Nonverbal Exchange Research Articles

Dyssynchrony, Surprise, and Multiple Perspectives

ABSTRACT The author, inspired by Anni Bergman’s work with an autistic child, describes a single play session in her work with a neurodiverse child. In this session, the first session following a missed appointment, the analyst attempts to “make sense out of nonsense” by choosing the child’s words she hopes to use as building blocks for a coherent narrative about separation and reunion, while passing over the words she finds unintelligible. A microanalysis of the analytic process reveals themes of dyssynchrony, surprise, and multiple perspectives. Using these themes to organize the meanings she takes from the verbal and nonverbal exchange in the session, she concludes that the experience of working with this – and other – neurodiverse patients offers the analyst a unique opportunity to challenge the usefulness of their clinical theories and to embrace a greater complexity. In doing so, the analyst is able to appreciate the essence of “co-creative meaning-making.”

Verbal information exchange enhances collective performance through increasing group identification

Information exchange is a key factor in the attainment of collective outcomes and the navigation of social life. In the current study, we investigated whether and how information exchange enhanced collective performance by combining behavioral and neuroimaging approaches from the perspective of multiparticipant neuroscience. To evaluate collective performance, we measured the collaborative problem-solving abilities of triads working on a murder mystery case. We first found that verbal information exchange significantly enhanced collective performance compared to nonverbal exchange. Moreover, both group sharing and group discussion positively contributed to this effect, with group discussion being more essential. Importantly, group identification mediated the positive effect of verbal information exchange on collective performance. This mediation was supported by higher interactive frequency and enhanced within-group neural synchronization (GNS) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Taken together, we provided a multiparticipant theoretical model to explain how verbal information exchange enhanced collective performance. Our findings deepen the insight into the workings of group decision-making.

THE PLACE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN FAMILY COMMUNICATION

Family communication is the verbal and non-verbal exchange of information between family members. Behaviors that require understanding, sharing, and cooperation occur through communication within the family. In modern families, spending free time together has lost its importance and this function has shifted out of the family. Social media is of great importance in effectively filling the communication gap in family communication. Personal accounts are contacted through certain applications and sometimes our family and relatives are contacted through these accounts. Sometimes we lose control of our lives by not managing our time correctly. Social media and mass media have been instrumental in the birth of a new culture and have undertaken the mission of ensuring the adaptation of individuals to the changing world.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0948/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Sarcasm, the smiling poop, and E-discourse aggressiveness: getting far too emotional with emojis

ABSTRACTEmojis are a form of electronic communication found in text messages that fundamentally alter the exchange of emotion. Images and signs that depict feelings have replaced the nuanced selection of the right words and phrases. However, where feelings subside once expressed, emoticons transcend the spatio-temporality of emotion in ways that can become recurrent acts of aggression and bullying that are impossible not to see and even harder to erase. Across the globe, the expressive range of human emotion through the static ideogram of the emoji, or emoticon, presents an increasing challenge for the visually immediate, non-verbal exchange of capricious emotive communication.

Operating room communication in robotic surgery: Place, modalities and evolution of a safe system of interaction.

The aim of this study was to evaluate by questionnaire the feelings and the expectations of the different members of the operating room (OR) team in terms of communication during a robotic surgery with remote operator immersion. A total of 130 questionnaires were sent to several surgical units equipped for robotic surgery and addressed to operators (O), operative assistants (OA) and scrub nurses (SN). It included 32 questions addressing the following themes: function, experience, previous training, impressions about communication (difficulties, the place of verbal interactions, evolution with experience and role of each team member in communication). Only 17.4% of responses reported the use of communication protocols. The need for systematic description by the OA/SN of the difficulties in performing an action outside the operator's visual field was perceived as "essential" by 59%, 44.4% and 73.7%, "useful" by 35.9%, 55.6% and 21.1% of the SN, OA and O, respectively. Impaired communication was experienced during the learning phase by 60%, 80% and 57.9% of the SN, OA and O, respectively. During the apprenticeship phase, >92% of the OR team members felt that a systematic mode of verbal control was particularly useful. With the acquisition of experience, 82.1%, 80% and 73.7% of the SN, OA and O, respectively, thought it was necessary to continue a systematic mode of communication. With immersion, the surgeon unconsciously loses non-verbal exchange and becomes cut off from his surgical environment. The assistant is the one who perceives feelings of isolation most acutely. Therefore, interaction and communication must be verbal, systematic and safe. Systematic verbal communication should be reinforced during the training phase and continued thereafter although it could become more relaxed as experience increases.

Critical Clinical Moments at Crucial Developmental Times:A Case From Vienna

This article presents the psychotherapy of a latency-age boy that challenges both the patient and his psychotherapist. While the boy seems to develop well after a short time of treatment, the psychotherapist remains concerned about his continued submissive style. She explores ways to convey to the boy her understanding of his inner world but feels with each effort that the treatment is at the edge of failure. The critical clinical moment occurs in the session that the boy had secretly planned to be his last. This crucial juncture creates the opportunity for this dyad to develop a common language. In the pleasureful playing that unfolds, they use verbal and nonverbal exchange to build a new foundation for their relationship.

