Non-uniform Heat Research Articles

Numerical study on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical CO2 in horizontal tube under various non-uniform heating conditions

Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) is deemed the potential working medium for thermodynamic cycles in the next generation of power machinery. In this paper, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of highly buoyant turbulent sCO2 in horizontal tubes are numerical studied under the non-uniform heating conditions. The tube with a typical internal diameter of 10 mm is selected with mass flux equaling to 300 kg/(m2·s), effective heat fluxes ranging from 20 to 60 kW/m2, and pressure equaling to 8 MPa. The results confirmed that the heat transfer of sCO2 inside the horizontal tube in the circumferential or axial non-uniform heating conditions is greatly deteriorated by 13 %-68 % compared to the uniform heating. The overall heat transfer performance of semi-circumferential axial non-uniform heating is about 2.5 % higher than that of bottom semi-circumferential uniform heating, while the axial temperature difference of the bottom surface exceeds 150 K. Screening three representative heating positions, the bottom heating has the best temperature uniformity. The corresponding turbulent streamlines featured by unique helical structures can substantially improve the circumferential and radial heat transfer over 10 %, enhancing the heat transfer performance of the smooth tube close to that of rifled tubes. Based on the numerical data, viable correlations were developed for calculating the axial local Nusselt number of forced convection heat transfer of sCO2 in horizontal tubes considering the effects of cross-sectional vorticity, secondary flow intensity, and buoyancy-natural convection, and the prediction values are in good agreement with experimental data.

Experimental and numerical investigations of liquid cooling plates for pouch lithium-ion batteries considering non-uniform heat generation

Ensuring the thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries requires efficient and reliable thermal management systems. However, the non-uniform heat generation of lithium-ion batteries results in uneven temperature distribution, which complicates the comprehension of the flow pattern design and operating parameter optimization in liquid-based battery thermal management, especially under extreme conditions. This study evaluates the thermal management performance of four classic liquid cooling plate designs for pouch batteries by considering their non-uniform heat generation through the electrochemical-thermal coupled model. Through experiment and numerical simulation, the optimal flow pattern is identified. Subsequently, the capability of the thermal management system, utilizing the best flow design, is further assessed under varying operating conditions. The results indicate that while a higher flow rate marginally enhances cooling, the coolant inlet temperature exerts a more substantial impact on the cooling performance. In addition, the recommended parameter settings for cell-level liquid cooling systems are outlined under extreme conditions. With a 5 C discharge rate and an initial temperature of 35 °C, the recommended coolant temperature range and coolant flow rate range are 20–30 °C and 60–100 mL min−1, respectively. As a typical example of computer-aided engineering, this study reveals the impact of battery non-uniform heat generation on battery temperature performance and provides a critical reference for the optimization of liquid-based battery thermal management systems.

Experimental study on flow boiling and circumferential non-uniform heat transfer characteristics in helically-coiled tube under coupled heat transfer conditions

Helically-coiled tube steam generator has been widely used in nuclear reactor, energy power, petrochemical and other systems. In the liquid metal reactor, the liquid metal on the primary side of the helically-coiled tube steam generator exchanges heat with the water on the secondary side. Due to the coupled heat transfer between liquid metal and water, the distribution of the wall temperature or heat transfer coefficient of helically-coiled tube are significant different in the circumferential direction of the tube cross-section. An experimental system of helically-coiled tube steam generator was set up in this paper. The non-uniform heat transfer characteristics of secondary side fluid of helically-coiled tube steam generator were studied under the coupled heat transfer conditions between the heat transfer of primary side and secondary sides fluid. It was found that the wall temperature or heat transfer coefficient in the circumferential direction of tube cross-section were significantly different, the maximum and minimum wall temperature appeared on the inside and bottom of the tube cross-section, respectively, the maximum and minimum heat transfer coefficient appeared on the outside and top of the tube cross-section, respectively. The effect of secondary side refrigerant pressure, secondary side refrigerant supercooling degree, mass flux of secondary side refrigerant, primary side heating water temperature and mass flux of primary side heating water on the maximum wall temperature, minimum wall temperature, maximum heat transfer coefficient, minimum heat transfer coefficient were obtained. Beside, The local and overall non-uniformity of the wall temperature and heat transfer coefficient in the circumferential direction of tube cross-section were obtained and the influence of each parameter on the local and overall non-uniformity were revealed, respectively. Finally, it was concluded that the non-uniformity of heat transfer coefficient in the circumferential direction of tube cross-section under coupled heat transfer conditions was more obvious than that under constant heat flux conditions. And the the overall non-uniformity of heat transfer coefficient (δh) obtained in our experimental were larger than the δh of Chang et al. [33], Zheng et al. [38], Kong et al. [34], Yao et al. [36] and Niu et al. [37] by 130.67%, 48.10%, 289.48%, 151.28% and 271.67%, respectively.

