Non-state Institutions Research Articles

THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF NON-STATE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN UZBEKISTAN

There is a pressing need to delve into the theoretical foundations of financial management within non-state universities in Uzbekistan, especially given the growing role of private institutions in the country’s educational landscape. This article explores the key elements of financial management, providing updated insights into the practical, legal, and structural dimensions of financial administration in higher education-related non-governmental organizations. Additionally, it identifies the core mechanisms underpinning the financing of non-state universities in the Republic of Uzbekistan, offering a comparative analysis of financial strategies between state and non-state institutions. The findings offer a deeper understanding of how non-state higher education institutions (NSHEIs) can achieve financial sustainability, thereby contributing to the broader national development goals.

Legal regulation of the international activities of the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine

The article is devoted to highlighting the features of the normative and legal regulation of the international activities of the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine. The content of the concepts of «legal regulation» and «normative and legal regulation» is clarified, taking into account existing scientific approaches to their understanding. It is determined that normative and legal regulation is a part of legal regulation and focuses on influence through normative legal acts, whereas legal regulation includes a broader spectrum of tools and mechanisms of legal influence. It is concluded that normative and legal regulation is carried out exclusively through legal norms, the external expression of which is the sources of normative and legal regulation. The author analyzes the normative and legal framework that regulates international cooperation in the field of youth and sports, including the laws of Ukraine, decrees of the President of Ukraine, resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers, as well as international agreements ratified by Ukraine. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of implementation of international standards into national legislation, as well as the role of the Ministry of Youth and Sports in the formation and implementation of state policy in the relevant field. The main problems and challenges faced by the Ministry in the context of ensuring effective legal regulation of international activities are identified, and recommendations are provided for improving the normative and legal framework. Improvement of the legal framework and active participation in international projects will help Ukraine to achieve high standards in these fields. As a result of the study, the author concludes that cooperation between the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine and other state and non-state institutions involved in international activities is a prerequisite for the successful development of youth policy and sports in Ukraine. Improving the legal and regulatory framework for the international activities of the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine is a prerequisite for increasing the efficiency of its work, improving international cooperation and integrating Ukraine into the global sports movement.

International experience of partnership of private companies and special services in the interests of national security and its significance for Ukraine

The article is devoted to topical issues of national security. Its purpose is to justify the need to review approaches to the partnership of special services of Ukraine and private companies. The current state of threats to national security from the aggressor country is characterized within the scope of scientific research. Attention was drawn to the fact that after the attack of the Russian Federation on Ukraine, there were changes in the security paradigm and approaches to national security and the world system as a whole, and the need, in this connection, to find additional resources to counter the Russian Federation, to develop new effective models of organizing the activities of national special services by involving the potential and resources of non-state institutions in this activity. It was established that the effective partnership of special services and private enterprises in the interests of national security is a stable international practice, and in some cases, the only means of increasing the effectiveness of special services in conditions of shortage of personnel and resources, which meets the requirements of international and national legislation. The international experience of such a partnership is characterized using the examples of the “Griffin”, “ECSA – CERBERUS”, “ProtectUK” projects, as well as the activities of private intelligence and security companies. Prospective directions for strengthening the capabilities of Ukraine’s special services through partnership with private enterprises and their security structures are highlighted, including: creation of security platforms (educational and informational and communicative in nature); obtaining operationally significant information in the interests of ensuring state security both in the country and abroad, including its processing; assistance in the use of existing and development of new software products for the search and identification of persons who pose a threat to the state security of Ukraine, the recording of their criminal activities, etc.; carrying out analytical studies, summarizing a large array of data in the interests of national security; personnel training for work in modern conditions, including using the latest technologies. The need for clear legal regulation of the rights and obligations of the parties to such a partnership is emphasized.

African Migration at a Crossroads: The Social and Theoretical Implications of Emerging International Migration Trends

This study examines international migration trends in Africa since the mid-1960s. It argues that African international migration trends are at a turning point that could significantly affect the future of migration studies. New African immigrant communities are emerging in Asia, South America, and other world regions, while the influence of state and non-state institutions is increasing. Moreover, interstate migration in Africa is now more disconnected from the legacies of the continent's colonial labor migration systems. By 2050, Africa is also expected to have the world's largest population in the age-groups that typically have the highest probabilities of migration, while per-capita incomes will increase in ways that could reduce the costs of migration. Although Africa's influence on future migration research is likely to increase, progress in developing theories to examine its emerging trends has been limited. With few exceptions, studies on migration in Africa focus on theory application rather than theory building. New theoretical approaches are therefore needed to adequately situate Africa's emerging migration trends within the larger context of migration studies. The building blocks for developing these theories include decolonial approaches that highlight African perspectives and the integration of the substantive influences of future migration trends into theory-building processes.

