Non-viral Gene Delivery Systems Research Articles

Polymer-Based Nanoparticles as Efficient Non-Viral Vectors for Gene Delivery in CAR-T Cell Therapy

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has emerged as a revolutionary method in cancer immunotherapy, achieving notable success in treating hematological malignancies. However, its effectiveness in solid tumors is limited, and the therapy faces challenges such as severe toxicities and high production costs. Polymer-based nanoparticles (PNPs) are gaining attention as a non-viral gene delivery system that can help address these issues, providing greater safety, scalability, and cost-effectiveness compared to viral vectors. This mini-review delves into various types of PNPs, including cationic, biodegradable, and stimuli-responsive polymers, showcasing their mechanisms for cellular uptake and sustained gene expression in CAR-T cells. Innovations like lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles and combination therapies improve gene delivery efficiency and therapeutic outcomes. Despite progress, challenges, including toxicity and immunogenicity, remain, prompting strategies such as surface modifications and targeting ligands. Recent advancements illustrate the potential of hybrid nanoparticles in enhancing CAR-T therapies, particularly for solid tumors, highlighting their critical role in cancer immunotherapy advancements.

Optimizing Transfection Efficiency of Spermine Polar Head Cholesterol-Based Cationic Lipids with Amino Acid Linker.

In this work, a series of spermine polar head cholesterol-based cationic lipids with various amino acid spacers were synthesized and evaluated as non-viral gene delivery systems. The physicochemical properties of the resulting lipoplexes, formed from these lipids and DOPE, were assessed, including zeta-potential, DNA binding and DNA protection from serum. Transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity were examined under serum-free and 10-40 % serum-containing conditions. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of cationic lipids, both with and without amino acid spacers, were not significantly different. Cationic liposomes composed of lipid Sper-Ahx-Chol, which has a 6-aminohexanoic acid spacer, and DOPE exhibited greater transfection efficiency in HeLa cells compared to Lipofectamine3000, both in the absence and presence of 10-40 % serum. Additionally, lipid Sper-His-Chol with a histidine spacer and Sper-Ahx-Chol showed higher efficiency than Lipofectamine3000 against HEK293T under 40 % serum conditions. These results suggest that the incorporation of amino acids into the cationic lipids can significantly enhance their DNA delivery efficiency. Specifically, certain amino acid modifications improved transfection efficiency while maintaining low cytotoxicity. Our findings highlight the potential of amino acid-tailored cationic lipids as promising vectors for enhanced DNA delivery.

Biocompatible fluorinated poly(2-hydroxypropenimine)s for safe and efficient gene transfection

The development of non-viral gene delivery systems often requires balancing transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity, particularly when using cationic polymers. Poly(2-hydroxypropenimine) (PHP), with its hydroxyl groups, presents a more biocompatible alternative to traditional polymers such as polyethyleneimine (PEI). In this study, we explored the potential to enhance PHP’s transfection capabilities and reduce its cytotoxicity through a targeted fluorination strategy. Specifically, fluorinated alkyl groups were grafted onto PHP via an ethylene oxide ring-opening reaction, with the reaction conditions optimized for temperature, solvent, and time to ensure efficiency. Transfection experiments using HEK 293 cells demonstrated that fluorinated PHP variants, especially PHP-FH816, significantly improved transfection efficiency, achieving a 75.1 % gene expression rate at an N/P ratio of 2, compared to 44.0 % for unmodified PHP. The transfection experiments in Hela cells also showed substantial transfection efficiency. The gene expression rate was 53.2 % at an N/P ratio of 2 compared to 31.6 % for unmodified PHP. Notably, the fluorinated polymers exhibited lower cytotoxicity and increased serum stability, which suggests their potential as safer gene delivery systems. This study carefully evaluates the feasibility of using fluorinated cationic polymers as next-generation gene delivery vectors, balancing efficacy and safety. It underscores the strategic application of fluorination technology in developing modified polymer vectors that could lead to more efficient and safer non-viral gene therapy solutions.

