Non-time Loss Injuries Research Articles

Annual incidence and prevalence of injuries in elite male academy cricketers: A 4-year prospective cohort study

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of injuries; time-loss and non-time loss, in elite male academy cricket. DesignProspective cohort analysis. MethodsAnnual injury incidence and prevalence from all cricket related injuries were calculated for 348 male academy players (under-13 to under-18) from the 18 First-Class County Cricket clubs in England and Wales across four years (2017/18, 2018/19, 2020/21 and 2021/22), in accordance with the updated consensus statement for injury surveillance methods in cricket. ResultsThe average annual injury incidence was 115.0 injuries/100 players/year, with similar rates between time-loss (59.7 injuries/100 players/year) and non-time loss injury incidence (55.3 injuries/100 players/year). On average, 8.5 ​% of players were unavailable on any given day of the year due to injury. Match injury incidence (48.8 injuries/100 players/year) was higher than cricket-based training (25.2 injuries/100 players/year), gym-based training, illness, and ‘other’ injury incidences. Match bowling was the activity associated with the highest total (17.7 injuries/100 players/year), time-loss (10.3 injuries/100 players/year) and non-time loss (7.4 injuries/100 players/year) injury incidence. The lumbar spine was the body location most frequently injured (15.3 injuries/100 players/year) and was the most prevalent body location injured (2.9 ​% of players). ConclusionsThe findings from this study provide, robust evidence of the extent of the injury problem in elite male academy cricketers. Bowling poses the greatest risk to players and the lumbar spine is the most common and prevalent injury location.

The Associations Between Wellbeing and Injury Differ by Time Loss in Collegiate Athletes.

Self-reported wellbeing measures such as mood and soreness have been identified as predictors of injury risk. However, most research has focused on investigating time-loss injuries even though nontime-loss injuries are more prevalent. Impairments in sleep and subjective wellbeing would be associated with increased injury for both time-loss and nontime-loss injuries. Prospective longitudinal study. Level 3. During 2022, 127 athletes completed a daily survey that inquired about training load and sleep from the previous day along with mood, stress, and soreness on the current day. Incidence of injury was also monitored using documentation provided by athletes' respective athletic trainers. Mixed effect models were used to analyze the relationship between wellbeing and sleep measures with injury. Self-reported wellbeing, based most closely on soreness the day of injury, by National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 collegiate athletes was predictive of time-loss injuries, whereas no significant relationship was identified for nontime-loss injuries. Specifically, 1 unit increase in soreness was associated with a 39% increase in odds of sustaining a time-loss injury. This study found that subjective wellbeing and sleep have a different relationship with injury dependent upon whether the resulting injury leads to time loss. Self-reported wellbeing appears to be a relevant predictor of injury among collegiate athletes for time-loss injuries.

Untangling risk factors including discipline-specific exposure for injuries in preprofessional and professional circus artists in the USA

ObjectiveThis prospective cohort study quantified injury patterns related to specific circus discipline exposure in preprofessional and professional circus artists.MethodsCircus artists (n=201; ages 13–69; 172 female, 29 male assigned sex at...

Descriptive Epidemiology Of Acute, Overuse, Time-loss And Non-time-loss Upper Extremity Injuries In Collegiate Student Athletes

