Non-suicidal Self Research Articles

Function and Types of Non-Suicidal Self Injury among Adolescents and Young Adult in West Sumatera, Indonesia

Function and Types of Non-Suicidal Self Injury among Adolescents and Young Adult in West Sumatera, Indonesia

The impact of mindfulness therapy combined with mentalization-based family therapy on suicidal ideation in adolescents with depressive disorder: randomized intervention study

BackgroundAdolescents with depression who engage in non-suicidal self harming behaviors are more likely to adopt negative coping strategies when faced with negative events. Therefore, these patients should be introduced to positive coping strategies. Evidences have showed that mindfulness-based interventions can positively impact the psychology of patients with mental disorders. This study was to explore the impact of a combination of mindfulness therapy and mentalization-based family therapy (MBFT) on suicidal ideation in adolescents with depressive disorder.MethodsEighty adolescent patients with depression and suicidal ideation admitted to our hospital from September 2021 to February 2022 were selected as subjects. They were divided into a control group and a study group using the random number table method, with each group comprising 40 subjects. The control group received MBFT, whereas the study group received both mindfulness therapy and MBFT. The psychological status and suicidal ideations of the two groups were compared before and after the intervention.ResultsThe psychological health scores of both groups of patients were lower after the intervention, with the scores of the study group being lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The scores on the suicidal ideation scales for both groups were lower after intervention, and the study group scored lower than the control group (P < 0.05). The absolute values of the differences in psychological health scale scores and suicidal ideation scale scores before and after the intervention were higher in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe combination of mindfulness therapy and MBFT can improve the psychological condition of adolescents with depression, reduce their suicidal ideations, and help them develop a healthy and positive outlook toward life, making this method worthy of clinical recommendation.

The role of cognitive disengagement syndrome in non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

We aimed to investigate the relationship between Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and non-suicidal self injury (NSSI) in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A semi-structured psychiatric interview and an NSSI screening questionnaire were conducted. Questionnaires assessing CDS (with daydreamer, sleepy, and slow subdimensions), depression, anxiety, self-esteem, emotion regulation, coping strategies, and loneliness were administered. Among 104 participants (n: 63, 60.6% girls), the combined type of ADHD was the most common (66.3%), and 35 adolescents (27 girls) were in the NSSI+ group. Although only depression and ADHD were found to be predictors of NSSI in ADHD, CDS was associated with many risk factors of NSSI in ADHD: depression, anxiety, emotion dysregulation, low self-esteem, and emotion-oriented coping ways. After controlling for the effects of cognitive problems/inattentiveness, depression, and anxiety, CDS still correlated with low self-esteem and emotion dysregulation. The daydreamer and slow sub-dimensions of CSD differed between NSSI+ and NSSI- groups, while sleepy did not. CDS is associated with several relevant factors, indirectly relating it to self-harm in ADHD. CDS increases the vulnerability to mental health changes that could lead to NSSI in adolescence with ADHD.

Gambaran State, Trait, Ekspresi Dan Kontrol Marah Pada Individu Emerging Adulthood Yang Melakukan Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

Non-Suicidal Self Injury (NSSI) is self-harming behavior carried out without suicidal thoughts. NSSI behavior can be motivated by expressing unbearable and difficult emotions. One of these emotions is the emotion of anger, which is often associated with aggressive behavior, both towards other people and towards oneself. Spielberger (1988) explained anger from various sides, such as from perspective, which looks at the situation (state), personality traits (trait), expression, and control. This study aims to determine the description of the state, traits, expression, and control of anger in emerging adulthood individuals who commit non-suicidal self-injury. To be specific, this study uses descriptive quantitative methods. In collecting data, this study used the STAXI-2 and NSSI-AT measuring instruments. The data analysis technique used is the descriptive analysis method. The sample criteria for this study were 74 participants aged 18-25 years who carried out NSSI in Indonesia. The study results showed that the NSSI behavior did not describe the full intensity of the anger experienced. Individuals who engage in NSSI have feelings of anger stronger than those expressed physically. Apart from that, individuals who engage in NSSI also tend to suppress their anger and try to calm themselves in a situation that provokes their anger. Based on the result, we recommend that further research includes other variables related to feelings of anger and NSSI.