Optical imaging and gene transfection potential of linear polyethylenimine-coated Ag2S near-infrared quantum dots.

The application of biocompatible heavy metal-free and cationic Ag2S NIR quantum dots (QDs), which have intense luminosity in the 700-900 nm medical range, as a nonviral gene delivery system paves the way to overcome autofluorescence and easily track the delivery of genes in real time. The newly developed small and colloidally stable 2-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-capped Ag2S aqueous quantum dots electrostatically complexed with linear polyethyleneimine (Ag2S@2MPA/LPEI) were investigated for the first time both as a strong fluorescent probe and as a vector for nonviral gene delivery for the highest tracking of the system and delivery of genes into the nuclei of different cancer cells. The synthesized Ag2S@2MPA/LPEI quantum dots demonstrated strong optical imaging properties and were used to deliver a green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid as a standard gene. For Ag2S@2MPA/LPEI-pDNA nanoparticles, an N/P ratio of 20 was the ideal transfection efficiency. Ag2S@2MPA/LPEI was substantially more compatible with HEK 293T cells than the free 25-kDa linear polyethylenimine (LPEI). Next, the transfection efficiency evaluation of pGFP genes with synthesized Ag2S@2MPA/LPEI and LPEI in different cancer cells demonstrated their high potential as a theranostic cancer gene delivery system. This is the first instance of gene transfection and optical imaging carried out in vitro using Ag2S@2MPA/LPEI QDs. Overall, the newly synthesized highly biocompatible and trackable Ag2S@2MPA/LPEI QDs can be an effective and biocompatible theranostic system for cancer gene therapy.

Role of size, surface charge, and PEGylated lipids of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) on intramuscular delivery of mRNA

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are currently the most commonly used non-viral gene delivery system. Their physiochemical attributes, encompassing size, charge and surface modifications, significantly affect their behaviors both in vivo and in vitro. Nevertheless, the effects of these properties on the transfection and distribution of LNPs after intramuscular injection remain elusive. In this study, LNPs with varying sizes, lipid-based charges and PEGylated lipids were formulated to study their transfection and in vivo distribution. Luciferase mRNA (mLuc) was entraped in LNPs as a model nucleic acid molecule. Results indicated that smaller-sized LNPs and those with neutral potential presented superior transfection efficiency after intramuscular injection. Surprisingly, the sizes and charges did not exert a notable influence on the in vivo distribution of the LNPs. Furthermore, PEGylated lipids with shorter acyl chains contributed to enhanced transfection efficiency due to their superior cellular uptake and lysosomal escape capabilities. Notably, the mechanisms underlying cellular uptake differed among LNPs containing various types of PEGylated lipids, which was primarily attributed to the length of their acyl chain. Together, these insights underscore the pivotal role of nanoparticle characteristics and PEGylated lipids in the intramuscular route. This study not only fills crucial knowledge gaps but also provides significant directions for the effective delivery of mRNA via LNPs.Graphical

In Situ Polymerization for Manufacture of Multifunctional Delivery Systems for Transcellular Delivery of Nucleic Acids.

