Non-survey Methods Research Articles

Estimating inter-regional trade: the radiation model versus the gravity model

The estimation of interregional trade flows within a country is confined to the context of multi-regional input–output models. Despite the remarkable relevance of these trade flows for regional incomes, most countries have almost no official data, with Korea being an exception used here. In addition to survey-based estimation methods, there are non-survey methods, some based on gravity models, which can be used to estimate inter-regional trade flows. This paper compares the gravity model with the novel radiation model. Preliminary results show that the accuracy of the radiation model’s estimation is superior to that of the gravity model, with the invaluable benefit of not needing to estimate regression coefficients, unlike the gravity model. This finding provides a generalisation of the radiation model for estimating interregional trade in contexts where there is no prior multi-regional input–output table without restrictions derived from coefficient estimation as in the gravity model.

A comparison of deflation methods for carbon footprint calculations using Japanese data

An embodied CO2 emissions intensity database estimated from input–output data at current prices is now available in Japan. This study compares two non-survey methods: The double-deflation (DD) method and an elaborated approach combining the DD method with the generalized RAS method to deflate an input–output table (IOT). We used these methods to estimate new datasets of embodied CO2 emission intensity data in Japan, utilizing Japan's IOTs for 2005, 2011, and 2015 at constant prices in 2015. Furthermore, we compare the estimated data of 367 commodity sectors for a specific year (2005 or 2011). The results reveal that the intensity for certain aggregated sector groups, such as non-ferrous metals and finance and insurance, exhibits higher uncertainty owing to the extreme price homogeneity assumption associated with the DD method. Consequently, we recommend that life-cycle-assessment practitioners use an open database when analyzing changes in the carbon footprint of products over time.

From quantitative measurement to understanding public demand: Exploring non-survey methods in applied regional research

The article builds on the well-developed problem of studying trust in society towards social institutions, as well as between individuals. Currently, contact quantitative sociology faces a number of challenges, and the level of consent to participate in surveys is steadily falling. In order to reliably assess public opinion, non-contact tools for studying the digital environment are already required. The application of non-survey techniques for collecting big data using a pre-formed thesaurus allows us to select data for analysis and circumvent the problems associated with respondent recruitment. The application of SML approach to analyze digital publications of Russian-speaking users from Novosibirsk (more than 450 thousand publications) collected in 2020 has been considered. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods allowed us to describe the audience and categorize the areas of public distrust and dissatisfaction. The application of this approach can be useful for managerial tasks aimed at increasing trust in society. Thus, the study is a valuable contribution to the development of modern sociology and its applied aspects.

Institutional approaches to evaluation of learning and teaching: A sector scan of Australasian universities

ABSTRACT Teaching evaluation is deeply entrenched in institutional quality assurance and is a feature of a range of policies including academic recruitment, promotion, and performance management. Universities must ensure that evaluation practices meet regulatory requirements, while balancing student voice and wellbeing. There is extensive literature examining the validity, reliability, and bias of student surveys, but limited focus on institutional evaluation strategies and what constitutes best practice. This study analyses and reports on the teaching evaluation strategies and practices of Australian and New Zealand universities. All 29 participating institutions use standardised and centrally deployed surveys to evaluate teaching and participated in external student experience surveys to benchmark nationally. Comparisons are provided between the strategic intent of evaluation; survey practices, technology, analysis, and reporting; and the use of other nonsurvey methods. The study informs higher education institutions’ evaluation strategy, policies, and practice and provides an agenda for reframing approaches to evaluation of teaching.

Interregional analysis using a bi-regional input-output matrix for Argentina

This paper presents a regional case study using a Bi-Regional Input-Output (BRIO) matrix of Buenos Aires City (BAC) and the Rest of Argentina (ROA), constructed from the Argentinian Input-Output matrix. A hybrid approach was applied to obtain the BRIO matrix, which combines pure non-survey methods with matrix-balancing methods like RAS or Cross-Entropy. Once the BRIO matrix was obtained, our study has focused on analyzing the BAC regional structure and the interconnections between regions. We have also estimated the regional and national carbon footprint for the BAC and Argentina, respectively. Results show that service and industry sectors play an important role in the economy of BAC and some of them have strong interregional spillover effects over the rest of the country. In addition, the results also show that sectors on BAC with the highest regional multipliers are also the ones with highest emissions.