Negotiating with Global Managers and Entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa - Nigeria: An Analysis of Nonverbal Behavior in Intercultural Business Communication

Negotiating with Global Managers and Entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa - Nigeria: An Analysis of Nonverbal Behavior in Intercultural Business Communication

Künstlerische Therapien in der Onkologie - wissenschaftlicher Kenntnisstand und Ergebnisse einer Studie

Despite the use of varying media and methods, the Expressive Arts Therapies have much in common, as the work with oncology patients demonstrates. Many cancer patients seek alternative ways of approaching their emotional issues and uncertainties, and are willing to engage with therapeutic processes within Expressive Arts Therapies. A literature review on current research is provided, and Expressive Arts Therapists were questioned in an experts survey concerning the effective factors of the respective methods. The highest level of agreement was found in the assessment of »stimulating creative processes«, »stimulation of active shaping ability«, »support in non-verbal exchange« and »stimulation of sensory experience«. The greatest differences were found in »possibilities of communication in the group«.

La communication non verbale dans la maladie d’Alzheimer

This review underlines the importance of non-verbal communication in Alzheimer's disease. A social psychological perspective of communication is privileged. Non-verbal behaviors such as looks, head nods, hand gestures, body posture or facial expression provide a lot of information about interpersonal attitudes, behavioral intentions, and emotional experiences. Therefore they play an important role in the regulation of interaction between individuals. Non-verbal communication is effective in Alzheimer's disease even in the late stages. Patients still produce non-verbal signals and are responsive to others. Nevertheless, few studies have been devoted to the social factors influencing the non-verbal exchange. Misidentification and misinterpretation of behaviors may have negative consequences for the patients. Thus, improving the comprehension of and the response to non-verbal behavior would increase first the quality of the interaction, then the physical and psychological well-being of patients and that of caregivers. The role of non-verbal behavior in social interactions should be approached from an integrative and functional point of view.

The “dual usage problem” in the explanations of “joint attention” and children’s socioemotional development: A reconceptualization

The term “joint attention”, which first gained currency in the early 1960s in studies of the development of language and symbolic thought, remains significant in the developmental literature. However, its meaning is unclear. A definitional problem exists similar to what Patterson [Patterson, M. L. (1982). A sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange. Psychological Review, 89, 231–249] described as the “dual usage” problem in the study of behaviour. The dual usage problem manifests when the behaviours of interest are used interchangeably with the function served by those behaviours. Similarly, the behaviours or skills that are taken to show joint attention are used interchangeably with the functions served by these behaviours. Scant attention is given to how the behaviours are generated and regulated and how they contribute to development. The purpose of the present position paper was: (1) to identify and illustrate the ways in which the behaviours and functions of joint attention have been confounded in the literature; (2) to provide a revised operationalization of joint attention incorporating the idea of Consummative Joint Attention, which is defined as a process variable that integrates these two theoretically different and complementary aspects of “joint attention;” and (3) to test this revised definition with evidence from a sample of hearing mothers and their 18- to 36-month-old hearing or deaf toddlers. We suggest that a reconceptualization and revised definition of joint attention as a process served by a particular sequence of complementary and well-timed events in the behaviour of mother–child interaction are particularly well-suited to testing joint attention as an early prelingual mechanism and to detecting early problems with psychosocial and adaptive development created by ineffective patterns of social interaction.

Responses to nonverbal intimacy change in romantic dyads: Effects of behavioral valence and degree of behavioral change on nonverbal and verbal reactions

Various theories of nonverbal adaptation feature behavioral valence (i.e., positive vs. negative behavior) and degree of behavioral change (e.g., very low vs. low intimacy) as critical elements affecting whether changes in nonverbal intimacy are met with reciprocity or compensation. The present study, which utilizes data from 100 romantic dyads, makes comparisons across five conditions: very low intimacy, low intimacy, very high intimacy, high intimacy, and a no change (control) condition. Repeated measures analyses of variance showed that targets in the two high intimacy conditions reciprocated their partners' intimacy change by appearing more nonverbally involved and pleasant and engaging in more verbal intimacy. Targets in the two low intimacy conditions also reciprocated by becoming less nonverbally pleasant and fluent as well as more verbally hostile. However, these targets also used verbal repair strategies, thereby showing some degree of compensation. Targets in the very low intimacy condition also became more vocally anxious and less composed after their partners decreased intimacy. Targets in the very low intimacy condition were abo particularly likely to engage in verbal repair strategies. These and other findings are discussed in light of their implications for applying theories of nonverbal intimacy exchange to the context of romantic relationships.