Sports injury surveillance is increasingly documenting overuse and non-time-loss (NTL) injuries, as well as acute and time-loss (TL). Capturing time-loss (TL and NTL) and onset (acute and chronic), particularly for upper extremity injuries, may more accurately describe injury burden. PURPOSE: To describe the epidemiology of upper extremity injuries of acute and overuse onset, stratified by TL and NTL, in collegiate student athletes. METHODS: Electronic medical records from member institutions were migrated to a secure cloud service provider. De-identified injuries from student athletes who authorized their records to be used for research were provided from August 2017 to March 2020 for all sports, representing 351 men’s and 459 women’s team seasons. Quality assurance procedures occurred at the institution, conference, and research team levels. Upper extremity musculoskeletal injuries were identified by onset (acute or overuse) and stratified by time-lost (TL or NTL). Injury frequencies and mean number of injuries per team per season were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 3286 injuries, acute-NTL (n = 1278, 38.9%) and acute-TL (n = 1229, 37.4%) were most frequent and most frequent in males (acute-NTL n = 897, 27.3%; acute-TL 925, 28.1%). Women’s overuse-TL (n = 177, 5.4%) and overuse-NTL (n = 248, 7.5%) were more frequent than men (n = 165, 5.0%; n = 189, 5.8% respectively). Ligament sprain (n = 835, 25.4%) was the most frequent diagnosis in men and women for acute-TL and -NTL injuries, while tendinopathy (n = 240, 7.3%) was most frequent for overuse-TL and -NTL injuries. Football had the highest mean number of injuries per team per season for acute-TL and -NTL (13.5, 15.9), while men’s gymnastics was highest in overuse-TL and -NTL (1.7, 3.2). CONCLUSIONS: Overuse injuries represented 23.7% of the sample and were more frequent in women, though men’s teams had higher mean number of injuries per team per season. Overuse upper extremity injury burden exists in a variety of sports, underscoring the need for injury prevention programs. This project was supported by the Pac-12 Conference’s Student-Athlete Health and Well-Being Initiative. The content of this abstract is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Pac-12 Conference, or its members.

Epidemiology of Overuse Injuries in U.S. Secondary School Athletics from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 Using the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program

Background:Large-scale injury surveillance systems such as the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP) allow for the investigation of injury rates in national samples of high school athletes. The most recent studies examining overuse injury rates in high school sports reported data from 2012-2013 and therefore may not reflect current overuse injury rates in high school sports.Hypothesis/Purpose:To 1) determine overuse time-loss (TL) and non-time-loss (NTL) injury rates among high school student athletes using NATION-SP data collected from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 and 2) compare overuse injury rates based on student-athlete gender defined by sport, sport, and injury location. We hypothesized that TL overuse injury rates would be greater than those previously reported from earlier data (1.64/10,000 athletic exposures (AEs) and 1.50/10,000 AEs). We also hypothesized that overall overuse rates would be greater in girls’ sports compared to boys’ sports and would differ between injury types (TL vs. NTL) and injury location.Methods:During the 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 school years, NATION-SP documented TL and NTL injuries from 222 high schools. This study included 23 high school sports during preseason, regular season, and post-season competitions and practices. Overuse injuries were identified using a combination of reported injury mechanism and diagnosis. Injury counts, rates, and rate ratios (IRRs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results:The overall overuse injury rate was 6.6/10,000 AEs (95%CI=6.3, 6.9), the NTL overuse injury rate was 4.0/10,000 AEs (95%CI=3.8, 4.3), and the TL overuse injury rate was 2.6/10,000 AEs (95%CI=2.4, 2.8). The overuse injury rate was greater in girls’ sports compared to boys’ sports (IRR=1.8; 95%CI=1.6, 1.9). The highest rates of overuse injury regardless of sport gender were reported in girls’ cross-country (20.0/10,000 AEs; 95%CI=15.7, 25.1), girls’ field hockey (17.6/10,000 AEs; 95%CI=12.3, 24.5), and girls’ track and field (17.5/10,000 AEs; 95%CI=14.9, 20.4). Overuse injury rates were highest for the lower extremity compared to the upper extremity (IRR=5.45; 95%CI=4.76, 6.27) and for the lower extremity compared to the trunk and spine (IRR=11.08; 95%CI=9.21, 13.45).Conclusions:Using NATION-SP data collected over five consecutive school years, overuse injury rates among high school athletes were much greater than previously reported earlier in the decade. Awareness of overuse injury risk as well as prevention and intervention recommendations are necessary and should be specifically targeted towards cross-country, field hockey, and track and field athletes.Table 1.Total and Sport Gender Specific Overuse Injury Count and Athletic ExposuresFigure 1.Overall and sport gender specific overuse injury rates across years of study data collection.

Epidemiology of Overuse Injuries in US Secondary School Athletics From 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 Using the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program.