Comparative analysis on the radiative time-dependent water/kerosene-based Cu nanofluid through squeezing Riga plates with heat dissipation: Spectral quasilinearization technique

The time-dependent thermal management along with convective flows are vital in various heat transfer applications in engineering systems such as in automotive cooling systems, and industrial heat exchangers. Because of enhanced thermal conductivity, nanofluids are widely considered for advanced cooling systems such as electronics, aerospace, geothermal energy extraction, etc. The current analysis presents comparative results of the radiative, time-dependent flow of water/kerosene-based Copper nanofluids between squeezing Riga plates focusing on heat dissipation. Both the plates are embedded within a porous matrix and the influence of non-uniform heat source/sink and thermal convective boundary conditions is examined. Riga plates, generally utilized for their ability to generate electromagnetic fields provide greater control over the fluid flow. The problem designed with the inclusion of aforesaid factors is transformed into a non-dimensional form for the utilization of appropriate similarity functions. Further, the impacts of several effective terms on the flow profiles are presented followed by the numerical solution of the profile obtained using the spectral quasilinearization method. Moreover, some of the outstanding findings are; an increase in the fluid velocity is marked for the separation of the plates but the rate of enhancement in the case of kerosene is more pronounced than that of water. Further, irrespective to the type of fluids, the heat transfer rate enhances for the increasing heat fluid which provides the variation of thermal radiation.

Bioconvective magnetized flow analysis of a tangent hyperbolic nanofluid with nonuniform source/sink over an exponentially porous stretching sheet

AbstractThis study use numerical method to investigate the transportation of a bioconvective magnetized tangent hyperbolic nanofluid across an exponentially porous stretched sheet. The flow model takes into account the important contributions of Joule heating, thermal radiation, activation energy, and nonuniform heat source/sink. Moreover, slip boundary conditions with gyrotactic microorganisms are taken into flow analysis. The flow model is converted into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using suitable similarity variables. The bvp4c approach in MATLAB is used to get numerical solutions for this system. The study evaluates the influence of different parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganism profile via graphical representations. The results indicate that increasing the mixed convection parameters accelerates the velocity profile, whereas raising the magnetic parameter slows it down. The temperature profile increases with higher values of radiation parameter, however, it decreases as the Prandtl number and thermal slip parameter increase. Furthermore, the microorganism profile decreases as the bioconvection Lewis number and microorganism slip parameter increase.

Flow and heat transfer characteristics of low water content jet fuel in U-bend tubes: A numerical study using LES and DPM approaches

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the flow and heat transfer behavior of low-water-content jet fuel (α ≤ 2 %) in U-bend tubes, utilizing Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and Discrete Phase Models (DPM). The research focus on the influence of radii of curvature ratio (r/D), flow rates (Qtp) and α on flow dynamics and heat transfer mechanisms. Flow fields for r/D = 1 and r/D ≥ 2.5, where distinct secondary flow structures, play a critical role in shaping internal flow behavior. These vortices significantly enhance flow mixing and heat transfer, especially on the inner wall, through complex multi-level vortex interactions. The local wall Nusselt number shows a close correlation with vorticity trends, initially increasing and then decreasing, with notable deviations near the inlet and outlet regions. This non-uniform heat transfer is primarily driven by the interaction of secondary flow structures and adverse pressure gradients near the inner wall, while higher Qtp and smaller r/D can improve heat transfer uniformity under certain flow conditions. The presence of droplets increases the total wall Nusselt number by 4 % to 60 % compared to single-phase jet fuel flow, due to two-phase interaction and boundary layer disruption. Finally, the study proposes modified correlations for pressure drop gradients and total wall Nusselt numbers, accounting for effects of r/D and multiphase heat transfer processes. These correlations, validated with RRMSEs of 3.54 % and 6.80 % respectively, provide valuable insights for improving heat transfer efficiency in fuel systems and form a theoretical foundation for real-time monitoring technologies in aircraft fuel lines.

