Non-volatile Extract Research Articles

Chemical composition of Crithmum maritimum L. essential oil and hydrodistillation residual water by GC-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, and their biological activities

Aromatic and medicinal plants, such as those from the Apiaceae family, and their metabolites, namely essential oils are of great industrial interest and a source of biologically relevant compounds.Essential oils are the major resource obtained during the hydrodistillation of aromatic plants, however, this process also originates high amounts of residual water. Although this by-product is discarded, it is conceivable that this water may be rich in non-volatile compounds which possess interesting biological properties. Therefore, the aim of this work is to analyze the oil and the hydrodistillation residual water of Crithmum maritimum L. (sea fennel), a highly aromatic plant widely used in many European countries and highlight the bioactive potential of both products. High performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analysis of the hydrodistillation residual water showed a profile rich in hydroxycinnamic acids and small amounts of flavone and flavonol glycosides. Chemical analysis of the essential oil by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-–MS) has revealed that γ-terpinene (33.6 %), sabinene (32.0 %) and thymol methyl ether (15.7 %) are the major compounds.The antioxidant potential of the residual water was disclosed by the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and a composition-activity relationship was unveiled by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The anti-inflammatory potential was demonstrated by using an in vitro model of inflammation (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages). Furthermore, the antifungal potential was evaluated by the capacity to inhibit two important virulence factors in Candida albicans.Our results show that the residual water have a promising antioxidant potential as measured by DPPH scavenging assay (IC50 of 650 ± 160 μg/mL). Chlorogenic acid and quercetin derivatives found in the hydrodistillation residual water are the mainly contributors for this activity. The essential oil of C. maritimum (3.125 μg/mL) decreases the production of nitric oxide in LPS-stimulated macrophages by 37 % without affecting cell viability. In addition, the essential oil has a strong effect on virulence factors of C. albicans through inhibiting the formation of the germ tube by more than 50 % at 30 μg/mL besides, it is able to inhibit biofilm formation by decreasing both the biomass and the cell viability.Summing up, the present work highlights that the essential oil of Crithmum maritimum and the non-volatile extract rich in hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoid glycosides, obtained after the hydrodistillation process have important biological activities, thus endorsing the industrial exploitation of this plant.

Evaluation of Streptomyces spp. against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris for the management of chickpea wilt

AbstractIn this study, about 112 isolates ofStreptomyceswere isolated from chickpea rhizospheric soils. Among the isolated strains, five showed strong inhibitory effects against chickpea Fusarium wilt caused byFusarium oxysporumf. sp.ciceris in vitrousing plate assay and selected for further studies. The selected strains were identified asStreptomycesspp. based on morphological and biochemical characterization as well as 16S rDNA sequences analysis. Our results assigned them to strains related to genus ofStreptomyces.In vitro, antagonistic effects ofStreptomycesstrains against the disease were evaluated through the dual-culture method, volatile and non-volatile metabolites, siderophore, protease and chitinase production. All bacterial strains inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen ranging from 26 to 44.2% in dual culture assay. The non-volatile extract of five of theStreptomycesstrains inhibited more than 50% growth of the pathogen, whereas volatile compounds were less effective on mycelial growth inhibition (20.2 to 33.4%). The ability of the biocontrol agents to produce siderophore and protease were varied, whereas, production of chitinase was detected for all strains. Results of the greenhouse assay indicated that all biocontrol agents reduced disease severity (ranging from 38.7 to 54.8%). Accordingly, strain KS62 showed higher control efficacy (54.8%). In addition, the biomass of chickpea plants (plant height and dry weight) significantly increased in plants treated withStreptomycesstrains compared to non-bacterized control. The results of this study showed that it may be possible to manage chickpea Fusarium wilt disease effectively by usingStreptomycesspecies, as biocontrol agents. Therefore, evaluating their efficiency under field conditions is needed.

New proposal for extracting rosemary compounds: Process intensification and economic evaluation

