991) within the test ranges. The overall limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) ere less than 36.32 and 122.09 ng. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intra-day and inter-day repeatability were no more than 3.23% and 4.85%, respectively. The sample was stable for at least 48 hr. The spike recoveries of nine components were 96–106%. The established method was successfully applied to determine nine components in thirteen samples from different locations. The results showed that the newly developed HPLC-DAD method was sensitive, precise, and accurate and could be used for quality control of P. cablin.

Ethanol-wet bonding technique may enhance the bonding performance of contemporary etch-and-rinse dental adhesives.

To determine whether bonds of contemporary etch-and-rinse adhesives made with ethanol-wet bonding are stronger and more durable than those made with water-wet bonding, and to explore the possible reasons for the bonding results. Flat surfaces of midcoronal dentin were made in extracted human third molars. The dentin surfaces were randomized into 6 groups according to bonding techniques (water- vs ethanol-wet bonding) and dental adhesives [Single Bond 2 (SB), Prime Bond NT (PB), and Gluma Comfort Bond (GB)]. After etching and rinsing, dentin surfaces were either left water-moist or immersed in ethanol. Following adhesive application and composite buildups, the bonded teeth were sectioned into beams for microtensile bond strength evaluation with or without NaOCl challenge. The morphology of the hybrid layer was analyzed with SEM. The wettability of water- vs. ethanol-saturated dentin was evaluated. The concentrations of non-volatile ingredients in the adhesives were compared. Compared to water-wet bonding, ethanol-wet bonding yielded similar (p > 0.05 for PB and GB) or higher (p < 0.05 for SB) 24-h bond strength, displayed significantly higher bond strength after chemical challenge (p < 0.05, for all three adhesives), and produced more even hybrid layers. Moreover, ethanol-saturated dentin exhibited a lower contact angle than water-saturated specimens, and the concentrations of non-volatile ingredients of the adhesives decreased in the order of SB > GB > PB. Ethanol-wet bonding could improve the bonding efficacy of contemporary etch-and-rinse adhesives, probably due to the good wettability of ethanol-saturated dentin and the structure of the hybrid layer. Moreover, this positive effect of ethanol-wet bonding might be influenced by the composition of adhesives.

The fate of ingredients in and impact on cigarette smoke

A series of experiments are described, undertaken on both volatile and non-volatile ingredients either during cigarette smoking or under pyrolysis conditions that try to simulate cigarette smoking. In particular, the fate of a series of deuterium and 13C labelled volatiles was studied which demonstrated that, in a similar way to unlabelled volatiles, a large proportion of each was transferred intact into mainstream smoke. The unaccounted material, which was not transferred intact, in the studies of both volatile and non-volatile ingredients was primarily transformed into products of complete combustion such as carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide with only very minor amounts transformed into products of incomplete combustion. In addition, the studies on both unlabelled and deuterium labelled compounds demonstrated that the utility of pyrolysis studies lies mainly in distinguishing between those compounds that transfer intact into mainstream smoke from those that might be liable to degrade. Pyrolysis does not provide a robust prediction of the compounds that are formed from ingredients during cigarette smoking studies.

Development of a semi‐permanent mascara technology

Many women would like their mascara beauty benefits to be available all day, every day. One way to address this desire is through a semi-permanent mascara technology that provides full mascara benefits of long, dark beautiful lashes for multiple days. To date, products promising multi-day benefits have acted more as either 'lash dyes', providing a lash darkening benefit but failing to provide fullness and length, or waterproof mascaras that do not maintain the initial beauty look over multiple days. Here, a formulation approach is described for a mascara product that is designed to be abrasion resistant, flexible and insoluble in soap and water so that the initial beauty look is maintained for multiple days. The new semi-permanent formula technology uses rosinate polymers that have a superior combination of flexibility, abrasion resistance and water and surfactant resistance. Based on principles used by the paint industry for creating durable films, the levels of the polymers and other non-volatile ingredients are balanced such that the product forms a continuous polymer film on the eyelash. Cryo-SEM is used to demonstrate that the new semi-permanent formula technology forms a film different from those formed by current mascara products. A stretch test and rub test are used to demonstrate that the new semi-permanent formula technology has superior flexibility and abrasion resistance to current mascara products. Finally, a multi-day consumer study with daily imaging of the eyes is used to demonstrate the superior wear performance of the new semi-permanent formula technology in actual usage.