Electrostatic self-assembly between negatively charged nucleic acids and cationic materials is the basis for the formulation of the delivery systems. Nevertheless, structural disintegration occurs because their colloidal stabilities are frequently insufficient in a hostile biological environment. To overcome the sequential biological barriers encountered during transcellular gene delivery, we attempted to use in situ polymerization onto plasmid DNA (pDNA) with a variety of functional monomers, including N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylate, (aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride, 1-vinylimidazole, and 2-methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine and N,N'-bis(acryloyl) cystamine. The covalently linked monomers could polymerize into a network structure on top of pDNA, providing excellent structural stability. Additionally, the significant proton buffering capacity of 1-vinylimidazole is expected to aid in the release of pDNA payloads from acidic and digestive endolysosomes. In addition, the redox-mediated cleavage of the disulfide bond in N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine allows for the selective cleavage of the covalently linked network in the cytosolic microenvironment. This is due to the high intracellular level of glutathione, which promotes the liberation of pDNA payloads in the cell interiors. The proposed polymerization strategies resulted in well-defined nanoscale pDNA delivery systems. Excellent colloidal stabilities were observed, even when incubated in the presence of high concentrations of heparin (10 mg/mL). In contrast, the release of pDNA was confirmed upon incubation in the presence of glutathione, mimicking the intracellular microenvironment. Cell transfection experiments verified their efficient cellular uptake and gene expression activities in the hard-transfected MCF-7 cells. Hence, the polymerization strategy used in the fabrication of covalently linked nonviral gene delivery systems shows promise in creating high-performance gene delivery systems with diverse functions. This could open new avenues in cellular microenvironment engineering.

Enhanced delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system based on biomimetic nanoparticles for hepatitis B virus therapy

The persistent presence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in hepatocyte nuclei poses a significant obstacle to achieving a comprehensive cure for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Current applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for targeting and eliminating cccDNA have been confined to in vitro studies due to challenges in stable cccDNA expression in animal models and the limited non-immunogenicity of delivery systems. This study addresses these limitations by introducing a novel non-viral gene delivery system utilizing Gemini Surfactant (GS). The developed system creates stable and targeted CRISPR/Cas9 nanodrugs with a negatively charged surface through modification with red blood cell membranes (RBCM) or hepatocyte membranes (HCM), resulting in GS-pDNA@Cas9-CMs complexes. These GS-pDNA complexes demonstrated complete formation at a 4:1 w/w ratio. The in vitro transfection efficiency of GS-pDNA-HCM reached 54.61%, showing homotypic targeting and excellent safety. Additionally, the study identified the most effective single-guide RNA (sgRNA) from six sequences delivered by GS-pDNA@Cas9-HCM. Using GS-pDNA@Cas9-HCM, a significant reduction of 96.47% in in vitro HBV cccDNA and a 52.34% reduction in in vivo HBV cccDNA were observed, along with a notable decrease in other HBV-related markers. The investigation of GS complex uptake by AML-12 cells under varied time and temperature conditions revealed clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) for GS-pDNA and caveolin-mediated endocytosis (CVME) for GS-pDNA-HCM and GS-pDNA-RBCM. In summary, this research presents biomimetic gene-editing nanovectors based on GS (GS-pDNA@Cas9-CMs) and explores their precise and targeted clearance of cccDNA using CRISPR/Cas9, demonstrating good biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. This innovative approach provides a promising therapeutic strategy for advancing the cure of HBV.

Non-viral-mediated gene transfer of OX40 ligand for tumor immunotherapy.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is rapidly becoming a standard of care in the treatment of many cancer types. However, the subset of patients who respond to this type of therapy is limited. Another way to promote antitumoral immunity is the use of immunostimulatory molecules, such as cytokines or T cell co-stimulators. The systemic administration of immunotherapeutics leads to significant immune-related adverse events (irAEs), therefore, the localized antitumoral action is needed. One way to achieve this is intratumoral non-viral gene-immune therapy, which allows for prolonged and localized gene expression, and multiple drug administration. In this study, we combined the previously described non-viral gene delivery system, PEG-PEI-TAT copolymer, PPT, with murine OX40L-encoding plasmid DNA. The resulting OX40L/PPT nanoparticles were characterized via gel mobility assay, dynamic light scattering analysis and in vitro transfection efficiency evaluation. The antitumoral efficacy of intratumorally (i.t.) administered nanoparticles was estimated using subcutaneously (s.c.) implanted CT26 (colon cancer), B16F0 (melanoma) and 4T1 (breast cancer) tumor models. The dynamics of stromal immune cell populations was analyzed using flow cytometry. Weight loss and cachexia were used as irAE indicators. The effect of combination of i.t. OX40L/PPT with intraperitoneal PD-1 ICB was estimated in s.c. CT26 tumor model. The obtained OX40L/PPT nanoparticles had properties applicable for cell transfection and provided OX40L protein expression in vitro in all three investigated cancer models. We observed that OX40L/PPT treatment successfully inhibited tumor growth in B16F0 and CT26 tumor models and showed a tendency to inhibit 4T1 tumor growth. In B16F0 tumor model, OX40L/PPT treatment led to the increase in antitumoral effector NK and T killer cells and to the decrease in pro-tumoral myeloid cells populations within tumor stroma. No irAE signs were observed in all 3 tumor models, which indicates good treatment tolerability in mice. Combining OX40L/PPT with PD-1 ICB significantly improved treatment efficacy in the CT26 subcutaneous colon cancer model, providing protective immunity against CT26 colon cancer cells. Overall, the anti-tumor efficacy observed with OX40L non-viral gene therapy, whether administered alone or in combination with ICB, highlights its potential to revolutionize cancer gene therapy, thus paving the way for unprecedented advancements in the cancer therapy field.