Spotting Error Patterns in Input–Output Projections Using Location Quotients

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) stated by the United Nations (UN) constitute a universal agenda committed to human rights. In this context, mathematics can perform a fundamental role. Exploring possible contributions to these goals could be considered an interesting approach. Input–output (IO) tables provide detailed information for socio-economic quantifications. Thus, they allow for more precise policy decision-making and application in the SDG strategy. However, the smaller the subnational unit to be considered, the less statistical information that is available. Survey-based IO tables with large product/industry disaggregation are seldom published. Therefore, non-survey methods to estimate subnational IO tables based on the national are needed. These methodologies should yield optimal results. In the present investigation, different formulations for these non-survey regionalization methods are analyzed. The work focuses on the methodologies based on location quotients (LQ). As a result, some error patterns associated with current formulations present in literature are described. A slight refinement of these methodologies is proposed in order to improve the estimation’s accuracy.

Evaluation of Non-survey Methods for the Construction of Regional Input–Output Matrices When There is Partial Historical Information

Evaluation of Non-survey Methods for the Construction of Regional Input–Output Matrices When There is Partial Historical Information

Kajian Sektor Unggulan dan Transformasi Struktur Perekonomian di Kabupaten Sleman DIY

Regional development in Sleman regency based on its regional potential can be seen from leading sector performance in economy structure Sleman regency using Input-Output (1-0) Analysis. 1-0 Analysis used non-survey method with RAS technique. Development with stressing leading sector as forward wisdom anticipation needs a guidance of the available trend from economy structure transformation. The resulting information base on 1-0 Analysis that agriculture sector was the leading sector with surplus level at 8 rank (3,80), leakage level at 5 rank (3,36) and domestic output (Rp. 647.416 millions) higher than demand quantity (Rp. 584,429 millions) indications The forward wisdom must be adjusted with the trend of the economy structure transformation, especially since 1994 the relative share of services sector and manufacture industry more higher than the relative share of agriculture sector. Key words: Regional development. 1-0 tabel, agriculture sector, structure transformation.

Construction of multiregion–multisector input–output tables: a spatial econometric approach for Poland

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the application of spatial econometrics in estimating the interregional flow matrix in multisector–multiregion input–output tables. With reasonable assumptions, it demonstrates that this application can be formulated as a modified multi-equation spatial Durbin model with missing parameters estimated via maximum likelihood. The statistical performance of the model is scrutinized and the method is illustrated using regional (NUTS-3-level) economic impact assessment simulations for Poland. The proposed non-survey method empirically built on sectoral–regional data on economic activity is widely replicable across countries with promising performance against widespread benchmarks.

An alternative approach to the construction of multi-regional input–output tables of the Czech Republic: application of the CHARM method

The main scope of the paper is to review the construction method of (multi-)regional input–output tables (RIOTs) in the Czech Republic at the NUTS 3 regional level. We compare the estimation of regional IO tables based on a modified cross-hauling adjusted regionalisation method (CHARM) applied by the authors with application of the hybrid approach of (Sixta and Vltavska in Stat Stat Econ J 97:4–14, 2017) from the Department of Statistics at the University of Economics in Prague. The aim of the presented paper is to contribute to the discussion about the suitability of alternative methodological approaches from the perspective of quality and time. We assume that despite the lack of official, published RIOTs by state statistical offices, the existing methodology of the relatively simpler non-survey CHARM method represents an adequate option for the generation of regional input–output tables suitable for further analytical research.

