Non-trivial Number Research Articles

IPO Spreads: You Get What You Pay For

Chen and Ritter (2000) show that it is customary in the investment banking industry to charge a gross spread of seven percent for underwriting a moderately-sized firm-commitment initial public offering. However, in a nontrivial number of IPOs, the spread differs from this standard. We examine the effect on offering price of a negotiated spread that differs from seven percent. Negotiations that yield lower (higher) underwriting fees are associated with lower (higher) IPO offering prices on average, indicating marketing efforts expended by investment banks reflect the amounts paid to them.

Soliton formation in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model

The soliton formation is considered in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model with local four quark interaction and various schemes to regularize the energy contribution of the polarized vacuum. No additional constraints are admitted in order to stabilize the soliton. While solitons are unstable in the proper-time regularized version the three-momentum cut-off regularization apparently is more appropriate. Using a semi-classical approach multi-quark solitons obtained from that scheme are discussed. However, no self-consistent non-trivial unit baryon number configuration has been found. We also study a renormalizable extension of the model. In this case no stable multi-quark solitons are obtained within the semi-classical approach.

A generalized Nielsen number and multiplicity results for differential inclusions

The Nielsen number is defined for a rather general class of multivalued maps on compact connected ANRs, including, e.g., admissible maps (in the sense of Górniewicz (1976); compare also Górniewicz (1995)) on tori. Since the Poincaré maps generated by the Marchaud vector fields are of this type (see (Andres, 1997)), we can obtain in such a way multiplicity results for differential inclusions. More precisely, the nontrivial Nielsen number gives a lower estimate of coincidence points (in particular, fixed points) corresponding to the desired solutions.

Are there static textures?

We consider harmonic maps from Minkowski space into the three sphere. We are especially interested in solutions which are asymptotically constant, i.e. converge to the same value in all directions of spatial infinity. Physical 3-space can then be compactified and can be identified topologically (but not metrically!) with a three sphere. Therefore, at fixed time, the winding of the map is defined. We investigate whether static solutions with non-trivial winding number exist. The answer which we can proof here is only partial: We show that within a certain family of maps no static solutions with non-zero winding number exist. We discuss the existing static solutions in our family of maps. An extension to other maps or a proof that our family of maps is sufficiently general remains an open problem.

Minimum Wage Careers?

This paper investigates the extent to which people spend careers on minimum wage jobs. We find that a small but non-trivial number of NLSY respondents spend 25%, 50%, or even 75% of the first ten years of their career on minimum or near-minimum wage jobs. Workers with these minimum wage careers tend to be drawn from groups such as women, blacks, and the less-educated that are generally overrepresented in the low-wage population. The results indicate that lifetime incomes of some workers may be supported by a minimum wage. At the same time, these same groups would be disproportionately affected by any minimum wage-induced disemployment. The results suggest that minimum wage legislation has non-negligible effects on the lifetime opportunities of a significant minority of workers.

Innovation and the international diffusion of environmentally responsive technology

New evidence is presented on environmental innovation and diffusion over the 1970s and 1980s. At a global level, a substantial amount of innovations occurred. In the United States, Japan, and Germany, the share of environmental patents in all patents varied between 0.6 and 3%, and as such was higher than the corresponding share of pollution abatement expenditure in GDP. Japanese environmental innovation rates were consistently high. Certain plausible connections between environmental regulation and innovation also emerge. Across these three countries and over time, innovation responded to pollution abatement expenditure, an indicator of the severity of environmental regulations. Environmental patenting rates in developing countries were also high, reaching 2% in many years in Brazil. Developing country innovators obtained a non-trivial number of patents, most of which appear geared towards adapting imported technologies to local conditions. However, domestic innovation was only one path to new technologies. ‘Imports’ of disembodied environmental technologies (foreign patents registered in developing countries) were substantial. Foreign patents were typically ‘important’ or generic patents; evidence also suggests that such patents protected intellectual property in equipment exported. Developing countries, especially in East Asia, often chose to obtain technologies embodied in pollution abatement equipment.

Navigation within a structured search space in layout problems

HeGeL-2 is a heuristic-based layout generator equipped with a nonserial dynamic programming algorithm. HeGeL-2 finds optimal solutions to plan-layout design (PLD) problems which are defined as problems that involve the allocation of a nontrivial number (ten or more) of design units in one application. The search strategy HeGeL-2 uses is similar in some respects and dissimilar in others to human search behavior, which has been simulated in an earlier version of HeGeL-2. These similarities include constraint relaxing strategies common to both versions. Dissimilarities concern claims of optimality and ‘goodness’ of solutions measured by an objective function based on soft constraints. In this paper, the general problem of navigation in a search space for layout problems is discussed in the context of a general-purpose formalism. Through this formalism several layout generators, including LOOS, WRIGHT, and HeGeL-2, are described.