With 8 million annual US high school student-athletes, the epidemiology of sport-related injuries has garnered significant interest. The most recent studies examining overuse injury rates in high school sports were based on data from 2012 to 2013 and, therefore, may not reflect current overuse injury rates in high school sports. To (1) determine overuse time-loss (TL) and non-time-loss (NTL) injury rates among high school student-athletes using National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP) data collected from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 and (2) compare overuse injury rates based on student-athlete sex defined by whether it was a boys' sport or a girls' sport, the sport itself, and the injury location. Descriptive epidemiology study. Online injury surveillance from 211 high schools (345 individual years of high school data). Athletes who participated in secondary school-sponsored boys' or girls' sports. Boys' and girls' overuse injury data from the NATION-SP during the 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 school years were analyzed. Overuse injuries were identified using a combination of the reported injury mechanism and diagnosis. Time-loss injuries resulted in restriction from participation beyond the day of injury; NTL injuries did not result in restriction from participation beyond the day of injury or involved no lost time due to the injury. Injury counts, rates, and rate ratios (IRRs) were reported with 95% CIs. The total overuse injury rate was 5.3/10 000 athlete-exposures (AEs; 95% CI = 5.1, 5.7), the NTL overuse injury rate was 3.4/10 000 AEs (95% CI = 3.1, 3.6), and the TL overuse injury rate was 2.0/10 000 AEs (95% CI = 1.8, 2.2). The overuse injury rate was greater in girls' sports compared with boys' sports (IRR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.7, 2.1). The highest rates of overuse injury were observed in girls' cross-country (19.2/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 15.0, 24.2), girls' track and field (16.0/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 13.5, 18.8), and girls' field hockey (15.1/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 10.2, 21.6). Overuse injury rates were higher for the lower extremity than the upper extremity (IRR = 5.7; 95% CI = 4.9, 6.7) and for the lower extremity than the trunk and spine (IRR = 8.9; 95% CI = 7.3, 10.8). Awareness of the overuse injury risk, as well as prevention and intervention recommendations, is necessary and should be specifically targeted at cross-country, field hockey, and track and field athletes.

Characteristics of Injury in Collegiate Rodeo.

The purpose of this study was to investigate injury occurrence sustained by collegiate rodeo athletes during practice and competition. Descriptive epidemiology. Eleven National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association member institutions across the United States. Participants included 264 male and female college rodeo athletes. Athletic trainers (ATs) from each institution reported injury and exposure data using the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program. Institutional ATs reported athlete exposures (AEs) and injuries that occurred from collegiate rodeo practices and competitions. Injury and AEs from practices and competitions for one college rodeo season were analyzed. Injury rates and ratios were calculated for non-time loss (NTL) and time loss (TL) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Data revealed a higher proportion of TL than NTL injuries [2.47 vs 1.77 per 1000 AE; injury rate ratios (IRRs) = 1.39; 95% CI: 0.93-2.08]. There was a higher injury rate during competition as compared with practice (10.98 vs 3.09 per 1000 AE; IRR = 3.56; 95% CI: 2.36-5.35), but more injuries were reported in practice (62.2%). Although the injury rate during rodeo competition was significantly higher than during practice in this study, a greater number of injuries were reported during practice. This indicates all college rodeo athletes can potentially benefit from available medical care.

The Incidence and Risk Factors for Injuries in Girls Volleyball: A Prospective Study of 2072 Players.

Girls high school volleyball is very popular across the United States. There is limited prospective data regarding the incidence and risk factors of time loss (TL) and non-time loss (NTL) injuries sustained in this population. To estimate the incidence and describe the characteristics of injuries (TL and NTL) sustained in a girls' high school volleyball season. Descriptive epidemiology study. Convenience sample of 78 high school interscholastic volleyball programs. High school volleyball players participating during the 2018 interscholastic season. TL and NTL injury rates, proportions, rate ratios, and with 95%CI. A total of 2,072 girls enrolled in the study with 468 subjects (22.5%) sustaining 549 injuries (NTL=28.4%, TL=71.6%) for an overall injury rate of 5.31 [4.89, 5.79] per 1000 AEs. The competition injury rate was greater than the practice injury rate for all injuries (IRR: 1.19, [1.00, 1.41]) and TL injuries (IRR: 1.31, [1.07, 1.60]). Players with a previous musculoskeletal injury had a higher rate of TL than NTL injuries (IRR; 1.36 [1.12, 1.65]). Ankle injuries accounted for the greatest proportion of TL injuries (n=110, 28%), while the greatest proportion of NTL injuries occurred in the hand/fingers (n=34, 22%). Moreover, ligament sprains accounted for 40% of TL injuries (n=156), whereas muscle/tendon strains (n=79, 51%) accounted for over half of all NTL injuries. While the majority of injuries sustained by adolescent girls' volleyball athletes were TL in nature, nearly a third of all injuries were NTL injuries. Injury characteristics differed widely between TL and NTL injuries. Understanding the most common types and characteristics of injury among high school volleyball players is critical for the development of effective injury prevention programs.

