Non-verbal Elements Research Articles

Niewerbalne elementy aktów mowy

The purpose of the article is an attempt to more widely perceive speech acts which are usually associated only with the category of verbal behaviour. The article is a supplement to J.L. Austin’s Speech Act Theory. It is an extension of his theory of the study of nonverbal aspects of the speech act. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that the speech act is realized not only by speech but also by nonverbal elements which express, or coexpress with words, the speaker’s intentions. The examples of communication situations presented in the article serve to indicate the important function and permanent presence of the nonverbal dimension of the speech act, thereby showing that the nonverbal aspect should not be avoided when analysing speech acts or discussing theory.

HOW DO STUDENTS OF CHEMISTRY TEACHING PROGNOSE THE IMPACT OF GRAPHICAL PART OF DIDACTICAL TESTS? SELECTED ASPECTS OF VISUALIZATION IN SCIENCE EDUCATION

For the first pilot research in the scope of the project Learning from graphical presentation in science education (GAČR 406/02/1165) there has been chosen investigation of the role of non-verbal elements of didactic tests. For solving of this task there was used comparison of the results of pupils of basic school performing two variants of the test with the same content and different form of formulation and arrangement of items (verbal form and form comprising visual information (pictures and graphs). In the contribution there are described starting points of the project, the interpretation obtained, experimental data from the point of view of typology of picture material as a part of didactic tests and mainly the point of view and the attitude of the students of chemistry teaching to the influence of graphical elements to the fruitfulness of students in didactic tests.

Skinder as gespreksgenre

Gossip as a discourse genre Gossip is one of the wide range of sub-categories of discourse genres in story-telling. It is one of the most common interactive forms of discourse in informal conversation, because it has its origin in the general inclination of man to show an intense interest in other people’s activities. Although the development of gossip differs with regard to the subject of discussion, the context and situation in which it is produced as well as the persons participating, it is possible to distinguish definite universal features of gossip. This article deals with the most prominent characteristics of gossip. The focus falls on the structure, the gossiping process, the content, the pejorative, evaluating nature of it and the social aspects involved in gossiping. Special attention is paid to non-verbal elements, which are frequently used when people gossip. In spite of the negative connotations gossip has, it is very important in the establishment of social identities and relations. It should therefore not be neglected in the study of language.

New Medium, New Messages, New Meanings: Communication and Interaction in Child Treatment in the Age of Technology

Technology not only includes the hardware of the Computer Age, but also the myriad new forms of communication that are made possible by it. These new forms represent fundamentally different ways of communicating with others. They have changed the ways children interact with one another, so it is inevitable that they would manifest themselves inside the therapy room. Technology has changed the playing field for child therapy. These “instant” forms of interaction blur all the lines to which we are accustomed and raise a host of issues for the therapist—issues including technique, boundaries, limit setting, and effects on the relationship between therapist and patient. These new media of communication represent a fundamental shift in the basic assumptions and paradigms that underlie our society and our theories and techniques of psychotherapy. The case presented in this article explores some of the issues that arise when the “new technology” interacts with the “old technology” of child therapy. Specifically, the child and therapist began to interact via computer-based messaging. The quandaries raised for the therapist involved communicating clearly in the absence of usual feedback; the anxiety of being in uncharted territory; managing this medium of communication with its mix of verbal and nonverbal elements; and the struggle to understand changes in boundaries and expectations of privacy.

Counselling quality in community pharmacies: implementation of the pseudo customer methodology in Germany