Abnormal brain spontaneous activity in major depressive disorder adolescents with non-suicidal self injury and its changes after sertraline therapy.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) commonly occurs among adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD), causing adverse effects on the physical and mental health of the patients. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanism of NSSI in adolescents with MDD (nsMDDs) remains unclear, and there are still challenges in the treatment. Studies have suggested that sertraline administration could be an effective way for treatment. To verify the effectiveness and to explore the neurobiological processes, we treated a group of adolescents with nsMDDs with sertraline in this study. The brain spontaneous activity alteration was then investigated in fifteen unmedicated first-episode adolescent nsMDDs versus twenty-two healthy controls through the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Besides the baseline scanning for all participants, the nsMDDs group was scanned again after eight weeks of sertraline therapy to examine the changes after treatment. At pre-treatment, whole brain analysis of mean amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (mALFF) was performed to examine the neuronal spontaneous activity alteration, and increased mALFF was found in the superior occipital extending to lingual gyrus in adolescent nsMDDs compared with controls. Meanwhile, decreased mALFF was found in the medial superior frontal in adolescent nsMDDs compared with controls. Compared with the pre-treatment, the nsMDDs group was found to have a trend of, respectively, decreased and increased functional neuronal activity at the two brain areas after treatment through the region of interest analysis. Further, whole brain comparison of mALFF at pre-treatment and post-treatment showed significantly decreased spontaneous activity in the orbital middle frontal and lingual gyrus in adolescent nsMDDs after treatment. Also, depression severity was significantly decreased after treatment. The abnormal functional neuronal activity found at frontal and occipital cortex implied cognitive and affective disturbances in adolescent nsMDDs. The trend of upregulation of frontal neuronal activity and downregulation of occipital neuronal activity after sertraline treatment indicated that the therapy could be effective in regulating the abnormality. Notably, the significantly decreased neuronal activity in the decision related orbital middle frontal and anxiety-depression related lingual gyrus could be suggestive of reduced NSSI in adolescent MDD after therapy.

A Study to Assess the Prevalence of Non-suicidal Self Injury and Reasons for that Behaviour among Adults and their Coping

Introduction: Non-Suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is both highly comorbid with suicidality among&#x0D; adolescents and a significant predictor of suicide attempts (SAs) in adolescents.A broad variety of different functions can underlie acts of Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI).&#x0D; Aims: To study prevalence and characteristics of Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and functional purpose of that behaviour among Adults and their level of coping.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional Analytical study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study is conducted in central medical university, Gujarat, India over a period of 30 days.&#x0D; Methodology: Study was conducted among students of Central Medical University.195 participants were enrolled by consecutive random sampling. They were given a Google form to fill out Demographic details. The form also has an Inventory for NSSI (ISAS) to assess their NSSI behaviour and Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) to assess coping.&#x0D; Results: Out of 195 participants, prevalence of NSSI behaviour is 49(25.12%). Among these 20(40.82%) are male &amp; 29(59.18%) are female. Among sociodemographic data type of family is statistically significant(P value- 0.039). Mean age at which participants start self-harming is16.6 ± 2.89 years. During NSSI behaviour 51.02% of participants always feel pain and 16.32% of participants do not feel pain. Prevalence of NSSI behaviour is higher in 3rd or higher birth order (33.33%) compare to 1st(28.31%) and 2nd (19.67%).The most common method of self-harm was cutting (65.3%), followed by banging (61.22%) or hitting self. The most common functional reason for self-harm was affect regulation followed by self-punishment. of participants who are having NSSI behaviour. In this study we found that there is a statistically significant difference between various resilience coping and NSSI behavior.(P- 0.0008).&#x0D; Conclusion: The most common method of self-harm is cutting and functional purpose for this behavior is affect regulation. Individual with low resilient coping have higher chances of NSSI behavior and similarly high resilient coping is protective for NSSI behavior.

Construction and Statistical Validation of a Path Model of the Factors Influencing Non-suicidal Self Injury (NSSI) among Female Adolescents

Introduction: Despite having innumerable literatures, there has been dearth of comprehensive model of the manifestation of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Aim and Objectives: The current study aims to construct a statistically validated model to explore the theoretical connections and the pathway to NSSI among female adolescents. Material and Method: A model was proposed based on the constructs empirically associated with NSSI. The research aims to explore the direct effects of external shame, hated self, and self-compassion on NSSI, and whether this relationship is mediated by borderline personality traits and menstrual phase. A total of 168 female adolescents completed the survey, including informed assent from the adolescents. The Other as Shamer Scale-2, the Forms of Self-Criticism/Self-Reassuring Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, the Risk-Taking and Self-Harm Inventory for Adolescents, and Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children were administered to the participants. Analysis of data involved descriptive statistics and path analysis. Result: The pathway shows hated self, disturbed intrapersonal relationship, and the inability to direct compassion for self may increase NSSI. Borderline personality traits and premenstrual dysphoria form indirect but contributory factors to strengthen the association between internal traits and NSSI. Conclusion: Thus it may be concluded from the present finding that external shame has significant negative effect on self-compassion and external shame has a significant positive effect on hated self. Also, self-compassion has a significant negative effect, and hated self as well external shame have significant positive effects on borderline traits. Thus, exploring this path would help to plan a suitable preventive action.