Effects of primary processing on quality of Cortex Magnolia Officinalis

In this paper, the changes of volatile oil and non-volatile ingredients in Cortex Magnolia Officinalis before and after primary processing were determined by an HPLC and a GC-MS method. The method is based on quantitative determination of three index ingredients, beta-eudesmol, honokiol and magnolol, and on qualitative fingerprinting analysis using HPLC and GC. Big differences were observed between processed and unprocessed samples according to their chromatographic fingerprinting data calculated by statistic software. Compared with unprocessed samples, the contents of honokiol and magnolol in processed samples increased, whereas the contents of beta-eudesmol and magnoloside A in processed samples decreased. Magnoloside A was isolated from this plant for the first time.

Viscous liquid film flow on dune slopes of Mars

It is shown that viscous liquid film flow (VLF-flow) on the surfaces of slopes of martian dunes can be a low-temperature rheological phenomenon active today on high latitudes. A quantitative model indicates that the VLF-flows are consistent with the flow of liquid brines similar to that observed by imaging at the Phoenix landing site. VLF-flows depend on the viscosity, dynamics, and energetics of temporary darkened liquid brines. The darkening of the flowing brine is possibly, at least partially, attributed to non-volatile ingredients of the liquid brines. Evidence of previous VLF-flows can also be seen on the dunes, suggesting that it is an ongoing process that also occurred in the recent past.

Application of PLE for the determination of essential oil components from Thymus vulgaris L.

Essential plants, due to their long presence in human history, their status in culinary arts, their use in medicine and perfume manufacture, belong to frequently examined stock materials in scientific and industrial laboratories. Because of a large number of freshly cut, dried or frozen plant samples requiring the determination of essential oil amount and composition, a fast, safe, simple, efficient and highly automatic sample preparation method is needed. Five sample preparation methods (steam distillation, extraction in the Soxhlet apparatus, supercritical fluid extraction, solid phase microextraction and pressurized liquid extraction) used for the isolation of aroma-active components from Thymus vulgaris L. are compared in the paper. The methods are mainly discussed with regard to the recovery of components which typically exist in essential oil isolated by steam distillation. According to the obtained data, PLE is the most efficient sample preparation method in determining the essential oil from the thyme herb. Although co-extraction of non-volatile ingredients is the main drawback of this method, it is characterized by the highest yield of essential oil components and the shortest extraction time required. Moreover, the relative peak amounts of essential components revealed by PLE are comparable with those obtained by steam distillation, which is recognized as standard sample preparation method for the analysis of essential oils in aromatic plants.

The pyrolysis of non-volatile tobacco ingredients using a system that simulates cigarette combustion conditions