To investigate a new method for evaluating counselling performance of staff in community pharmacies and to assess the quality of patient counselling. Trained pseudo customers, instructed to play their role according to two different self-medication scenarios, visited voluntarily participating community pharmacies in Berlin. After documenting the counselling process, immediately after each visit, outside the pharmacy on an assessment form, the pseudo customer re-entered the pharmacy and gave detailed performance feedback to the counsellor and the pharmacist in charge in order to provide support for improving counselling skills and practice behaviour, when appropriate. This was followed with a written summary of the general performance of all participating pharmacies and additional individual feedback and suggestions for improvement. Educational needs were identified for subsequent performance-based educational strategies such as group-workshops, team-training and on-site team-coaching. Forty-nine community pharmacies in Berlin volunteered to participate in this pilot study. Ninety-eight per cent of the participating pharmacies offered advice. However, in 36% of the cases, advice was only given on request. The different types of scenarios--presentation of a symptom or request for a specific product--made a great difference to the spontaneity of questions and advice. At least one question to check on accuracy of self-diagnosis was asked in 95% of the cases of symptom presentation but in only 47% of the cases of specific product request. Information on appropriate self-medication was provided on at least one item in 74% of pseudo customer visits, but most of the time the information was not sufficient. Communication skills (nonverbal elements, comprehensibility etc.) were very good or good in 54% of the visits. Potential for improvement was mainly in relation to the use of open-ended questions to gain more information and on counselling about appropriate self-medication. Direct feedback was given in 96% of the pharmacies (one person refused to accept feedback and one feedback had to be postponed because of time shortage). All of the participants regarded counselling as an important subject in pharmacy practice. The pseudo customer method was successfully used in this study of German community pharmacies. It was shown that pseudo customer visits and performance feedback following the counselling process, were feasible in daily practice and well accepted by the participants. A training program, focussing on areas in most need of improvement, has been developed. The promising results have led to the Federal Chamber of Pharmacists in Germany adopting this method as part of a continuous quality improvement program in community pharmacies.

Determinants of event type in Persian complex predicates

In this paper we analyse the interdependence of Persian nonverbal (NV) elements and the light verb (LV) in determining the syntactic properties, the event structure, and the alternation possibilities of the entire complex predicate (CP). We argue that these properties provide strong evidence for a constructionalist approach to such phenomena, like that of Hale and Keyser (1993, 2002), and that the combination of compositionality and syntactic independence effects observed in these constructions, are difficult, if not impossible, to deal with in a projectionist approach.

Words Made Flesh: Fusing Imagery and Language in a Polymorphic Literacy

The author argues that constructions of literacy that suppress or omit nonverbal elements such as the visual and the tactile are limiting students’ potential. She traces the way the historical relationship between image and word has consistently privileged language, and offers instances from her experience with students and with her own children to argue for a more reciprocal dynamic and a polymorphic literacy that can increase the scope and power of our literacy and our literacy teaching.

The role of discourse in group knowledge construction: A case study of engineering students

AbstractThis qualitative study examined the role of discourse (verbal elements of language) and Discourse (nonverbal elements related to the use of language, such as ways of thinking, valuing, and using tools and technologies) in the process of group knowledge construction of mechanical engineering students. Data included interviews, participant observations, and transcripts from lab sessions of a group of students working on their senior design project. These data were analyzed using discourse analysis focusing on instances of concept negotiation, interaction in which multiple people contribute to the evolving conceptual conversation. In this context, despite instructors' attempts to enhance the collaboration of group members, concept negotiation was rare. In an effort to understand this rarity, we identified themes related to an engineering Discourse, which included participants' assumptions about the purpose of group work, the views about effective groups, and their epistemologies and ontologies. We explore how the themes associated with the engineering Discourse played a role in how and when the group engaged in concept negotiation. We found that underlying ideologies and assumptions related to the engineering Discourse played both facilitating and inhibitory roles related to the group's conceptually based interactions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 267–293, 2004

The Ripper Correspondence: A Visual and Nonverbal Analysis

This study investigated visual and nonverbal elements of the Ripper Correspondence. The letters attributed to Jack the Ripper that included visual and nonverbal elements were gathered and analyzed, to determine prevalent themes and attributes of this correspondence. This body of literature could be referred to as the Ripper correspondence, or the Ripper literature, because there was more than just letters. The Ripper sent messages on telegrams, pages from catalogues and a variety of other types of printed material. In this study we examined three visual and nonverbal dimensions of the Ripper letters: 1) Artistic letters, 2) Bloody items, and 3) Unusual lettering. We conclude that visual elements of the Ripper correspondence were characterized by certain stylistic themes and traits.

Teaching persons with severe mental disabilities to be their own case managers.

Teaching persons with severe mental disabilities to be their own case managers.

The role of nonverbal communication in service encounters

Although the verbal components of service encounters have been investigated, the nonverbal aspects of employee‐customer interactions have remained virtually unexplored in the marketing literature. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explore the importance of service employees’ nonverbal communication during service interactions. Specifically, a conceptual model is presented that links nonverbal communication (kinesics, paralanguage, proxemics, and physical appearance), customer affect, and consumers’ evaluations of service providers (with respect to credibility, friendliness, competence, empathy, courtesy, and trustworthiness). Further, the importance of nonverbal elements is discussed and managerial implications are given.