Etiology and risk factors for non-suicidal self-injurious behavior

The article presents a review of the literature on the subject of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI), the study of which attracts the attention of authors, both in the Russian Federation and around the world. Large meta-analyses of NSSP studies, proposed models, probable causes and mechanisms of occurrence, neurobiological factors, social factors, as well as the influence of modern means of communication and social networks are considered. Objective is to study, summarize and present data on the causes and risk factors of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. Research method — articles in the “MEDLINE/PubMed”, “Scopus” databases in international medical journals were selected and analyzed. Articles were searched by keywords: “Self-Injurious Behavior”, “Non-Suicidal Self Injury”, “Deliberate Self-Harm”, “Self-Harm”, “Risk Factors”. Inclusion criteria: publication date from 2017 to 2022, clinical studies, meta-analyses and systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, availability of the full text in the public domain or abstract. Exclusion criteria: abstracts; monographs, study guides; publication date until 2017, inconsistency with the research topic. A total of 94 publications were found. The review included 61 publications from 2017 to 2022 that corresponded to the topic and purpose of the study, and also added 19 sources older than 2017 that are significant for disclosing the subject of the study from references in the reference lists of the analyzed sources.

Disparities in Suicidal Behaviors and Mental Health Issues Among Gender Minority College Students

ABSTRACT Mental health issues are prominent among gender minorities; however, research examining these issues among college campuses is limited, and has often overlooked individuals who identify outside of transgender or cisgender identities. Our findings indicated that transgender participants reported the highest rates and frequencies of non-suicidal self injury, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempt compared to cisgender peers; followed closely by gender-expansive participants. Gender minority participants reported higher rates of family distress and social anxiety.

Non-suicidal Self Injury: Relationship with Attachment, Childhood Trauma and Dissociation.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between non-suicidal self injury (NSSI), dissociative experiences, types of childhood traumas, and attachment styles in adolescents. Adolescents aged 14-18 with a diagnosis of NSSI and a psychiatric disorder (NSSI, n=40), a clinical comparison group which have any psychiatric disorder without NSSI (CCG, n=40) and a healthy control group (HC, n=40) were included. The diagnosis of NSSI were confirmed with the research criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th Edition. All participants were evaluated using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Present and Lifetime Version. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the short form of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), and the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (ADES) were used. The dissociation scores were higher in the NSSI group compared to the CCG group (4.8±2.0 and 2.9±2.2, p<0.001). NSSI group also had higher trauma levels but the difference was not statistically significant (48.0±14.2 and 41.4±5.0, p=0.062). Similarly, the NSSI group yielded higher scores of CTQ (48.0±14.2 and 33.8±6.8, p<0.001) and ADES (4.8±2.0 and 1.8±1.6, p<0.001) compared to HC group. Also, compared to the HC group, the NSSI group had more impaired attachment to father (42.0±19.7 vs. 53.0±21.7, p=0.056) and more frequently reported physical and emotional abuse. Finally, there were negative correlations between attachment levels to mother and CTQ total scores (r=-0.70, p<0.001) and between father attachment subscale and ADES scores (r=-0.33, p=0.047). Our study supports the notion that dissociation, trauma and insecure attachment are more common in individuals with NSSI. Psychotherapeutic approaches based on current findings will provide more benefits to patients.

Dynamics of autoagressive behavior in youth in the trajectory of borderline personality disorder

Objective: to determinate the clinical and psychopathological characteristics of autoagressive behavior (AB) in youth in the trajectory of borderline personality disorder (BPD) with determinate relathionship between each other, further dynamics and prognosis. Material and methods. Clinical-psychopathological (61 patients), follow-up (55 patients), retrospectively and psychometric methods, 116 patients males and females with autoagressive behavior (AB) in youth in the trajectory of BPD were clinically observed in outpatiently and psychiatric hospital. Patients with AB were divided into three equal groups: 1 — Non-suicidal self injurance (NSSI); 2- suicidal attempts (SA); 3- NSSI with SA. Results. Correlations have been established between the original typology of BPD and AB: in the clinical group — impulsivity (64%) and demonstrative (24 %) AB of BPD type I (“affective storm”), addictive (44.4 %) in type II (“addictive adrenalin addiction”) — depersonalization (51,9%) and self-torturing (11,1 %) in type III (“cognitive distortions and disorders of self-identification”). In the follow-up group was noted transformation of main variants AB towards addictive behavior (56,4 %). Conclusion and findings. The formation of auto-aggressive behavior in adolescence and in the trajectory of BPD is due to the interaction of the age factor with the main personality traits of BPD — impulsivity, affective instability, impaired identification, alexithymia and leading psychopathological syndromes. A high association of NSSI with suicidal activity was confirmed, and high suicidal risk for BPD was revealed not only in adolescence, but also after it has passed. The data obtained will contribute to the future study of autoagressive behavoir in personality disorder and for the creation of new therapeutic and social models of patients.