Intelligent neuron based interpretation of carreau trihybrid nanofluid model with streamline analysis: Configuration of distinct geometries

This current attempt develops a more efficient predictive model that can accurately simulate the behavior of Carreau trihybrid nanofluids in non-trivial configurations. This study interprets thermal behavior of Carreau trihybrid nanofluid model with streamline analysis considering the two geometries wedge and cone. Three nanoparticles are involved in base fluid (water) with physical effects of non-uniform heat sink source and nonlinear thermal radiation are assumed for heat transport and Lorentz forces are considered for velocity inspection. Furthermore, this study employs intelligent neural networks to interpret data for streamline and thermal transport analysis, focusing on the specific cases of wedge and cone geometries. Initial data fetched through bvp4c and further, obtained data trained through supervised neural scheme, Levenberg marquardt neural network (LM-NN) is applied and required predictions are made. Higher “Gc” indicates stronger solutal buoyancy forces, which promote upward fluid movement, thereby increasing the velocity gradient. With increasing (M), the velocity profile decreases. Fluid exhibits enhancing the velocity gradient with higher (n). Higher particle concentration enhances the fluid's viscosity and resistance.

Heat transfer in a non-uniformly heated enclosure filled by NEPCM water nanofluid

Purpose This paper aims to focuses on by investigate the heat transmission and free convective flow of a suspension of nano encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) within an enclosure. Particles of NEPCM have a core-shell structure, with phase change material (PCM) serving as the core. Design/methodology/approach The enclosure consists of a square chamber with an insulated wall on top and bottom and vertical walls that are differently heated. The governing equations are investigated using the finite element technique. A grid inspection and validation test are done to confirm the precision of the results. Findings The effects of fusion temperature (varying from 0.1 to 0.9), Stefan number (changing from 0.2 to 0.7), Rayleigh number (varying from 103 to 106) and volume fraction of NEPCM nanoparticles (changing from 0 to 0.05) on the streamlines, isotherms, heat capacity ratio and average Nusselt number are investigated using graphs and tables. From this investigation, it is found that using a NEPCM nano suspension results in a significant enhancement in heat transfer compared to pure fluid. This augmentation becomes more important for the low Stefan number, which is around 16.57% approximately at 0.2. Secondary recirculation is formed near the upper left corner as a result of non-uniform heating of the left vertical border. This eddy expands notably as the Rayleigh number rises. The study findings indicate that the NEPCM nanosuspension has the potential to act as a smart working fluid, significantly enhancing average Nusselt numbers in enclosed chambers. Research limitations/implications The NEPCM particle consists of a core (n-octadecane, a phase-change material) and a shell (PMMA, an encapsulation material). The host fluid water and the NEPCM particles are considered to form a dilute suspension. Practical implications Using NEPCMs in energy storage thermal systems show potential for improving heat transfer efficiency in several engineering applications. NEPCMs merge the beneficial characteristics of PCMs with the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanoparticles, providing a flexible alternative for effective thermal energy storage and control. Originality/value This paper aims to explore the free convective flow and heat transmission of NEPCM water-type nanofluid in a square chamber with an insulated top boundary, a uniformly heated bottom boundary, a cooled right boundary and a non-uniformly heated left boundary.

MHD Al2O3/Cu-water Casson hybrid nanofluid flow across a porous exponentially stretching sheet

This study examines the heat and mass transmission of MHD Al2O3-Cu / H2O Casson hybrid- across an exponentially stretching porous sheet under the effect of non-uniform heat source/sink and chemical reaction. The nonlinear coupled ODEs are solved using the 3-stage Lobatto IIIa formula and the built-in MATLAB scheme Bvp4c after being converted from the governing nonlinear PDEs by appropriate similarity transformations. The numerical findings are compared with previously available works of literature in order to validate our investigations, and it transpires that there is a good agreement. Graphs are used to illustrate how dimensionless parameters such as the Casson parameter, magnetic parameter, radiation parameter, porosity parameter, Lewis number, the non-uniform heat source/sink parameter, and chemical parameter may affect a system. The impact of the Casson parameter on skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are depicted in the table. The Casson hybrid nanofluid has been found out to have a greater thermal conductivity than the comparable Casson nanofluid. It was also found that the absolute value of the coefficient of skin friction & Nusselt number for Casson hybrid-nanofluid is increased by about 28% and 15% respectively when compared with Casson nanofluid.