A potent bioreducible ionizable lipid nanoparticle enables siRNA delivery for retinal neovascularization inhibition

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is emerging as a promising treatment for retinal neovascularization due to its specific inhibition of the expression of target genes. However, the clinical translation of siRNA drugs is hindered by the efficiency and safety of delivery vectors. Here, we describe the properties of a new bioreducible ionizable lipid nanoparticle (LNP) 2N12H, which is based on a rationally designed novel ionizable lipid called 2N12B. 2N12H exhibited degradation in response to the mimic cytoplasmic glutathione condition and ionization with a pKa value of 6.5, which remaining neutral at pH 7.4. At a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio of 5, 2N12H efficiently encapsulated and protected siRNA from degradation. Compared to the commercial vehicle Lipofectamine 2000, 2N12H demonstrated similar silencing efficiency and improved safety in the in vitro cell experiments. 2N12H/siVEGFA reduced the expression of VEGFA in retinal pigment epithelium cells and mouse retina, consequently suppressing cell migration and retinal neovascularization. In the mouse model, the therapeutic effect of 2N12H/siVEGFA was comparable to that of the clinical drug ranibizumab. Together, these results suggest the potential of this novel ionizable LNP to facilitate the development of nonviral ocular gene delivery systems.

Exploring Mechanisms of Lipid Nanoparticle-Mucus Interactions in Healthy and Cystic Fibrosis Conditions.

Mucus forms the first defense line of human lungs, and as such hampers the efficient delivery of therapeutics to the underlying epithelium. This holds particularly true for genetic cargo such as CRISPR-based gene editing tools which cannot readily surmount the mucosal barrier. While lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) emerge as versatile non-viral gene delivery systems that can help overcome the delivery challenge, many knowledge gaps remain, especially for diseased states such as cystic fibrosis (CF). This study provides fundamental insights into Cas9 mRNA or ribonucleoprotein-loaded LNP-mucus interactions in healthy and diseased states by assessing the impact of the genetic cargo, mucin sialylation, mucin concentration, ionic strength, pH, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration and nature on LNP diffusivity leveraging experimental approaches and Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations. Taken together, this study identifies key mucus and LNP characteristics that are critical to enabling a rational LNP design for transmucosal delivery.

A non-viral DNA delivery system consisting of multifunctional chimeric peptide fused with zinc-finger protein

Non-viral gene delivery systems have received sustained attention as a promising alternative to viral vectors for disease treatment and prevention in recent years. Numerous methods have been developed to enhance gene uptake and delivery in the cytoplasm; however, due to technical difficulties and delivery efficiency,these systems still face challenges in a range of biological applications, especially invivo. To alleviate this challenge, we devised a novel system for gene delivery based on a recombinant protein eTAT-ZF9-NLS, which consisted of a multifunctional chimeric peptide and a zinc-finger protein with sequence-specific DNA-binding activity. High transfection efficiency was observed in several mammalian cells after intracellular delivery of plasmid containing ZF9-binding sites mediated by eTAT-ZF9-NLS. Our new approach provides a novel transfection strategy and the transfection efficiency was confirmed both invitro and invivo, making it a preferential transfection reagent for possible gene therapy.