Risky or protective? Online social support’s impact on NSSI amongst Chinese youth experiencing stressful life events

BackgroundThis study was designed to investigate potential gender differences in the interrelations between different types of stressful life events and non-suicidal self injury (NSSI) among Chinese youth, as well as to test the direct and moderating impacts of online social support on Chinese students’ NSSI engagement under the pressure of different types of stressful life events.MethodsBased on the data of 2200 students from middle - highschools and universities in Northwestern China, gender difference (male/female binary) in stressful life events, online social support, NSSI and their correlations were analyzed in the study.ResultsAmong different types of stressful life events, male students were reported to experience a significantly higher impact of punishment and interpersonal relationship than females. Female students only experienced significantly higher learning pressure than males; Gender difference was not indentified in NSSI among youth; Stressful life events related to punishment could significantly predict NSSI engagement among males. Stressful life events related to learning pressures, interpersonal relationships, and adaption were significantly correlated to NSSI engagement among females; Online social support didn’t had a significant direct effect on youth’s NSSI, although it did significantly moderate the relationship between specific types of stressful life events (i.e., loss, interpersonal relationships, adaption among males and all types among females) and their NSSI.ConclusionThe present study has provided evidence of specified types of stressful life events being risk factors in affecting youth’s NSSI: For male students, the higher impacts of stressful life events related to punishment they experienced, the more likely they were about to engage in NSSI. For female students, stressful life events related to learning pressure, interpersonal relationships and adaption were all proved as significant predictors and risky factors of female youth’s NSSI; Online social support did not impact on individual’s NSSI engagement directly, but moderated it significantly as a protective factor.

1.1 Psychopathology of Nonsuicidal Self Injuries (NSSI) in Adolescents With and Without Suicide Intention: Differences Reported by Informants

1.1 Psychopathology of Nonsuicidal Self Injuries (NSSI) in Adolescents With and Without Suicide Intention: Differences Reported by Informants

Association of Dissociation with Suicide Attempt and Non-Suicidal Self Injury in Adolescents with a History of Sexual Abuse

Objective: Dissociative symptoms are considered risk factors for suicide and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). In this study, the relationship between suicidal behaviors and NSSI with dissociative symptoms in adolescents with a history of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) was investigated. Methods: A total of 100 adolescents with a history of CSA were evaluated with a detailed forensic psychiatric interview. Dissociative symptoms were measured with the self-report Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES) and the parent-reported Child Dissociative Checklist (CDC). Results: While dissociative symptoms did not differ between adolescents with and without suicide attempts (CDC; p = .068 and A-DES; p = .060), they were significantly higher in adolescents with non-suicidal self-harming behavior (CDC; p < .001 and A-DES; p = .001). Suicide attempts and NSSI were more common in those who reported genital touching as a type of sexual abuse (respectively, p = .003; p = .048). In regression analysis; history of psychiatric treatment (OR = 9.09 [95% CI = 1.52, 54.29]) and NSSI (OR = 8.18 [95% CI = 2.01, 33.23]) were independently associated with suicide attempts. In addition, parent-reported dissociative symptoms (CDC scores) (OR = 1.27 [95% CI = 1.06, 1.53] and suicide attempt (OR = 8.09 [95%CI = 1.96,33.42] showed independent association with NSSI. Conclusions: Dissociative symptoms may be predictive factors for NSSI and should be considered in risk assessment of adolescents with a history of CSA.

Non-suicidal Self Injury: An Entity in Need of Validation?

Non-suicidal Self Injury: An Entity in Need of Validation?