Land Rights of Women: A Study of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States, India

Empowerment of women takes place through structural changes in women’s lives such as provision of land rights, promotion of non-farm employment, self-employment and support to unleash their potential of entrepreneurial qualities and their participation in decision making at various levels. The initiatives undertaken by the Government such as promotion of rural livelihoods (NRLM) and wage employment (MGNREGS) resulted in enhancement of livelihoods and economic freedom to women. The need for the study arises from the fact that ensuring effective and independent land rights for women is critical as it can serve multiple functions in rural women’s lives and empower them to challenge the socio-economic and political inequalities prevalent in rural semi-feudal society. The present study while looking at the situation of land rights of women covered five districts from two states, examined the efficacy of ‘Bhoomi’ initiative and studied the processes of securing land rights by eliciting the perceptions of stakeholders in a non-survey method supported by secondary data. The data from Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty of state governments established that the para-legal assistance strategy and Bhoomi Nyaya Sahaya Kendram initiative helped poor women to secure land rights and improve their status significantly. The study found that the initiative of land purchase by the government helped poor women to access land while gender mainstreaming in government departments was a felt need. It is a classic example of ensuring land rights of poor women and thus improving their status and livelihoods among others.

The efficiency of the cross-entropy method when estimating the technical coefficients of input–output tables

ABSTRACTUpdating or estimating regional input–output tables is a challenging task addressed with non-survey methods. These can be classified into two groups: location quotient (LQ) methods and constrained matrix-balancing methods. This paper focuses on the second group and, specifically, on the performance of the cross-entropy method (CE). The most important finding is that the RAS method slightly outperforms the CE method on average, but its efficiency varies greatly from country to country. On the contrary, the performance of the CE method is more stable over countries and time. More interestingly, a fair implementation of the CE method boosted by the Flegg location quotient (FLQ) method outperforming the competing CE approach in terms of accuracy.

Evaluating the spatial spillover effects of tourism demand in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan: an inter-regional input–output model

Shizuoka prefecture in Japan has many tourism destinations and a lot of international and domestic tourists visit it. There are regional cooperative destination marketing organizations (DMOs), which provide the lion’s share of promotion of tourism for Shizuoka prefecture. In this paper, a methodology to evaluate economic impacts on the sightseeing area is developed. The evaluation is based on the number of tourists who visited and the length of stay in the municipality. Then, an inter-regional input–output model (consisting of 35 municipalities and 37 industrial sectors) at the municipality level is estimated to evaluate the spillover effects between cities and towns. The non-survey method based on the gravity-RAS method is used on the inter-regional input–output table estimate. Economic hotspots with economic spillover effects were identified for Shizuoka prefecture. Moreover, the economic impacts of partnerships in sightseeing areas in the three regions of DMO, namely, Suruga DMO, Hamamatsu DMO, and Izu DMO, are also measured.

A modular bottom-up approach for constructing physical input\u2013output tables (PIOTs) based on process engineering models

Physical input–output tables (PIOTs) were first conceptualized in the 1990s but have not been widely adopted. However, with the increased emphasis on building a circular economy and understanding the resource nexus, PIOTs will become critical for optimizing resource flows and restructuring economies to close material loops. This necessitates a focus on improved methodologies for PIOT development to allow wider adoption. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a modular bottom-up approach for constructing PIOTs from process engineering models. The method was tested on a PIOT for nitrogen with a subset of sectors in Illinois (USA) and compared with a nitrogen PIOT developed earlier for the same time period, finding equal or higher confidence in sector balances. While the method has high initial costs, its suitability for automation enables it to allow the fast creation of PIOTs where technical coefficient matrices reflect underlying physical processes and relationships within and between sectors, thus capturing accurately the physical structure of the economy. We also demonstrate how the method can be extended for the creation of regional input coefficient matrices. While not implemented here, the method can potentially be used for the creation of hybrid IO tables, trend analysis through time series and combined with non-survey methods to fill data gaps. This will allow combining the strengths of complementary methodologies for constructing PIOTs and standardization of methods for better reliability.

Evaluating the regional economy and industrial structure using IRIO and MRIO tables for municipalities in Aichi and Okinawa prefectures

In this paper, inter-regional and multi-regional input–output tables for municipalities in Aichi and Okinawa prefectures are estimated using a non-survey method. Regional multiplier effects, spillover effects, and feedback effects, among other related aspects, are measured using an inter-regional input–output model. A hypothetical extraction method is applied to a multi-regional input–output model and a method for assessing the importance of municipal industries is proposed. Using these metrics, we conduct a comparative analysis of the local economies of Aichi and Okinawa prefectures and the characteristics of their industrial structures. This paper offers a visual portrayal of interdependency characteristics among municipalities.