The influence of a non-uniform heat source/sink and Joule heating on the convective motion of a micropolar fluid in a chemically radiative MHD medium across a stretched sheet

The objective of the present exploration is to examine impactions of radiation, a non-uniform intensity source, and a permeable medium on a temperamental MHD blended convective micropolar liquid over an extended sheet subject to Joule heating. To transform the formulated problem into ordinary differential equations, the applicable similarity transformation is implemented. By utilizing R-K-F 4th -5th order approach with shooting method with MATLAB, the numerical solution is obtained. For the relevant profiles, the dimensionless parameters are visually displayed and described. Skin friction, the Nusselt number, and the Sherwood number have all been calculated using the answer found for the velocity, temperature, and concentration. With the assistance of line graphs, the impact of different flow factors being introduced into the problem is addressed. This research is conducted on the implications of MHD, porous, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, non-liner thermal radiation and chemical reaction. For large values of micropolar parameter, the temperature is reduced and velocity and angular momentum distributions are raised. With the thermal radiation parameter, the temperature distribution gets better and thermal boundary layer is improved while the large values of Eckert number and non-uniform heat source or sink parameters, thermal boundary layer is improved. The higher thermal conductivity is proportional to the thickness of the thermal boundary layer. The concentration profile degrades with higher Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameter values. The current examination pertains to the significant subject matter of cooling of systems, artificial heart identification, oil-pipelined frictions, flow-tracers.

Thermal management for microelectronic chips under non-uniform heat flux with supercritical CO2

With the rapid growth of information technology and the evolution in the use of microelectronic chips, these components are facing major challenges of high heat dissipation and inhomogeneous heat flux. To address the hotspot issues, a combination of microchannel heat sinks (MCHS) with cavity-rib designs and supercritical fluids is a potential solution. This study compares the thermo-hydraulic properties of water and supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) under various boundary conditions and hotspot locations during non-uniform heating. The results showed that sCO2 can effectively improve temperature uniformity along the heat sink in the presence of hotspots as compared to water. Considering a mass flow rate of 600 kg/(m2·s), the inhomogeneity index of the basal temperature of sCO2 is found to be 0.24, significantly lower than 4.22 for water. This indicates that sCO2 eliminates hot spots by rapidly increasing specific heat capacity near the pseudo-critical temperature. Furthermore, it is noted that maintaining the operating temperature of sCO2 near the pseudo-critical temperature can increase the specific heat capacity of the fluid in a short time, in addition to reducing the corresponding density and viscosity. Consequently, the entropy generation rate of sCO2 under ideal conditions is 46.6 % of that of water. Therefore, the proposed combination of a microchannel of complex structure and sCO2 in this study is demonstrated to effectively reduce the influence of hot spots and improve the overall thermal performance of heat sinks.

Numerical investigation on the effects of non-uniform azimuthal heating in natural convection airflow within a vertical tube

Airflows established by buoyancy forces within vertical tubes with circular cross-section are analyzed. Obtained (finite-volume) numerical results cover the complete laminar-turbulent range (modified Rayleigh number from 10−3 to 109), through a low-Reynolds turbulence model. Both uniform and non-uniform heating conditions are regarded. Three different types of non-uniform heating along the azimuthal direction are considered, which constitutes an advance in the knowledge of the flow behavior, since it has not sufficiently addressed in the literature. Specifically, two modes of continuous non-uniform heating are proposed (temperature fixed at wall, and heat flux fixed at wall), and another mode through discrete heaters (for heat flux condition). The circumstances under which non-uniform azimuthal heating can be beneficial or detrimental with respect to thermal and dynamic performance are investigated. It is encountered that disrupting effect of discrete heat sources can induce, under given conditions, an improvement in the thermohydraulic performance.