Channel-consistency following unilateral stroke: an examination of patient communications across verbal and nonverbal domains

One way in which the dyadic communicative process can go awry is for one or both parties to send channel-inconsistent communications — communications in which the verbal and nonverbal elements are not matched in emotional valence (e.g., uttering positive words with a frown). We hypothesized that unilateral stroke patients would be likely to send such messages. Given the verbal impairments typically associated with left hemisphere damage (LHD), e.g., agrammatism, and the nonverbal impairments typically associated with right hemisphere damage (RHD), we expected LHD and RHD patients to send messages in which the impaired channel was perceived as inconsistent with the unimpaired channel. Ten LHD, 11 RHD and six normal control patients were videotaped while engaging in social interaction. Observers made judgments about the valence of the patients’ (1) words (based on transcripts of the interactions), and (2) facial expressions (based on soundless videos of the interactions). Analysis of word-face difference scores revealed a significant linear trend, with messages of LHD patients judged more positive in facial expression than in verbal content, messages of RHD patients judged more positive in verbal content than in facial expression, and messages of control patients judged channel-consistent (similar in valence across facial and verbal channels).

Comunicación no verbal y discurso en la fraseología metalingüística con "hablar" o "decir" en español actual

In this work we present a group of phraseological units that have the verb hablar or the verb decir as base constituent and in which language has codified different possibilities of usage and interaction of verbal and non-verbal elements in communicative acts. The existence of these units in language shows the importance that non-verbal elements have in communication and their analysis will help to understand their role in discourse.

Buying into Classes: The Practice of Book Selection in Eighteenth-Century Britain

Over last three decades, social and cultural of associated with Lucien Febvre, Henri-Jean Martin, Donald McKenzie, Robert Darnton, and Roger Chartier has become what The Chronicle of Higher Education in 1991 called a hot topic.' In large part, book history has attracted such widespread interest because, as Darnton observes, it risks interdisciplinarity run riot.2 Fundamentally influenced by Febvre's work as a founder of journal Annales d'histoire economique et sociale, Febvre and Martin's foundational L'Apparition du Livre of 1958 (published in English as The Coming of Book: The Impact of Printing 14501800) certainly launched book history as a form of l'histoire totale, undertaking to analyze overall influence and practical significance of printed book during first 300 years of its existence.3 Despite considerable differences in methods and topical interests, most prominent shapers of book history since Febvre and Martin follow their basic view of book history as a massive, interdisciplinary project. Darnton, for instance, calls on book history to analyze the entire communication process in its variations over space and time and in all its relations with other systems, economic, social, political, and cultural, in surrounding environment.4 Since publication of Printers of Mind in 1969, McKenzie has in a related way been practicing and calling for a sociology of texts that not only analyzes how the material forms of books, non-verbal elements of typographic notations

Effects of Using a Nonverbal (Musical) Cue on Recall and Playback of Television Advertising: Implications for Advertising Tracking

The purpose of this research is to understand the influence of nonverbal (musical) elements on long-term memory for advertising and relationship of memory for such elements to memory for verbal elements of advertising elicited by traditional verbal cues. The study uses the dual coding framework as the basis for generating specific hypotheses about consumer memory for a television advertising campaign in response to both a verbal and a nonverbal (musical) cue. These hypotheses are tested using data generated from a representative sample of prospective buyers who were within the target audience for a broadcast television advertising campaign in a natural viewing environment. The analysis focused on the verbatim playback of the ad “trace” generated in memory in response to both verbal and nonverbal cues. The findings suggest that the responses to the nonverbal (musical) cue evoke more responses involving images and visual associations. More important, the ad “trace” retrieved from memory in response to the non-verbal (musical) cue adds power to a model predictive of the consumer's consideration set of alternatives. The results have important implications for understanding advertising response and for the design of advertising tracking research.