Effect of Different Karyophilic Peptides on Physical Characteristics and In Vitro Transfection Efficiency of Chitosan-Plasmid Nanoparticles as Nonviral Gene Delivery Systems.

A strategy to increase the transfection efficiency of chitosan-based nanoparticles for gene therapy is by adding nuclear localization signals through karyophilic peptides. Here, the effect of the length and sequence of these peptides and their interaction with different plasmids on the physical characteristics and biological functionality of nanoparticles is reported. The karyophilic peptides (P1 or P2) were used to assemble nanoparticles by complex coacervation with pEGFP-N1, pQBI25 or pSelect-Zeo-HSV1-tk plasmids, and chitosan. Size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and morphology, as well as in vitro nucleus internalization and transfection capability of nanoparticles were determined. The P2 nanoparticles resulted smaller compared to the ones without peptides or P1 for the three plasmids. In general, the addition of either P1 or P2 did not have a significant impact on the polydispersity index and the zeta potential. P1 and P2 nanoparticles were localized in the nucleus after 30min of exposure to HeLa cells. Nevertheless, the presence of P2 in pEGFP-N1 and pQBI25 nanoparticles raised their capability to transfect and express the green fluorescent protein. Thus, karyophilic peptides are an efficient tool for the optimization of nonviral vectors for gene delivery; however, the sequence and length of peptides have an impact on characteristics and functionality of nanoparticles.

Reversible Stabilization of Nanofiber-Polyplexes through Introducing Cross-Linkages.

Non-viral gene delivery systems are typically designed vector systems with contradictory properties, namely sufficient stability before cellular uptake and instability to ensure the release of nucleic acid cargoes in the transcription process after being taken up into cells. We reported previously that poly-(L-lysine) terminally bearing a multi-arm PEG (maPEG-PLL) formed nanofiber-polyplexes that suppressed excessive DNA condensation via steric repulsion among maPEGs and exhibited effective transcriptional capability in PCR amplification experiments and a cell-free gene expression system. In this study, the reversible stabilization of a nanofiber-polyplex without impairing the effective transcriptional capability was investigated by introducing cross-links between the PLL side chains within the polyplex using a cross-linking reagent with disulfide (SS) bonds that can be disrupted under reducing conditions. In the presence of dextran sulfate and/or dithiothreitol, the stability of the polyplex and the reactivity of the pDNA were evaluated using agarose gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR. We succeeded in reversibly stabilizing nanofiber-polyplexes using dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) (DSP) as the cross-linking reagent. The effect of the reversible stabilization was confirmed in experiments using cultured cells, and the DSP-crosslinked polyplexes exhibited gene expression superior to that of polyethyleneimine polyplexes, which are typical polyplexes.

Unveiling Sticholysin II and plasmid DNA interaction: Implications for developing non-viral vectors

Non-viral gene delivery systems offer significant potential for gene therapy due to their versatility, safety, and cost advantages over viral vectors. However, their effectiveness can be hindered by the challenge of efficiently releasing the genetic cargo from endosomes to prevent degradation in lysosomes. To overcome this obstacle, functional components can be incorporated into these systems. Sticholysin II (StII) is one of the pore-forming proteins derived from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus, known for its high ability to permeabilize cellular and model membranes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interaction between StII, and a model plasmid (pDNA) as an initial step towards designing an improved vector with enhanced endosomal escape capability. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) confirmed the formation of complexes between StII and pDNA. Computational predictions identified specific residues involved in the StII-DNA interaction interface, highlighting the importance of electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds in mediating the binding. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of StII-pDNA complexes revealed the presence of nodular fiber and toroid shapes. These complexes were found to have a predominantly micrometer size, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Despite increase in the overall charge, the complexes formed at the evaluated nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N/P) ratios still maintained a negative charge. Moreover, StII retained its pore-forming capacity regardless of its binding to the complexes. These findings suggest that the potential ability of StII to permeabilize endosomal membranes could be largely maintained when combined with nucleic acid delivery systems. Additionally, the still remaining negative charge of the complexes would enable the association of another positively charged component to compact pDNA. However, to minimize non-specific cytotoxic effects, it is advisable to explore methods to regulate the protein's activity in response to the microenvironment.