The impact of all-rounders and team injury status on match and series success in international cricket

ABSTRACT The association between injury status of the team and all-rounders on match outcome were investigated in international cricketers. Time and non-time loss injuries were recorded over a 32-month period in 47 senior international cricketers. Team injury status was expressed on a 1–4 scale from “fully available” to “unavailable”. Generalised linear model (GLM) was employed to examine whether team injury status and the injury status of all-rounders (AR) and single skill (SS) players was associated with the outcome of the match or series. A significant association between team injury status and match and series outcome was found. Team mean injury status was 12.0% lower (P < 0.001; ES = 1.06) during successful series wins and 7.8% lower (P < 0.001; ES = 0.66) during successful match outcomes. Skill group injury status was also significantly associated with match (P = 0.001) and series (P = 0.001) outcomes with AR exhibiting greater injury status than SS cricketers (P < 0.001, ES = 0.44). All injuries, irrespective of time lost, influence the outcome of international cricket series’ and matches with injuries to AR having a higher impact on the results. The findings will impact on the injury prevention strategies in elite cricket.

A systematic review of injuries in recreational field hockey: From injury problem to prevention

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to gather information from scientific literature related to all steps of Van Mechelen’s “sequence of prevention” for injuries applied to youth and adult recreational field hockey players. A systematic review was conducted in Medline via Pubmed and in SPORTDiscus via EBSCOhost. Twenty-six original studies were included. Regarding injury incidence (step 1) results showed several overall injury incidence rates (youth: 1.47 per 1,000 Athlete Exposure (AE) time-loss (TL) injury up to 11.32 per 1,000 AE TL ánd non-time loss (NTL) injury, adults: 2.2 NTL injury per 1,000 AE, 15.2 injury per 1,000 hours of sports participation). Considering games and practices, most injuries were sustained in games (youth: 4.9, adults: 7.87 per 1,000 AE). Considering body parts, highest injury incidence rates were found in body parts in the lower extremities (youth: knee injuries in games (0.33 per 1,000 AE), adults: hamstring injuries in pre-season (0.75 per 1,000 AE)) and injuries in the head/face/eye (youth: 0.66 and adults: 0.94 head/face/eye, 0.71 head/face and 0.63 concussion per 1,000 AE). Regarding aetiology (step 2), no studies were found. Regarding the efficacy of available interventions (step 3 and 4), one study was found among youth players, describing a warm-up programme.

Do Niggles Matter? - Increased injury risk following physical complaints in football (soccer)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence and impact of non-time loss injuries in semi-professional football. Methods 218 players completed the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (OSTRC) Questionnaire on Health Problems weekly during the 2016 season (35 weeks), recording the prevalence and impact of time loss (TL) and non-time loss (non-TL) injuries. TL injury and exposure were also collected by a third party as per the Football Consensus statement. The relative risk (RR) of a TL injury within 7 days of a self-reported non-TL injury was determined, with associated predictive power calculated. Results The risk of TL injury was 3.6 to 6.9 × higher when preceded by ‘minor’ and ‘moderate’ non-TL complaints, respectively, and good predictive power (22.0–41.8%) was observed (AUC range = 0.73 to 0.83). Compliant responders (80% of completed OSTRC questionnaires) showed a mean self-reported weekly injury prevalence (TL and non-TL combined) of 33% (95% CI – 31.4% to 34.6%) with 28% (CI – 26.4% to 29.6%) attributed to non-TL injury. Conclusion Over a quarter of players on average, report a physical complaint each week that does not prevent them from participating in training or match play. A non-TL injury was shown to be useful in identifying individual players at an increased risk of a TL injury.

Epidemiology of Secondary School Boys' and Girls' Basketball Injuries: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network.