Nonverbal Expression and L2 Private Speech

This study investigated the relationship between nonverbal forms of expression, principally gestures, and L2 private speech (vocalized forms of speech for the self that function metacognitively to help the learner plan, guide, and monitor a course of activity) through the use of both a recall and picture narration task. Nonverbal elements were found to illuminate the private speech they accompanied; moreover, gestures were found in and of themselves, that is, with no verbalization, to act in a self-regulatory capacity after brief pauses, implying a possible connection to inner speech. The study also suggests possible cross-cultural and proficiency differences for the use of self-regulatory nonverbal forms. Overall, a strong connection between cognition and affective/volitional concerns is brought out: learners' strategic efforts are demonstrated to be of an embodied nature

Methods of computer-assisted voice training

How can singers, speakers, and teachers profit from the knowledge of voice researchers? The concept proposed is: to find a language about sound which integrates sound as a non-verbal element. Two fundamental elements of such a language are described. First: terms which refer clearly to acoustical quantities but can be used in the free and creative way typical for speech. Second: the implementation of acoustical computer-generated feedbacks which help to avoid drifting too much away from acoustical references. Using this sound language a teacher can work guided by his knowledge about voice function and perception. The concept is to support the self-organization of the person practicing by setting adequate impulses. Off-line acoustical computer feedbacks integrated in an adequate language in systematic or improvizing sessions have proved to be very effective to do this. Three levels of intensity of this work are described and a short description of the technical equipment is given.

Spoznajmo retorične sposobnosti

Znanje retorike nam bo pomagalo, da se bomo začeli zavedati najpogostejših napak, ki jih nehote ponavljamo pri javnem nastopanju. Tako jih bomo lahko tudi odpravili. Katere so te napake, bomo odkrili, ko bomo z analitičnim pristopom spoznali štiri najpomembnejša področja retorike. To so vsebinski del, nebesedni del, psihična priprava, izvedba in razčlemba nastopa. Izhodišče našega učenja naj bo področje nebesednega dela. Najprej skušajmo obvladati telo in glas, v nadalje­vanju pa pozornost usmerimo še v vsebinski del sporočila. Izhodišče naj bo torej spoznanje, da komuniciramo prek treh kanalov: vizualnega, avditivnega in kinestetičnega. Naslednja stopnja naj bo osvajanje spretnosti prostega govorjenja (govorov ne beremo). Upoštevajmo ločila govor­ jenega jezika (vdih in izdih), ne pa ločila pisanega jezika. Pri tem pomaga uporaba miselnih vzorcev. Izhodišče vsebinskega dela naj bo Perelmanova trditev, da je cilj argumentacije predvsem spodbu­diti ali povečati strinjanje poslušalcev s tezami, ki jih zagovarjamo. Upoštevajmo Sokratove ele­mente majevtike (od nespornega k spornemu, zagotovimo si pritrdilne odgovore poslušalcev) ter starogrško retorično pravilo od patosa k logosu.

Physiognomic cues to age and the activation of stereotypes of the elderly in interaction.

This article reports the results of a study on the relationship between physiognomic cues to age and the activation of positive versus negative stereotypes of elderly individuals in interaction. Predictions were based upon a model of the role of elderly stereotypes in interaction. One group of undergraduates sorted photographs of elderly adults into four age categories, fifty-five to sixty-four, sixty-five to seventy-four, seventy-five and older, and other. Those photographs that were placed in the same age category by two-thirds or more of the students were used as a pool for the second phase of the study. This process produced a set of twenty-four photographs, eight (4 male and 4 female) from each of the three elderly age groups. A second group of students paired these photographs with sets of traits describing ten stereotypes of elderly persons, some positive and some negative. Results indicated that, as predicted by the stereotype-communication model, participants associated the positive stereotypes of elderly individuals with young-old physiognomic characteristics, whereas they associated the negative ones with old-old physiognomy. The results also suggested that gender may be a component of some stereotypes, and that some physiognomic characteristics may be considered prototypical of particular stereotypes. These results illustrate the importance of passive nonverbal elements of the communication situation in the activation of stereotypes of elderly individuals in interaction.

Weeping in the Night: Reading Beyond Language in The Caucasian Chalk Circle

Critical readings of Bertolt Brecht's drama have fallen into a certain pattern ever since the original performances of the plays, due largely to the works' relationship to two interrelated dogmas through which they have constantly and consistently been read: his espoused Marxism and his own theory of epic drama. Either kind of reading inevitably leads to a discussion of whether or not Brecht lived up to his own articulated world view. No matter what the results, such a study by its very nature privileges overt statement over art, by assuming that the former represents a more concrete truth. To do this is to read the ineffable through the eyes of reason, a task which blinds one to the vibrant dialectic of reason and emotion that energizes some of the later plays. I will here attempt a reading of The Caucasian Chalk Circle that acknowledges Brecht's politics, or his reason, while at the same allowing the drama itself to reveal his other side, the irrational. To do this I will examine the ways in which the nonverbal elements operate in the work and how they interrogate the "rationality" of human explanations and plans.