A model of nonverbal exchange in physician-patient expectations for patient involvement

This paper reviews the literature on the nonverbal aspects of physician-patient interaction, focusing on how expectations about patient involvement are conveyed and negotiated by physicians and patients. Important outcomes of this process, such as satisfaction, adherence, and patient health, are examined. A model of physician-patient negotiation involving four interaction styles is presented to examine the negotiation process and the effects of patient involvement on outcomes.

Interaction Behavior and Person Perception

This article proposes a conceptualframeworkfor analyzing interdependent behavioral and person perception processes in social interaction. First, the separate theoretical approaches to nonverbal exchange (the behavioral side) and to person perception (the social cognition side) of interaction are briefly reviewed Next, the relationship between the behavioral and person perception processes are outlined in an integrative theoreticalframework. Within this framework, the distribution of cognitive resources, in terms of attention and cognitive effort, determines the effectiveness of interactive behavior and the nature of impressions formed about apartner Finally, an example of a researchparadigmfor studying the behavior-person perception interface is described and preliminary results reported.

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT ESCALATION: AN ATTRIBUTION‐BASED MODEL

Traditionally, conflict theory and research has focused almost exclusively on verbal behavior to understand strategic processes. Research on various nonverbal cues in conflict interaction is limited to investigations of narrowly defined variable sets and/or atheoretic descriptions of nonverbal behaviors, with little attention to the underlying reasons for the behavioral choices made by disputants. This paper proposes an attribution‐based model of conflict escalation as a consequence of non‐verbal status displays. The lack of research on the role of nonverbal communication in conflict escalation and the limitations of current models of nonverbal immediacy exchange are cited as a justification for the proposed model. Implications of the model are summarized in the form of several propositions.

Training for Nonverbal Exchange Behavior in Children with Developmental Disorders who have a Strong Tendency to Refuse Instruction

Training for Nonverbal Exchange Behavior in Children with Developmental Disorders who have a Strong Tendency to Refuse Instruction

A test among models of nonverbal immediacy reactions: Arousal-labeling, discrepancy-arousal, and social cognition

Individuals may respond to an increase in nonverbal immediacy by either increasing or decreasing the immediacy of their own behavior. To account for this, a number of models have been proposed, including arousal-labeling (Patterson, 1976), discrepancy-arousal (Cappella & Greene, 1982), and social cognition (e.g., Ellsworth, 1978). An experiment was designed to test the social cognition approach and, when combined with findings of previous studies, to serve as a test among three models. Individual male subjects discussed a moral dilemma with a male confederate at a seating distance of either 1.1 m (control group) or 0.3 m in two experimental groups (confederate intentional-close and confederate forced-close). Subjects in both experimental conditions showed less immediate nonverbal behavior, but only subjects in the intentional-close condition evaluated the confederate more negatively than subjects in the control group. These results, when combined with past research findings, suggest that social cognition alone may determine whether nonverbal compensation or reciprocation will occur, and that arousal-based explanations may be unnecessary. Other self-report findings of the study, however, create difficulties for all three models of nonverbal exchange.

Gaze and eye contact: A research review.

Research on gaze and eye contact was organized within the framework of Patterson's (1982) sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange. Studies were reviewed showing how gaze functions to (a) provide information, (b) regulate interaction, (c) express intimacy, (d) exercise social control, and (

Four approaches to interpersonal communication: Review, observation, prognosis

This paper uses four focal points to review interpersonal communication research conducted by speech communication scholars. These four foci include the dialogic approach which stresses authentic communication; the cohesion approach which explores how communication is related to interpersonal outcomes; the message process approach which stresses verbal and nonverbal exchange patterns in dyads; and the rhetorical approach which stresses the strategic nature of communication behavior in dyads. Research in each of these areas is reviewed and selected observations about the nature of that research are offered. The paper concludes with a prognosis for future developments in interpersonal communication.

Nonverbal exchange: Past, present, and future

This paper provides a broad review and evaluation of the research on nonverbal exchange. The development of theoretical approaches to this research is traced over time and discussed. Relative strengths and weaknesses of past and present models are analyzed. Finally, specific recommendations are made for future research that will, we hope, extend our understanding of nonverbal exchange and its basic role in social interaction.

Models of reactions to changes in nonverbal immediacy

This paper examined the similarities and differences among several models of nonverbal exchange. In that context, an experiment was conducted to test one specific explanation — the violations of expectations model. Immediacy and reward level (manipulated in terms of friend or stranger pairs) were factorially combined in dyads. A broad range of behavioral, arousal, and impression measures were taken. In general, the results of the experiment showed a dominant pattern of reciprocity to increased immediacy, especially on various evaluative measures. In contrast, compensatory responses were much less common in response to increased immediacy and when they occurred were primarily found on measures related to sensory stimulation and comfort. Although these results provided some limited support for the violations of expectations model, the same results were also consistent with some predictions from alternate models.