Little is known about non-time-loss (NTL) injury patterns in basketball athletes. Knowledge of these patterns may aid in the development of prevention and management strategies for patients with these injuries. To describe the epidemiology of time-loss (TL) and NTL injuries sustained by secondary school boys' and girls' basketball athletes. Descriptive epidemiology study. Eighty-six unique schools provided data, with 84 and 83 contributing to boys' and girls' basketball, respectively. Athletes participating in secondary school-sponsored boys' and girls' basketball. Boys' and girls' basketball data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) injury-surveillance program (2011-2012 through 2013-2014 years) were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and rate ratios (IRRs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The NATION captured 2653 injuries over 364 355 athlete-exposures (AEs) for boys' basketball and 2394 injuries over 288 286 AE for girls' basketball, producing rates of 7.28/1000 AEs (95% CI = 7.00, 7.56) for boys and 8.30/1000 AEs (95% CI = 7.97, 8.64) for girls. The overall injury rates were slightly lower for boys (IRR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.83, 0.93). For boys, 559 (21.1%) injuries were TL and 2094 (78.9%) were NTL, producing a TL injury rate of 1.53/1000 AEs (95% CI = 1.40, 1.66) and an NTL injury rate of 5.75/1000 AEs (95% CI = 5.50, 5.99). For girls, 499 (20.8%) injuries were TL and 1895 (79.2%) were NTL, producing a TL injury rate of 1.73/1000 AEs (95% CI = 1.58, 1.88) and an NTL injury rate of 6.57/1000 AEs (95% CI = 6.28, 6.87). Rates of TL injuries were similar between boys' and girls' basketball (IRR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.79, 1.00); NTL injury rates were lower for boys (IRR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.82, 0.93). When NTL injuries were included, the rates of injury in boys' and girls' secondary school basketball were higher than previously reported.

Statistical Methods for Handling Observation Clustering in Sports Injury Surveillance.

Advances in sports injury-surveillance methods have made it possible to accommodate non-time-loss (NTL) injury reporting; however, the analysis of surveillance data now requires careful consideration of the nuances of NTL injury records. Injury-surveillance mechanisms that record NTL injuries are more likely to contain multiple injury records per athlete. These must be handled appropriately in statistical analyses to make methodologically sound inferences. We simulated datasets of NTL injuries using varying degrees of observation clustering and compared the inferences made using traditional techniques with those made after accounting for clustering in computations of injury proportion ratios. Inappropriate handling of even moderate clustering resulted in flawed inferences in 10% to 12% of our simulations. We observed greater bias in our estimates as the degree of clustering increased. We urge investigators to carefully consider observation clustering and adapt analytical methods to accommodate the evolving sophistication of surveillance.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PITCHING VOLUME AND ARM SORENESS IN COLLEGIATE BASEBALL PITCHERS

Excessive baseball pitch volume has been associated with increased risk of injury in adolescents. However, many collegiate athletes report non-time loss injuries over the course of the season. It is unknown how pitch volume throughout a collegiate baseball season affects arm soreness. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between pitch volume and self-reported arm soreness. A secondary purpose was to determine the relationship between change in pitch volume and change in arm soreness over the course of the season for collegiate baseball pitchers. Prospective Cohort. Seven collegiate baseball pitchers volunteered to participate in a yearlong prospective study. The seven pitchers reported daily pitch volume and level of soreness from the fall through spring collegiate baseball season during practices and games. The athletic trainer, a member of the research team, tracked athletic exposures and injuries for the entire season. Frequency counts of athletic exposures were categorized by game, practice, conditioning and injury status. Frequency counts of pitch volume was categorized by game, game bullpen, practice bullpen, flat ground, long toss and warm-up pitches. The pitch volume and soreness levels for each athlete were used to determine the relationship between these two variables using a Pearson correlation. The seven pitchers were involved with 1,256 athletic exposures and a total of 54,151 throws, averaging 7,735 throws per player for the entire season. The pitch volume and self-reported arm soreness for the entire season revealed a correlation of r = .72 (p = .004). The relationship between change in pitch volume and change in arm soreness was r = .635 (p = .001) over the season. There was a moderate significant correlation between arm soreness and pitch volume across the whole season. This relationship was maintained when evaluating weekly changes. 4.