P53 dry gene powder enhances anti-cancer effects of chemotherapy against malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Dry gene powder is a novel non-viral gene-delivery system, which is inhalable with high gene expression. Previously, we showed that the transfection of p16INK4a or TP53 by dry gene powder resulted in growth inhibitions of lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report that dry gene powder containing p53- expression-plasmid DNA enhanced the therapeutic effects of cisplatin (CDDP) against MPM even in the presence of endogenous p53. Furthermore, our results indicated that the safe transfection with a higher plasmid DNA (pDNA) concentration suppressed MPM growth independently of chemotherapeutic agents. To develop a new therapeutic alternative for MPM patients without safety concerns over "vector doses", our in vitro data provide basic understandings for dry gene powder.

Exploration of mRNA nanoparticles based on DOTAP through optimization of the helper lipids.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are one of the most efficient carriers for RNA packaging and delivery, and vaccines based on mRNA-LNPs have received substantial attention since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. LNPs based on 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) have been widely used in preclinical and clinical settings. A novel non-viral gene delivery system called LNP3 was previously developed, which was composed of DOTAP, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), and cholesterol. One of the helper lipids in this carrier was DOPE, which belongs to phospholipids. Given that substituting DOPE with non-phospholipids as helper lipids can increase the delivery efficiency of some LNPs, this study aimed to examine whether non-phospholipids can be formulated with DOTAP as helper lipids. It was found that monoglycerides with C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 mediated mRNA transfection, and the transfection efficiency varied between C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2. Furthermore, substituting of the glycerol with other moieties such as the cholesterol or the ethanolamine similarly mediated mRNA transfection. The introduction of cholesterol can further improve the transfection capacity of some DOTAP-based LNPs. One of the best-performing formulations, LNP3-MO, was used to mediate luciferase-mRNA expression in vivo, and the luminescence signal was found to be mainly enriched in the lung and spleen. In addition, the level of SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody in the serum increased after three doses of LNP3-MO mediated SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA. Altogether, this study demonstrates that non-phospholipids are promising helper lipids that can be formulated with DOTAP to facilitate efficient delivery of mRNAs in vitro and in vivo with organ-specific targeting.

Gene Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis: Recent Advances and Future Prospects.

Gene replacement therapies are novel therapeutic approaches that seek to tackle hereditary diseases caused by a congenital deficiency in a particular gene, when a functional copy of a gene can be delivered to the cells and tissues using various delivery systems. To do this, viral particles carrying a functional copy of the gene of interest and various nonviral gene delivery systems, including liposomes, nanoparticles, etc., can be used. In this review, we discuss the state of current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms and types of genetic mutations that lead to cystic fibrosis and highlight recent developments in gene therapy that can be leveraged to correct these mutations and to restore the physiological function of the carrier protein transporting sodium and chlorine ions in the airway epithelial cells. Restoration of carrier protein expression could lead to the normalization of ion and water transport across the membrane and induce a decrease in the viscosity of airway surface fluid, which is one of the pathological manifestations of this disease. This review also summarizes recently published preclinical and clinical data for various gene therapies to allow one to make some conclusions about future prospects for gene therapy in cystic fibrosis treatment.

Reversible Light-Induced Dimerization of Secondary Face Azobenzene-Functionalized β-Cyclodextrin Derivatives.