Rethinking official statistics: A sociological perspective

Does the current dialogue on the development of statistical systems provide adequate scope for transforming official statistics to deliver their social role? Can statistical systems, as currently defined, provide opportunities to people and non-state institutions to influence “what” statistics and “how” should be produced and used? This paper provides a sociological framework to investigate these questions within a broader understanding of the social functions of official statistics as part of public statistics required for a democratic society.

When trusting the state is not enough: broader institutional trust and public support for energy transition policies

ABSTRACT Existing research shows that public attitudes toward climate policies reflect political trust. Support for some policies may reflect not only trust in the state and its institutions, narrowly defined, but also other institutions. In this paper, we show how a broader measure of institutional trust that includes the state but reaches beyond it matters for public opinion toward energy transition policies, including just transition policies assisting workers who lose their jobs because of new environmental policies. Using data from Iceland, we find that trust in both state and non-state institutions correlates with attitudes toward three key energy transition policies: taxation of fossil fuels, subsidies for renewable energy, and just transition support for workers. More narrowly defined political trust, in contrast, correlates only with attitudes towards taxes. These results suggest that support for climate action, including a just energy transition, reflects overarching trust towards different institutions, including but not limited to the state.

Regulatory and legal regulation of financing the activities of forensic institutions in the Russian Federation

The authors of the article, based on a comparative legal analysis of the system of sources of legal regulation of financing of forensic institutions, as well as domestic scientific literature, propose to “transfer: the signs of the system to the concept of a mechanism. Within the framework of the system analysis carried out, the authors of the article proceed from the definition of the system of financial and legal mechanisms for ensuring forensic expert activity as an object of public administration, which is a legal relationship regulated by the norms of law to achieve the set goals and objectives, the use of methods, tools and rules having monetary, organizational, accounting and control content. The article substantiates the need for an integrative approach to the definition of a system of financial and legal mechanisms for ensuring judicial expert activity as a single system subject to legal regulation. The authors propose to define the mechanism of financial support for the activities of a forensic expert institution/organization as a system of education from the norms and institutions of national law contained not only in regulatory legal acts relating to various branches of legislation, but also local acts of state and non-state institutions and organizations; legal and technical documents, among which should be mentioned instructional letters, regulations, methodological recommendations, technical standards, GOST standards, etc., as well as contracts of normative content that ensure international cooperation on forensic activities.

Categorizing Institutional Trust in South Korea: Evidence From the 2021 Social Integration Survey

What explains institutional trust in South Korea and to what extent does this differ across types of institutions? Existing research focuses on performance versus generalized social trust, but rarely evaluates types of state institutions or compares them with views on non-state institutions, making it unclear whether the same underlying factors shape perceptions. With data from South Korea's 2021 Social Integration Survey, I find stronger evidence of generalized social trust over performance measures, with variation across categories of institutions.

Система суб’єктів адміністративно-правового забезпечення кібербезпеки

This article analyzes the role of administrative bodies in ensuring cyber security from a legal and administrative perspective. The key functions and tasks they perform for effective management and protection of information resources and cyber infrastructure are considered, as well as the importance of the role of subjects of administrative and legal protection of cyber security in the formation of strategies and policies aimed at ensuring cyber security is highlighted, and their contribution to the creation of a secure and stable cyberspace. Aspects that contribute to a better understanding of the role of state structures in ensuring security in cyberspace and increasing their effectiveness in this direction are considered. The normative legal acts regulating the powers and functions of subjects of administrative and legal protection of cyber security are described, in particular the Law of Ukraine “On the Basics of Cyber Security of Ukraine”, as well as the impact of the administrative and legal protection of cyber security on the effectiveness of the protection of information resources and cyber infrastructure. It is characterized that the system of subjects of administrative and legal support for cyber security is an organic combination with a common goal of state and non-state institutions, as well as other subjects that participate in the implementation of measures aimed at ensuring cyber security. Proposed: development and implementation of relevant legislation; coordination of actions between various subjects, detailed and clear demarcation of the competence of state bodies that are subjects of cyber security; establishment of a mandatory certification system to assess and confirm the level of cyber security for all entities that are critical to infrastructure or national security; cooperation with the private sector and the public; developing cyber incident response plans and recovery programs after they occur to minimize damage and business interruptions.