This paper brings forward techno-economic results of a study developed with rosemary. Process intensification was applied for obtaining two fractions of bioactive compounds: one fraction rich in volatile oil and other fraction rich in non-volatile extract. Terpenoids as 1,8-cineole and camphor were obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE-CO2). Afterwards, phenolic compounds as rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid were obtained by pressurized water extraction (PWE). We performed SFE-CO2 and PWE in the same multipurpose equipment without unloading the bed. Extraction yields and composition of each extract fraction were evaluated. We obtained approximately 2.5wt.% of a fraction rich in volatile oil at 40°C, 30MPa and solvent mass to feed mass (S/F) ratio of 2.5g CO2/g rosemary. Likewise, we obtained approximately 18.6wt.% of a fraction rich in non-volatile extract at continuous temperature increase of 1.1°C/min (from 40 °C to 172°C), 10 MPa and S/F ratio of 9.5g water/g rosemary. We simulated costs of manufacturing of extracts obtained by SFE-CO2 in three productive plants containing 2 vessels of 10L, 50L and 100L. The influence of bed geometry was considered into the simulation model, whereas the bed height (HB) to bed diameter (DB) ratios were: HB1/DB1=7.1 and HB2/DB2=2.7. We simulated the productivity of extracts and operating costs for an industrial plant containing 2 vessels of 100L using the process intensification performed in this paper (SFE-CO2+PWE). The proposal is promising and can encourage industrial application, because the higher use of the vegetal matrix for obtaining diversified bioactive compounds can reduce 28% of the annual production costs of SFE-CO2+PWE processes whether comparing with SFE-CO2 process alone.

Characterization of taste-active fractions in red wine combining HPLC fractionation, sensory analysis and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection

Five Tempranillo wines exhibiting marked differences in taste and/or astringency were selected for the study. In each wine the non-volatile extract was obtained by freeze-drying and further liquid extraction in order to eliminate remaining volatile compounds. This extract was fractionated by semipreparative C18-reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (C18-RP-HPLC) into nine fractions which were freeze-dried, reconstituted with water and sensory assessed for taste attributes and astringency by a specifically trained sensory panel. Results have shown that wine bitterness and astringency cannot be easily related to the bitter and astringent character of the HPLC fractions, what can be due to the existence of perceptual and physicochemical interactions. While the bitter character of the bitterest fractions may be attributed to some flavonols (myricetin, quercetin and their glycosides) the development of a sensitive UPLC–MS method to quantify astringent compounds present in wines has made it possible to demonstrate that proanthocyanidins monomers, dimers, trimers and tetramers, both galloylated or non-galloylated are not relevant compounds for the perceived astringency of the fractions, while cis-aconitic acid, and secondarily vainillic, and syringic acids and ethyl syringate, are the most important molecules driving astringency in two of the fractions (F5 and F6). The identity of the chemicals responsible for the astringency of the third fraction could be assigned to some proanthocyanidins (higher than the tetramer) capable to precipitate with ovalbumin.

Phytochemical study of Mentha longifolia of Morocco

A phytochemical study of Moroccan Mentha longifolia was carried out. The essential oil showed unusual relevant amounts of piperitenone oxide and piperitone oxide, which constitute a new chemotype. From the non-volatile extract, five flavonoids were isolated, among which 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-6,2′,3′-trimethoxyflavone ( 1) is reported for the first time.

Sampling and analysis of airborne resin acids and solvent-soluble material derived from heated colophony (rosin) flux: a method to quantify exposure to sensitizing compounds liberated during electronics soldering

Components of colophony (rosin) resin acids are sensitizers through dermal and pulmonary exposure to heated and unheated material. Significant work in the literature identifies specific resin acids and their oxidation products as sensitizers. Pulmonary exposure to colophony sensitizers has been estimated indirectly through formaldehyde exposure. To assess pulmonary sensitization from airborne resin acids, direct measurement is desired, as the degree to which aldehyde exposure correlates with that of resin acids during colophony heating is undefined. Any analytical method proposed should be applicable to a range of compounds and should also identify specific compounds present in a breathing zone sample. This work adapts OSHA Sampling and Analytical Method 58, which is designed to provide airborne concentration data for coal tar pitch volatile solids by air filtration through a glass fiber filter, solvent extraction of the filter, and gravimetric analysis of the non-volatile extract residue. In addition to data regarding total soluble material captured, a portion of the extract may be subjected to compound-specific analysis. Levels of soluble solids found during personal breathing zone sampling during electronics soldering in a Naval Aviation Depot ranged from below the “reliable quantitation limit” reported in the method to 7.98 mg/m 3. Colophony-spiked filters analyzed in accordance with the method (modified) produced a limit of detection for total solvent-soluble colophony solids of 10 μg/filter. High performance liquid chromatography was used to identify abietic acid present in a breathing zone sample.

THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING ANALYSIS COMMITTEE ESTIMATION OF FATTY SUBSTANCES IN CEREAL ADJUNCTS

A new method for the estimation of fatty substances has been tested. In this the ground sample is extracted successively with acetone and chloroform in the cold and the resulting non-volatile extract is weighed. The method has been found to be quicker and to give smaller errors both within and between laboratories than the method hitherto recommended and has accordingly been adopted as the recommended method of the Institute for fatty substances in cereal adjuncts.