Regional policy and the role of interregional trade data: policy simulations with a model for Norway

ABSTRACTPoint data observations are often used to calibrate computable general equilibrium (CGE) models; however, results may be impacted by calibration of an Armington trade specification in a regional CGE (R-CGE) model. This paper calibrates an Armington trade specification with three differently estimated interregional trade data sets. It estimates interregional trade with one survey and two non-survey methods. The resulting three different trade data sets are each used to calibrate REMES, an R-CGE model for Norway. Two regional policy reforms are simulated with the three model versions to analyze the sensitivity of regional manufacturing sector output to trade data estimates. The results show that the trade data estimation method used for calibration significantly affects regional sector output results. Policy analysts and developers should be aware that calibrating an Armington trade specification with differently estimated interregional trade data may have a substantial influence on model results, and hence, on ex-ante and ex-post conclusions on policy impacts.

三遠南信地域を対象とした経済波及効果分析: 多地域産業連関アプローチ

The purpose of this paper is to estimate an Inter-Regional Input-Output Table for the San-En-Nanshin （SENA） region in the center of Japan by using a non-survey method. The region is located at the cross-borders between Aichi, Shizuoka and Nagano Prefectures. New transportation systems such as the San-En-Nanshin highway and the Liner Chuo Shinkansen are planned for this region. We estimated the spill over and feedback effects of the new transportation systems and a clustering policy for the three regions.

CONSTRUCTING A MULTI-REGIONAL SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX FOR TURKEY

Regional impacts of public policies in Turkey have led to Regional Development Agencies and related institutions having responsibility for setting and achieving sustainability policies at the regional level. As a result, there is a significant interest in developing empirical models that can deal with the macro, micro and regional impacts of economic policies and interregional spillover effects. Spatial or Multi-Regional Computable General Equilibrium models are the most capable models to handle a wide range of policy relevant regional questions and the effects of policies on a comprehensive set of regional and national economic variables. However, an important ingredient in meeting the Multi-Regional CGE analysis is Multi-Regional Social Accounting Matrices. This study is focusing on the building the first Multi-Regional Social Accounting Matrix for Turkey with 11 regions and 8 sectors. We utilize from the most updated available datasets and implement the most conveninent non-survey methods which fit to data availability in Turkey.

Beyond Intermediates: The Role of Consumption and Commuting in the Construction of Local Input–Output Tables

Estimating intermediate trade using conventional non-survey methods produces biased results. This problem has led to a methodological recommendation that emphasizes the accurate estimation of intermediate trade flows. This paper argues for a qualification of the consensus view: when simulating input–output (IO) tables, analysts need also to consider spillover effects driven by wage and consumption flows. In particular, for metropolitan economies, capturing wage and consumption flows is essential to obtain accurate Type II multipliers. This is demonstrated by constructing an interregional IO table that captures the interdependence between a city and its commuter belt, nested within the wider regional economy.

Metody zbierania danych ze źródeł pierwotnych przez internet w badaniach marketingowych

All methods of data collection from the primary sources in the marketing research can be devided into survey methods (direct and indirect), non-survey methods, and experiments. Internet is used in each of these groups of methods – more or less broadly – as a way of access to the pri-mary sources of information. The dominant primary sources are personal ones. Internet is hardly used with respect to material sources. For the most part it may be applied with the indirect survey methods. The main methods involving the use of internet are as follows: the internet survey, inter-net interview, panel methods, group internet intetview, and the etnographic internet research. The group of indirect survey methods has been enriched with text-based telephone survey method during the last several years. It is possible to place the questionnaire on the monitor of mobile phones which is usually connected with internet. Internet is also more and more often used in delphi method in order to quicker and cheaper communication with groups of experts. These ad-vantages has been contributed to more intensive using of internet in panel research. This method facilitates the bearing of large and stable groups of respondents, mainly in the households. The level of internet usage in diffrent versions of heuristic methods is still rising. The groups of partic-ipants taking part in this method