An experimental study of the CHF in a square channel with non-uniformly heated rod under low pressure and low flow conditions

Experimental research on critical heat flux (CHF) was carried out in a vertical square channel with non-uniformly heated rod at low pressure and low flow conditions. The influence of inlet subcooling on CHF was also investigated. The results showed that the CHF position of the non-uniformly heat flux distribution mainly appeared in the middle and lower part of the heater rod. More significantly, it was found that CHF was enhanced with the rise of the inlet subcooling. The CHF data measured in this experiment were also assessed with the commonly used CHF empirical correlations suitable for low pressure and low flow. The results indicated that the general correlations predicting for CHF of uniform heat flux distribution were not applicable for prediction CHF of non-uniform heat flux distribution and these correlations usually overestimated the experimental values. In addition, The F-factor approach proposed by Tong was used to predict the experimental data and the error predicted by F-factor were mostly between 30% and 50%. Finally, F-factor was modified based on experimental data and the error between the predicted value and experimental results was between 0 and 30 %, and most of the data was between 0 and 20 %.

Galerkin finite element analysis on radiative heat transfer in titanium dioxide-polyalphaolefin nanolubricant past a convergent/divergent channel with non-uniform heat source/sink effect

The current study inspects the radiative heat and mass transport of a polyalphaolefin (PAO) – based nanolubricant flow consisting of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in a convergent/divergent channel with thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and non-uniform heat source/sink effects. The mathematical modelling of the present problem results in a system of complex non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs). The Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) is adopted to solve complex equations and to obtain the solution for the field variables in convergent/divergent channels. The results revealed that as the values of Brownian motion get higher, the temperature dispersal in the channel quickens, whereas the concentration profile slows down. The rise in the value of the thermophoresis parameter increases the thermophoresis force, which causes liquid particles to be dispersed in the stream. The heat transmission rate increases with an increase in radiation parameter values.

Analysis of boundary layer flow of a Jeffrey fluid over a stretching or shrinking sheet immersed in a porous medium

Heat transfer optimization is critical in many applications, such as heat exchangers, electric coolers, solar collectors, and nuclear reactors. The current work looks at the thermohydraulic behavior of Jeffery fluid flow along a plane containing a magnetic field, a non-uniform heat source/sink, and a porous media. Numerical solutions are derived using the Runge-Kutta 4th-order approach and the shooting method. Graphs show how Prandtl number (Pr), thermal stratification (e1), Jeffery parameter (λ1), porous parameter (λ2), magnetic field (M), and heat generation/absorption (γ, a, b) affect velocity and temperature profiles. The results show that thermal stratification increases fluid velocity and temperature, whereas heat source/sink parameters have the reverse effect on heat transfer, and raising the Jeffrey parameter reduces velocity and increases boundary layer thickness. There is extremely high agreement with experimental data from the literature. This work illustrates the utility of hydromagnetic properties in modelling fluid flow over stretching/shrinking sheets in porous media.

Calculation of in-situ steady-state heat flux on EAST lower divertor

Heat flux is a key issue in tokamak devices. The non-uniform high heat flux on Plasma-Facing Components (PFCs) has led to local severe damage, including cracks and melting, in current tokamaks such as EAST and WEST. To characterize the non-uniform heat flux loading on the divertor surfaces, the parallel incident heat flux q‖, the decay length λq along the radial direction and the Gaussian spreading width S are used. The q‖ can lead to a very high peak heat flux loading on the divertor surfaces, which may cause critical heat flux problems. Additionally, the decay length is a key consideration for future tokamak designs like ITER. Every effort on the present tokamak devices contributes to updating the scaling of the heat flux. In EAST, a calculation method based on a high spatial resolution IR camera is employed to obtain the heat flux and decay length. The main process involves comparing the surface temperature distribution calculated by Fluent simulation with that measured by an infrared camera. Taking a high heating source discharge (#123059 ∼ 10 MW heating source) as an example, the heat flux is as follows: q‖=216-14+19 MW/m2, with λq=6.2-1.1+1 mm, and S=1.2±0.4 mm; it is in line with Langmuir probe data. The infrared-based heat flux calculation method can calculate the peak incident heat flux and the decay length simultaneously, its result can help to update the scaling model of heat flux, thus not only helping to improve the present device but also offering important reference for future tokamaks

Influence of space conjugate temperature varying non-uniform heat sink/source on hydromagnetic slip water-EG (50:50) nanofluid