Dimensional Personality Traits and Non-suicidal Self Injury Among Emerging Adults: The Mediating Role of Mentalization

Dimensional Personality Traits and Non-suicidal Self Injury Among Emerging Adults: The Mediating Role of Mentalization

In Case You Haven't Heard…

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is comparing addiction to nonsuicidal self‐harm. A study by NIDA researchers is based not on clinical work but an analysis of the words used by posters on Reddit. Because many posters used language that indicate self‐injury shares characteristics with addiction — “craving” and calling their cutting or other self‐harm an “addiction” and talking about getting “clean,” for example — the researchers correctly assessed that the criteria used to diagnose substance use disorder and nonsuicidal self harm, could, theoretically, be similar. However, the study, published in the Journal of Behavioral Addictions, suggests that people with nonsuicidal self harm could be treated by the same methods used to treat addiction. “Non‐suicidal self‐injury is often private and hidden, and like substance use disorders, is highly stigmatized and can lead to significant harm if left undiagnosed and untreated,” said NIDA Director Nora Volkow, M.D., in a statement accompanying the release of the journal article. “Though this study alone does not demonstrate that self‐injury can necessarily be classified as an addiction, learning more about the addictive‐like behaviors of self‐harm will be crucial to improve our understanding and treatment of this condition.” About 17% of adolescents (and 6% of adults) engage in nonsuicidal self‐harm.

The efficacy of the narrative therapy emphasizing on innovative moments on cognitive emotion regulation in girls with nonsuicidal self injury

The efficacy of the narrative therapy emphasizing on innovative moments on cognitive emotion regulation in girls with nonsuicidal self injury

An Infographic Presenting the Types of Self-injurious Behaviours

To this day, there is immense confusion among clinicians and researchers on which behaviours fall under the rubric of self-injurious behaviours (SIBs) or on how to categorize them into meaningful groups (Simeon &amp; Favazza, 2001). It was not until 2013, that Non-Suicidal Self Injury (NSSI) Disorder was included in the DSM 5 and recognized as a unique clinical entity (Gratz et al., 2015). Even so, SIBs have numerous jargons where the word ‘self-harm’, though most frequently used, is often confused with other related behaviours. The most essential condition of self-injurious behaviour whether suicidal or non-suicidal is that the self-harm or potential for self-harm itself is a deliberate consequence of the behaviour. Thus, it is distinct from acts that are dangerous but not undertaken with the motivation to inflict harm on oneself such as driving fast or drinking excessively and behaviours that are culturally and socially sanctioned such as tattoos, piercings or religious rituals. The present infographic is an overview of SIBs. It especially focuses on the various types of NSSI, in the order of increasing lethality. The three NSSI groups presented are mild, moderate, and severe, placed based on tissue damage, followed by examples and exclusions. Though the lists are not exhaustive, the purpose was to help distinguish between the various types of SIBs. The infographic is based on existing literature and classification systems and is aimed at presenting a quick and simple understanding of SIBs, particularly NSSI, that can be of interest to clinicians, researchers, and the general population

“I Burn Myself to Get High”: A Case Report on how Pain can be an Addiction

<strong>Background:</strong> Authors have argued that engagement in Non-Suicidal Self Injurious (NSSI) involves addictive components similar to those of other behavioral or process addictions. The following elements of addiction have been accepted: (a) compulsivity, (b) loss of control (c) continued use of the substance or behavior despite adverse consequences. Authors have also discussed the role of tolerance in addictive behaviors and its connection to specific neurochemical processes, such as the endogenous opioid system (EOS). We present a case of a patient who showed addictive patterns to her NSSI. <strong>Methods:</strong> A case report, as well as a review of research and literature for Non-Suicidal Self Injury, was conducted. <strong>Result:</strong> Ms. X is a 24-year-old female with a history of Major Depressive Disorder admitted to the psychiatric unit for worsening suicidal ideation and self-injurious behavior. She was noted to have multiple tear drop burn scars on her forearms. According to her, these wounds are her way of “getting high”. She reported that she used to have severe anxiety and was using marijuana to cope. When she could not buy cannabis, she decided to burn her arm in frustration and has been burning her arms. She described the pain as “sharp and good. She expressed that the high that she experienced with the burning was “intense at first, then mellowed out and lasted long”. The patient was then stabilized on Lexapro, Vistaril, and was able to refrain from inflicting pain during her stay. The patient was discharged to outpatient addiction. The patient has not had any readmission since discharge. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compulsive behavior is preceded immediately by negative emotions and performed to alleviate negative emotions. Lack of control seems evident in such situations because acts of NSSI exceed the individual’s intentions or expectations. The DSM-5 diagnosis criteria of NSSI is that the individuals who self-injure continue to engage in NSSI despite adverse effects. Tolerance in self-injuring individuals’ experience of NSSI would provide an additional reason to classify NSSI as a process addiction. Endorphins contribute to the experience of analgesia and increase an individual’s sense of comfort and control or power. Engagement in NSSI may activate the EOS as a result of the experience of pain accompanying NSSI. Authors have further asserted that, as individuals who self-injure continue to activate the EOS to attain an intended result (e.g., improved mood), they may develop tolerance to the endorphins triggered by NSSI.