Injury risk-workload associations in NCAA American college football

ObjectivesTo determine injury risk-workload associations in collegiate American Football. DesignRetrospective analysis. MethodsWorkload and injury data was recorded from 52 players during a full NCAA football season. Acute, chronic, and a range of acute:chronic workload ratios (ACWR: 7:14, 7:21 and 7:28 day) calculated using rolling and exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) were plotted against non-contact injuries (regardless of time lost or not) sustained within 3- and 7-days. Injury risks were also determined relative to position and experience. Results105 non-contact injuries (18 game- and 87 training-related) were observed with almost 40% sustained during the pre-season. 7–21 day EWMA ACWR’s with a 3-day injury lag were most closely associated with injury (R2=0.54). Relative injury risks were >3× greater with high compared to moderate and low ratios and magnified when combined with low 21-day chronic workloads (injury probability=92.1%). Injury risks were similar across positions. ‘Juniors’ presented likely and possibly increased overall injury risk compared to ‘Freshman’ (RR: 1.94, CI 1.07–3.52) and ‘Seniors’ (RR: 1.7, CI 0.92–3.14), yet no specific ACWR – experience or – position interactions were identified. ConclusionsHigh injury rates during college football pre-season training may be associated with high acute loads. In-season injury risks were greatest with high ACWR and evident even when including (more common and less serious) non-time loss injuries. Substantially increased injury risks when low 21-day chronic workloads and concurrently high EWMA ACWR highlights the importance of load management for individuals with chronic game- (non-involved on game day) and or training (following injury) absences.

Rankings of High School Sports Injury Rates Differ Based on Time Loss Assessments.

To examine how injury definition inclusiveness affects the rank order of injury rates in 27 high school (HS) sports. The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) used certified athletic trainers (ATs) to collect injury and athlete-exposure (AE) data in practices and competitions for 27 HS sports during the 2011/2012 to 2013/2014 academic years. Time loss (TL) injuries resulted in ≥24 hours of participation restriction. Nontime loss (NTL) injuries resulted in <24 hours of participation restriction. Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from 27 HS sports. High school student-athletes. Sports injury data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network. Time loss and TL + NTL injury rates were calculated. Sport-specific rates were placed in rank order, stratified by gender. Most of the 47 014 injuries reported were NTL (82.8%). Among boys' sports, TL injury rates were greatest in football (3.27/1000AE) and wrestling (2.43/1000AE); TL + NTL injury rates were greatest also in football (15.29/1000AE) and wrestling (11.62/1000AE). Among girls' sports, TL injury rates were greatest in soccer (1.97/1000AE) and basketball (1.76/1000AE); TL + NTL injury rates were greatest in field hockey and lacrosse (both 11.32/1000AE). The rank order of injury rates and the resulting injury prevention priorities may depend on injury definition inclusiveness, particularly in female HS sports.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's and Women's Volleyball, 2013-2014 to 2014-2015.

Background:There were 18,844 volleyball players in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the 2014-2015 academic year. Little research has examined sex-based differences among these athletes.Purpose:To examine injury epidemiology in NCAA men’s and women’s volleyball athletes.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Level of Evidence:Level 3.Methods:Injury surveillance data from the 2013-2014 through 2014-2015 academic years were obtained from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program for 6 men’s and 33 women’s collegiate volleyball teams. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) and injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% CIs were calculated. Time-loss (TL) injuries resulted in participation restriction for at least 24 hours, and non-time-loss (NTL) injuries resulted in participation restriction of less than 24 hours.Results:Overall, 83 and 510 injuries were reported in men and women, respectively, leading to injury rates of 4.69 and 7.07 per 1000 AEs. The injury rate was greater in women than men (IRR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.19-1.90). TL injury rates were 1.75 and 2.62 per 1000 AEs for men and women, respectively. The ankle was the most commonly injured body part among TL injuries (men, 25.8%; women, 24.3%); the knee was the most commonly injured body part among NTL injuries (men, 25.5%; women, 16.3%). Among TL injuries, common diagnoses included sprains (men, 25.8%; women, 31.2%) and concussions (men, 19.4%; women, 14.8%). Most TL concussions were due to ball contact (men, 83.3%; women, 53.6%). Compared with men, women had a greater NTL overuse injury rate (IRR, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.61-7.46). Compared with women, men had a greater TL injury rate associated with ball contact (IRR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.07-4.68).Conclusion:There are differences in injury patterns and rates between male and female intercollegiate volleyball players. Although a limited-contact sport, a notable number of concussions were sustained, mostly from ball contact.Clinical Relevance:Understanding injury patterns may aid clinicians in injury diagnosis, management, and prevention.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Non-Time-Loss Injuries in Collegiate and High School Student-Athletes.