Significant cooling is an essential requirement in the field of aeronautical and bio-medical engineering, nuclear reactor system, solar collectors, and in development of electronic chips etc. Involving rotating conical geometries. In view of this, flow and heat transfer over conical geometries subject to different constraints of motion are highly needed. Implementation of magnetic field subject to flow pattern controls the fluid motion thereby imparting better cooling. Consideration of nanofluid instead of regular fluid yields prominent cooling of the associated surface. Such relevance has motivated the authors to work on magnetohydrodynamics and heat transfer investigation of water-EG (50:50) mixture based Al2O3 and Fe3O4 past heated and rotating down-pointing upright cone subject to impact of space and temperature varying non-uniform heat source or sink. Numerical solution of dimensionless governing equations is accomplished by implementing Runge-Kutta method. The findings indicate that swirl and axial velocities peter out with rise in magnetic parameter while both exhibit opposite impact in response to slip parameter. Temperature profiles upgrade due to amplification of space and temperature dependent parameters. Skin friction and heat transportation upsurge with growth of solid volume fraction of nanoparticle.

Performance evaluation and experimental verification of optimizing fin angles in adjustable- configuration heat sinks

Current heat sink designs typically assume uniform heat flux densities. However, applications such as integrated circuit chips and aircraft power modules often face nonuniform or even time-varying heat fluxes. Under these conditions, conventional fixed-configuration heat sinks are inadequate, and corresponding research is insufficient. This paper presents an adjustable-configuration heat sink with a rotatable fin and explores its flow and heat transfer characteristics under water cooling via simulations and experiments. Genetic algorithms optimize the fin angles for various heat flux densities to reduce the substrate temperatures, and compute numerical control (CNC) technology is used to fabricate and adjust the experimental components for optimal performance under different conditions. The proposed adjustable-configuration heat sink exhibited superior temperature uniformity and cooling performance under various heat flux density conditions. Under uniform heating, peak substrate temperatures are reduced by 15.68 and 14.01 K for the I-type and Z-type adjustable configuration heat sinks, respectively, compared to conventional multi-channel heat sink. For non-uniform heating, the optimized configurations lowered the temperatures in the high-heat regions by 2.8 to 5.1 K. This design, which incorporates an adjustable heat sink configuration, effectively adapts to varying heat flux density scenarios, making it a strong candidate for advanced thermal management applications.

Feasibility and application of novel electrical curing method for constant-temperature hardening of concrete at cold regions

To explore the feasibility and strategies of applying electric curing technology to reinforced concrete components, this study introduces a method of electric curing for concrete constant temperature hardening (EC-CCTH). Concrete specimens were placed in an environment with a temperature of −10 °C, and an EC-CCTH system was used to maintain the internal temperature of the specimens at 20 °C. The analysis focused on the specimens' strength, temperature, microstructure, and energy consumption. Under winter conditions with ambient temperatures ranging from 1 °C to 7 °C, EC-CCTH was applied to concrete slabs, and their strength and temperature were monitored. Additionally, numerical simulations were conducted to further examine the current density and temperature distributions within the slabs. The results showed that the 28-day strength values of electrically cured specimens were comparable to those of standard-cured specimens. The hydration process and pore structure of the concrete specimens remained unaffected by the application of alternating current. Although the presence of steel bars led to an uneven distribution of current density and non-uniform heat generation within the concrete, this was mitigated by thermal conduction effects. Due to the constant temperature effect of the electric field, the concrete slab reached a strength of 13.9 MPa at 3 days, indicating the practical feasibility of EC-CCTH in engineering. Furthermore, the energy consumption for EC-CCTH of the slab was only 20.1 kW h, highlighting its effectiveness in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions.

Computational simulation of Casson hybrid nanofluid flow with Rosseland approximation and uneven heat source/sink

This article candidly presents the magnetohydrodynamics Casson hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching surface. In the present study, we added a nonuniform heat source or sink and non-linear thermal radiation. We considered Al2O3 and copper nanoparticles to have antibacterial and antiviral properties without any harmful impacts and used water as the host fluid. We simplified the governing flow equations by using suitable self-similarity variables, which are used to convert PDEs to ODEs. The mathematical equations are numerically solved by using the bvp5c technique in the MATLAB software. Additionally, with higher values of the magnetic field and Casson fluid parameters the velocity profile decreased. The temperature profile is enhanced by increasing the magnetic field and thermal radiation parameters. Increasing the Casson fluid and radiation parameters enhances the skin friction and Nusselt number profiles. Alumina nanoparticles find applications in cosmetic fillers, polishing materials, catalyst carriers, analytical reagents. Copper nanoparticles have high electrical conductivity, which has many uses in electrical circuits and biosensors.