Climate–change adaptations can raise cropping’s contribution to household income

ABSTRACT A two-stage fractional regression model is applied to 998 farm observations from Ghana to estimate how three climate-change adaptation practices influence the contribution of crop revenue to household income. The first stage, analysing land selection, shows that farmers in peri-urban areas who cultivate drought-tolerant varieties raise their crops on poor soils, but male farmers, who cultivate large farms and have access to inorganic fertiliser (on credit), have the benefit of fertile soils. The second-stage shows that crop substitution, use of drought-tolerant varieties, and variation in planting dates increase the contribution of crop revenue to household income. Therefore, public and non-state institutions should continue to invest in technology transferat the same time, addressing farm-level constraints on the adoption of proven agricultural innovations.

WAR AS A FACTOR OF TRANSFORMATION IN PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF UKRAINIANS

The purpose of the study was to identify transformations in the public consciousness of Ukrainians caused by Russian aggression, primarily its impact on their awareness of their own identity, the components of which are historical memory, self-definition in relation to one's own country and people, relations with other peoples and countries, basic values, on which social life is based. Methodology. An idea about the nature and depth of these transformations can be based on the analysis of empirical data, including the content of mass media and social networks. However, the most relevant in this sense are the data of sociological studies, which allow us to see the mentioned processes in dynamics, and therefore to draw conclusions about the presence of certain trends and formulate certain forecasts based on them. The article analyzes the results of sociological research conducted in August - September 2022 by the Democratic Initiatives Foundation, the sociological service of the Razumkov Center, and the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology. Results. They witnessed significant changes in the attitude of Ukrainians, in particular, to the historical past, iconic historical figures and recently influential non-state institutions. On a number of issues, traditional differences in assessments between residents of central and western Ukraine, on the one hand, and eastern and southern Ukraine, on the other, are observed. At the same time, the factors contributing to the unification of Ukrainian citizens around common values, such as state independence, Ukrainian citizenship, and the native country as a place where a person sees his future, have been identified. A certain consensus was also found regarding who is responsible for the war waged against Ukraine, and the nature of future relations with Russia and the Russian people.

My Numerous Detours – Toward Private Law as Society’s Constitution

Abstract The author responds in two ways to the contributions in this special issue dealing with aspects of his scholarly work. In his first, more general response, he traces the influences that various institutions and individuals exerted on him and were reflected in his work on private law theory. In retrospect, he understands both his many years abroad and his involvement with extra-legal disciplines, especially systems theory and sociology of law, as a search for the identity of private law in foreign legal systems as well as in foreign disciplines. At the end of this search stands the concept of societal constitutionalism. The author understands private law as society’s constitution, more precisely: as the legal constitution of the self-governance of a variety of social systems. In a second, more specific response, the author deals with some of the questions raised in the various contributions to the special issue. From the perspective of both sociology of law and legal doctrine, the author addresses problems of society’s constitution that arise, on the one hand, outside the borders of the nation-state in transnational political processes and, on the other hand, outside the institutionalized political sector, in the "private" sectors of world society. They revolve around the theoretical and practical potential of societal constitutionalism: how, in non-state institutions, the new power centers of society, particularly in the emerging socio-digital institutions, private law can set the normative conditions for fundamental rights, the rule of law, democratic participation, and, increasingly today, ecological sensibility.

National Projects as a tool for Implementing the Welfare State in Modern Russia

Introduction. A national project is a strategic plan for the development of the country in any specific area, adopted for a certain period, including target indicators, tasks necessary for implementation to achieve them, designation of methods and means of achieving goals, implying financing in the required amount. In Russian political practice, national projects in their content are primarily related to social policy. National projects in modern Russia can be considered as a tool for implementing the policy of the welfare state.Methodology and sources. The author used foreign and Russian theories of the welfare state and legal acts of the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the study was: the theory of social representations by S. Moscovici, namely the idea that representations are a specific way of understanding and communication, which creates reality and common sense; modern theories of public administration efficiency. The empirical basis was data from sociological surveys and official statistics.Results and discussion. The current results of the implementation of national projects are considered within the framework of compliance with the following components of the welfare state: creating a comfortable social environment; creating conditions and opportunities for self-realization and revealing the talent of each person; the emergence of incentives for the creation and functioning of non-state institutions aimed at improving the quality of life of citizens.Conclusion. National projects in the near future can be considered as potential opportunities for overcoming a number of difficulties and social problems within the framework of the socio-economic development of Russia, and thereby ensuring the strengthening of the welfare state.