Research on non-time-loss (NTL) injuries, which result in less than 24 hours of restriction from participation, is limited. To describe the epidemiology of NTL injuries among collegiate and high school student-athletes. Descriptive epidemiology study. Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from a convenience sample of National College Athletic Association varsity teams and 147 high schools in 26 states. Collegiate and high school student-athletes participating in men's and boys' baseball, basketball, football, lacrosse, soccer, and wrestling and women's and girls' basketball, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, and volleyball during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 and the 2011-2012 through 2013-2014 academic years, respectively, participated. Collegiate student-athletes participating in men's and women's ice hockey were also included. Injury data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program and the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network were analyzed. Injury counts, rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), and rate ratios were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 11 899 and 30 122 NTL injuries were reported in collegiate and high school student-athletes, respectively. The proportion of NTL injuries in high school student-athletes (80.3%) was 1.61 times greater than that of collegiate student-athletes (49.9%; 95% CI = 1.59, 1.63). The NTL injury rate in high school student-athletes (8.75/1000 athlete-exposures [AEs]) was 2.18 times greater than that of collegiate student-athletes (4.02/1000 AEs; 95% CI = 2.13, 2.22). Men's ice hockey (5.27/1000 AEs) and boys' football (11.94/1000 AEs) had the highest NTL injury rates among collegiate and high school athletes, respectively. Commonly injured body parts in collegiate and high school student-athletes were the hip/thigh/upper leg (17.5%) and hand/wrist (18.2%), respectively. At both levels, contusions, sprains, and strains were the most frequent diagnoses. Contact with another player was the most cited injury mechanism (college = 38.0%, high school = 46.3%). Non-time-loss injuries compose large proportions of collegiate and high school sports injuries. However, the NTL injury rate was higher in high school than in collegiate student-athletes. Tracking NTL injuries will help to better describe the breadth of injuries sustained by athletes and managed by athletic trainers.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURIES IN ENGLISH COMMUNITY LEVEL RUGBY UNION USING SMS PLAYER SELF-REPORTED DATA

BackgroundThe reporting of non-time loss injuries in community sport can be challenging due to infrequent contact between players and team medical staff. Text messaging or short messaging service (SMS) is...

Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Lacrosse Injuries, 2009-10 Through 2014-15.

Participation in collegiate women's lacrosse has increased dramatically, but little recent epidemiological data exists regarding injuries. Describe the epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) women's lacrosse injuries during the 2009-10 through 2014-15 academic years. Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from 40 women's lacrosse programs providing 83 team-seasons of data. Collegiate women's lacrosse student-athletes. Women's lacrosse data from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program were analyzed. Injury rates; injury rate ratios; and injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and injury mechanism were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Time loss (TL) injuries resulted in participation restriction time of at least 24hours. Nontime loss (NTL) injuries resulted in participation restriction time under 24hours. There were 705 TL and NTL women's lacrosse injuries, resulting in an injury rate of 4.93/1000 athlete-exposures (AEs; 95% CI: 4.57-5.30). The TL and NTL injury rates were 2.18/1000 AE (95% CI: 1.93-2.42) and 2.64/1000 AE (95% CI: 2.37-2.90), respectively. Most injuries were to the lower extremity (competition: 64.4%; practice: 71.2%). Most injuries in competition were sprains (26.0%), contusions (19.6%), and strains (19.2%); most injuries in practice were strains (21.4%), sprains (18.1%), and inflammatory conditions (15.8%). Concussions comprised the highest proportion of head/face injuries (competition: 82.1%; practice: 54.5%). No eye injuries were reported. The highest proportion of injuries were player contact (27.4%) in competitions and noncontact (32.1%) in practices. Contact with the ball and stick comprised 21.5% of competition and 14.0% of practice injuries. This study is the most robust assessment of collegiate women's lacrosse injuries to date, utilizing surveillance data that includes both TL and NTL injuries. Over half of all injuries were NTL; inclusion of such injuries further highlights the breadth of injuries managed by team medical staff.