β-cyclodextrin (βCyD) derivatives equipped with aromatic appendages at the secondary face exhibit tailorable self-assembling capabilities. The aromatic modules can participate in inclusion phenomena and/or aromatic-aromatic interactions. Supramolecular species can thus form that, at their turn, can engage in further co-assembling with third components in a highly regulated manner; the design of nonviral gene delivery systems is an illustrative example. Endowing such systems with stimuli responsiveness while keeping diastereomeric purity and a low synthetic effort is a highly wanted advancement. Here, we show that an azobenzene moiety can be "clicked" to a single secondary O-2 position of βCyD affording 1,2,3-triazole-linked βCyD-azobenzene derivatives that undergo reversible light-controlled self-organization into dimers where the monomer components face their secondary rims. Their photoswitching and supramolecular properties have been thoroughly characterized by UV-vis absorption, induced circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, and computational techniques. As model processes, the formation of inclusion complexes between a water-soluble triazolylazobenzene derivative and βCyD as well as the assembly of native βCyD/βCyD-azobenzene derivative heterodimers have been investigated in parallel. The stability of the host-guest supramolecules has been challenged against the competitor guest adamantylamine and the decrease of the medium polarity using methanol-water mixtures. The collective data support that the E-configured βCyD-azobenzene derivatives, in aqueous solution, form dimers stabilized by the interplay of aromatic-aromatic and aromatic-βCyD cavity interactions after partial reciprocal inclusion. Photoswitching to the Z-isomer disrupts the dimers into monomeric species, offering opportunity for the spatiotemporal control of the organizational status by light.

Gene Delivery into T cells using Ternary Complexes of DNA, Lipofectamine, and Carboxy-terminal Phenylalanine-modified Dendrimers.

T-cells play critical roles in various immune reactions, and genetically engineered T-cells have attracted attention for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Previously, we showed that a polyamidoamine dendrimer of generation 4 (G4), modified with 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride (CHex) and phenylalanine (Phe) (G4-CHex-Phe), was useful for delivery into T cells and their subsets. In this study, we constructed an efficient non-viral gene delivery system using this dendrimer. Ternary complexes were prepared using different ratios of plasmid DNA, Lipofectamine, and G4-CHex-Phe. A carboxyl-terminal dendrimer lacking Phe (G3.5) was used for comparison. These complexes were characterized using agarose gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, and ζpotential measurements. In Jurkat cells, the ternary complex with G4-CHex-Phe at a P/COOH ratio of 1/5 showed higher transfection activity than other complexes such as binary and ternary complexes with G3.5 and without any significant cytotoxicity. The transfection efficiency of the G4-CHex-Phe ternary complexes decreased considerably in the presence of free G4-CHex-Phe and on altering the complex preparation method. These results suggest that G4-CHex-Phe promotes the cellular internalization of the complexes, which is useful for gene delivery into T cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Technological advances in the use of viral and non-viral vectors for delivering genetic and non-genetic cargos for cancer therapy.

The burden of cancer is increasing globally. Several challenges facing its mainstream treatment approaches have formed the basis for the development of targeted delivery systems to carry and distribute anti-cancer payloads to their defined targets. This site-specific delivery of drug molecules and gene payloads to selectively target druggable biomarkers aimed at inducing cell death while sparing normal cells is the principal goal for cancer therapy. An important advantage of a delivery vector either viral or non-viral is the cumulative ability to penetrate the haphazardly arranged and immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment of solid tumours and or withstand antibody-mediated immune response. Biotechnological approaches incorporating rational protein engineering for the development of targeted delivery systems which may serve as vehicles for packaging and distribution of anti-cancer agents to selectively target and kill cancer cells are highly desired. Over the years, these chemically and genetically modified delivery systems have aimed at distribution and selective accumulation of drug molecules at receptor sites resulting in constant maintenance of high drug bioavailability for effective anti-tumour activity. In this review, we highlighted the state-of-the art viral and non-viral drug and gene delivery systems and those under developments focusing on cancer therapy.