This is the second part of a systematic study in which tobacco ingredients are pyrolysed using experimental conditions designed to simulate the average combustion conditions inside a burning cigarette. In the first part, the pyrolysis system was developed and single-substance, mostly semi-volatile tobacco ingredients were pyrolysed. It was predicted that on a cigarette, the majority of these semi-volatile ingredients would transfer to smoke with little pyrolysis. In this part of the study, a further 159 non-volatile and complex ingredients, as well as ingredient mixtures, have been pyrolysed and the pyrolysis products determined using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometric system coupled to the pyrolyser. These non-volatile tobacco ingredients generally decomposed completely in the pyrolysis system, often yielding many products in relatively small amounts. The study has concentrated on the biologically active substances produced by pyrolysis, in particular the “Hoffmann analytes”. These analytes are believed by regulatory authorities in Canada and U.S.A. to be relevant to smoking-related diseases. They are based on lists published by Hoffmann and co-workers of the American Health Foundation in New York. For the pyrolysis of many of the non-volatile ingredients, no “Hoffmann analytes” were detected amongst the products. When they were occasionally formed, they included phenols, benzene, toluene, styrene and furfural (furfural is biologically active but it does not appear on any of the Hoffmann or regulatory authority lists). Those ingredients that did yield such products generally produced them in relatively small quantities although furfural was produced in relatively large quantities by pyrolysis of some ingredients, especially sugars. Those ingredients that produced biologically active constituents during their pyrolysis have been further assessed. This was done by adding them to cigarettes, machine-smoking the cigarette and comparing their smoke yields to those from a control (no ingredient) cigarette. From this comparison, it was found that in general the ingredients added to cigarettes do not increase the smoke components relative to the control cigarette. The pyrolysis technique of the present study tends to over-predict the amount of decomposition that the non-volatile ingredients undergo relative to their behaviour in a burning cigarette. Several examples are discussed, in particular ingredients that produce furfural during pyrolysis. This general pyrolysis technique is thus a first step in the total toxicological assessment of tobacco ingredients and is a useful screening tool for indicating which ingredients may yield biologically active products during decomposition of the ingredients. There are, however, some products such as formaldehyde and the carbon oxides that are not detected by the pyrolyser-gas chromatography–mass spectrometric technique employed here. The generation and detection of these products during the pyrolysis of selected tobacco ingredients is the subject of a parallel paper.

The evaporation and growth of droplets having more than one volatile constituent

This paper presents a theory which describes the evaporation and growth of droplets containing an arbitrary number of nonvolatile and volatile constituents. The method is a generalization of Mason's (1971) procedure for calculating the growth of aqueous droplets. A separate differential equation is written for the mass of each volatile ingredient and then the system of equations is solved numerically. Droplets were found to evaporate or grow depending on whether a generalized saturation ratio is less than or greater than unity. Stable equilibrium states can exist only for droplets containing nonvolatile ingredients, regardless of the atmospheric composition. Sample calculations were done for droplets containing water and propylene glycol, and for droplets containing water, propylene glycol and sodium chloride. These are common ingredients of aerosols used for the treatment of respiratory diseases. It was found that propylene glycol, although much less volatile than water, can nevertheless evaporate rapidly from droplets in the respirable size range. The implications for respiratory therapy are discussed.

Nonsolvents in Rubber Cements

Abstract ETHANOL has long been used for reducing the apparent viscosity of rubber cements. Other rubber nonsolvents, especially acetone and amyl acetate, are sometimes similarly employed. However, there are few data in the literature from which adequate comparisons among nonsolvents may be deduced, nor has any systematic study of the properties of a cement containing nonsolvents been reported. Whitby (2), studying a long list of chemicals as solvents, records comparative swelling power for rubber and nitrocellulose; Whitby and Jane (3) find the viscosity of dilute rubber solutions to be reduced by a number of these materials; and Kawamura and Tanaka (1) obtain the following order of decreasing precipitant value for a 0.25 per cent solution of rubber in xylene—methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, isobutanol. With the exception of the swelling experiments, these results, as is the case with practically all published cement studies, are for dilute solutions only and therefore are of little technical value. The present experiments were performed with a commercial cement and are the result of a wish to control particularly two properties—the thickness of rubber film deposited upon an article by dipping and the tendency of the wet film to break across small holes in perforated objects. The addition of a suitable nonsolvent to a cement improved the film-breaking property, and by changing the proportion of the nonsolvent, with proper regard for other factors, satisfactory control of both film breaking and film thickness was possible. As here reported, the results afford a basis for comparison among the more common nonsolvents in cements in which the solvents used are benzene, Varnish Makers and Painters' (V. M. &amp; P.) naphtha, or ethylene dichloride; and for a benzene-isopropanol cement they show the nature of the effects upon the properties studied, of simultaneously varying the proportion of nonsolvent, the concentration of nonvolatile ingredients, and the degree of mastication of the rubber stock. Results on temperature and humidity control are included to illustrate the importance of these factors in dipping-room operations.