Survey Pretesting: Do Different Methods Produce Different Results?

Pretesting is generally agreed to be an indispensable stage in survey questionnaire development, yet we know little about how well different pretesting methods identify particular types of problems. This study compared four pretesting methods using a single questionnaire in repeated trials of each. The four methods were conventional pretests, behavior coding, cognitive interviews, and expert panels. We developed a model-based coding scheme that classified problems as respondent-semantic, respondent-task, interviewer-task, or analysis. On average, expert panels were most productive in the number of problems identified. Conventional pretesting and behavior coding were the only methods to identify significant numbers of interviewer problems. By contrast, expert panels and cognitive interviews were the only methods to diagnose a nontrivial number of analysis problems. Expert panels and behavior coding were more consistent than the other methods in the numbers of problems identified across trials, as well as in their distribution of problem types. From the vantage point of the particular problems

Construction of physical states of non-trivial ghost number in c < 1 string theory

Starting from the Liouville null-vectors in theories of c < 1 matter coupled to 2D gravity, we describe a procedure to explicitly construct elements of the BRS cohomology of ghost number ± 1. A crucial step in the analysis concerns the existence of null-states in the Liouville Fock module, for which a general criterion is obtained. The physical states are shown to satisfy a set of “descent equations”, and we compute their two-point function on the sphere. Our results are illustrated by a number of examples.

VACUUM STRUCTURE IN THE QUANTUM NONLINEAR σ-MODEL

The vacuum structure with a non-trivial winding number (the baryon number) of a quantum nonlinear σ-model is investigated. Some falling paths to the vacuum are found in a finite-dimensional subspace of the infinite-dimensional configuration space. It is also shown by numerical calculation that the anti-baryon density is appeared in the outer region on the way of some paths falling into the vacuum. In addition, we also discuss some configurations without hedgehog ansatz.

Heterosexual anal intercourse and the risk of Aids and HIV for 16-20-year-olds

'LOWER bound' prevalence estimates for heterosex ual anal intercourse, derived from a cohort-sequen tial longitudinal survey study of a sample of 2,171 16-20 year-olds in the UK, are presented. A non-triv ial number of people report past experience of het erosexual anal intercourse and a willingness to have it in the future. Those who reported having had het erosexual anal intercourse were more likely also to report having been younger when they first had va ginal intercourse; having had more sexual partners; having current partners who had had other partners in the past and being less willing to use condoms in the future.

Development of Microplitis rufiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Superparasitized Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The developmental history of Microplitis rufiventris Kokujev the parasite within singly parasitized hosts, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval), was compared with that in superparasitized hosts. Different levels of superparasitism had no effect on the length of the egg stage but caused changes in the lengths of the stadia of the surviving parasite and in the encapsulation ability of the host against the eliminated first-instar parasite. Larval development was faster in singly parasitized hosts and decreased with increasing superparasitism. The percentage of encapsulation of eliminated parasite larvae increased with increasing numbers of parasite progeny per host larva. The results suggest the existence of permanent and impermanent capsules, the latter detectable within heavily superparasitized hosts. Some of the surplus parasite progeny appear to be eliminated early by physiological suppression and others later by encapsulation. In singly parasitized hosts, a nontrivial number of parasite larvae died very early as a result of unspecified host immune response(s).

The η′ meson disobeys the Zweig rule up to infinite color

The pseudoscalar flavor singlet meson associated with the anomalous chiral Ward identity in QCD, based on the gauge group SU( N c) and N fl (massless) quark flavors, which we denote by η′( N c, N fl), obtains a nonzero mass fro the gauge field configuration with nontrivial winding number, with fixed ratio to the mass of the ϱ meson say, in the limit N c → ∞. This proposition is related to the local bosonic current algebra.

Comment on "Experimental evidence for a nontrivial number of scattering channels in a dilute alloy"

Comment on "Experimental evidence for a nontrivial number of scattering channels in a dilute alloy"

Aspects of the chiral quark model

We point out intriguing connections between the chiral quark model in which the nucleon is treated as a soliton and the ordinary potential-binding quark model. The axial-vector coupling comes out near the value (5/3 rather than around 0.7 as in the Skyrme description and can be easily ``fine-tuned'' to its experimental value. A ``linear potential'' in some sense is generated as a collective effect of the ``meson cloud.'' Contact with QCD is made by introducing a gluonium field so as to satisfy the trace-anomaly equation. In the simplest treatment of this field one predicts a scalar-isoscalar state at 900 MeV in agreement with a recent analysis of experiments. The model is used to discuss how a ``nontrivial winding number'' emerges for the meson fields. A number of additional features of the model are treated.

Experimental evidence for a nontrivial number of scattering channels in a dilute alloy.

Magnetization measurements on a very dilute Au-V alloy yield evidence for the existence of a nontrivial power-law scaling at low temperatures. The n-channel Kondo model fits the data with ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{K}=60}$ K and n=5 for an impurity spin S=(3/2. .AE

Missing transverse energy events and the standard model

The processes p+ p → W ± , Z 0+0,1,2 jets are studied in the light of recent observations of events with large missing transverse momentum at the CERN p p collider. We find that a nontrivial number of such events can arise from the leptonic decays Z 0 → ν ν and W ± → ℓ ± ν where the charged lepton escapes identification. In both cases the number of events with one jet and with two jets are comparable. By correlating these decay modes with those where the leptons are observed we can, in principle, eliminate the theoretical uncertainties inherent in such perturbative QCD calculations.

Fermions and spherically symmetric monopoles

The interaction of fermions with monopoles is analyzed for general spherically symmetric monopoles of arbitrary strength and massless fermions in arbitrary representations of the gauge group. The results are based on a solution to the Dirac equation in the field of the monopole, valid in the point limit and in all partial waves. The partial waves in which non-conservation of global charges may occur are identified. A two-dimensional lagrangian is derived, which includes the Coulomb interactions generated by the complete abelian subgroup of the unbroken gauge group. The fermions are represented by a set of doublets with a boundary condition that reflects the structure of the core. We derive a simple formula for the conservation laws of this model which determine all scattering processes completely. The results have a consistent interpretation in terms of anomalies and field configurations with non-trivial winding number. We give an explicit construction of the zero modes for all helicity-violating multi-fermion condensates. The formalism is applied to several higher strength monopoles in SO(10) based models.

The infinite number of generalized dimensions of fractals and strange attractors

We show that fractals in general and strange attractors in particular are characterized by an infinite number of generalized dimensions D q, q > 0. To this aim we develop a rescaling transformation group which yields analytic expressions for all the quantities D q . We prove that lim q→0 D q = fractal dimension ( D), lim q→1 D q = information dimension ( σ) and D q=2 = correlation exponent ( v). D q with other integer q's correspond to exponents associated with ternary, quaternary and higher correlation functions. We prove that generally D q > D q for any q′ > q. For homogeneous fractals D q = D q . A particularly interesting dimension is D q=∞. For two examples (Feigenbaum attractor, generalized baker's transformation) we calculate the generalized dimensions and find that D ∞ is a non-trivial number. All the other generalized dimensions are bounded between the fractal dimension and D ∞.

Clustering and interrelationships of high, low, and very low-density lipoproteins in hypolipidemic children and adults: The Cincinnati lipid research clinic's Princeton school prevalence study

The aim of this study, encompassing 146 children and 42 adults having total plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, or both (less than or the same as) age-, sex-, and race-specific 5th percentile levels, was to better define the interrelationships of low-, high-, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterols (C-LDL, C-HDL, C-VLDL) within hypolipidemic individuals, using multivariate cluster analysis. For both children and adults, the C-LDL distribution was gaussian; the C-HDL and C-VLDL distributions were skewed to the right. The C-HDL and C-VLDL distributions were unimodal and gaussian after square root and log transformations, respectively. After consolidation of lipoprotein clusters in both children and adults into six groups by virtue of C-LDL, C-HDL, and C-VLDL in three dimensions, a numerical majority of both children (75%) and adults (95%) had predominant hypobetalipoproteinemia accounting for their hypocholesterolemia. This hypobetalipoproteinemia was accompanied by C-HDL in the 50th percentile or higher in 80% of children and in 93% of adults. Moreover, there were a nontrivial number of both children and adults having the combination of exceptionally low C-LDL and high C-HDL levels. There were few to no major cluster groups characterized by simultaneous depressions of all three lipoproteins, and only a modest number characterized by depression of both C-LDL and C-HDL with high C-VLDL. In view of the positive and negative associations of C-LDL and C-HDL, respectively, with coronary heart disease events, a majority of hypolipidemic subjects may putatively be at sharply reduced risk for development of atherosclerosis.