The role of state and non-state institutions in the formation of regulatory paradigms in the international business environment

The role of state and non-state institutions in the formation of regulatory paradigms in the international business environment

Space of Belonging: Engaging the State in Borneo

The Penan argue that their rights and attachment to the land are more than the mere felling of trees to open up land areas for cultivation to create native customary rights land. Their relationship with the landscape have turned hilltops and depressions between two connecting hills into campsites, thus giving these spaces a sense of residence. Their relationship with their rivers and streams is reflected through the naming of these tributary systems, names that are imbued with rooted histories and events narrated over generations. This paper provides an overview on how the Penan constantly navigate the values governing their ever-changing landscapes brought by external forces. In doing so, it charts the history of Penan struggles with state policies, logging activities, and how they assert their rights to their landscape by engaging with not only the state but also environmental and human rights activists, international non-governmental organisations, and other local grassroots organisations. Engagements with these state and non-state institutions and organisations have enabled the Penan to articulate their identities and rights to their resources. Based on these engagements, this paper argues that the Penan rights and way of life is closely related to particular spaces in the landscape, their space of belonging.

The Importance of Soft Power in Türkiye’s Foreign Policy in 2002-2022

After a difficult path of criticism and justification, the concept of soft power has found its place in the international academic environment and has given a new breath and creative motivation to important scientific research in the field of international relations, which aims to create new concepts that can respond to the challenges of the modern world order. Along with the world powers, this concept was thoroughly taken up by Türkiye, which had the historical, cultural and geographical resources to put it into practice. A large number of neighbors and a complicated history of relations force Ankara not only to rely on traditional ways of diplomacy, but also to find other forms for the successful realization of its foreign policy interests. Compared to Turkish foreign policy before 2002, Türkiye’s soft power has increased significantly since the Justice and Development Party came to power and has become one of the priorities of its foreign policy strategy. It is important to emphasize that state and non-state institutions, which are the main instruments of this policy, do not compete with each other but successfully complement each other. Türkiye has ambitiously sought to create its own original model of “soft power,” with an emphasis on historical heritage and cultural commonality. Türkiye’s toolkit for realizing its soft power is quite extensive. Türkiye adopts the best practices of leading international actors and actively implements its own approaches and understandings with a focus on culture, state and non-state organizations, and education policy. In this context, soft power policy for Türkiye has proven to be very viable and attractive. Türkiye’s soft power potential, which has been successfully manifested from the Balkans and the Middle East to the Caucasus and Central Asia, has serious cultural and historical foundations and contributes to the promotion of Turkish interests in areas of special interest. Over the past two decades, Türkiye’s soft power policy, which is based on historical-cultural and religious traditions, geographical and economic resources, has become one of the main directions of its foreign policy.

‘Daisyfield in the crucible’: Afrikaners, education and poor whites in Southern Rhodesia, 1911–1948

ABSTRACT This article examines the history of Daisyfield School, an Afrikaner children's orphanage and school in Southern Rhodesia. The existence of an Afrikaner school in a self-consciously British settler colony represented a distinctive settler project within the settler state, one supported by the school’s transnational connections and one whose aims often conflicted with the state. These aims centred around the rehabilitation of poor white children, and we demonstrate how non-state institutions engaged in far-reaching interventions into the lives of children identified as poor whites. We also show how the children who were recipients of this treatment could resist it by crossing social and geographical boundaries. Challenges to Daisyfield’s regime produced a kind of solidarity between the school and state to suppress this challenge as the existence of poor whites threatened racial boundaries in the colony.

The concept and essence of the institutional capacity of Ukraine’s judicial system

Introduction. Current state-building and law-making processes as well as Ukraine’s European integration course substantiate the need for further research into the issues of the institutional capacity of the judicial system of Ukraine, in particular, the determination of its essence, features, ways of formation, etc. The above issue has not been in the focus of theoretical and legal attention in legal science yet. In domestic scientific sources, the problems of the institutional capacity of the judicial system of Ukraine are considered somewhat fragmentarily, which does not contribute to the formation of unified scientific approaches and their practical solution. The purpose of the paper is to determine the content and essence of the institutional capacity of the judicial system of Ukraine based on the analysis of current domestic legislation, international legal acts, and lawyers’ opinions. Results. It is noted that in modern science there is a pluralism of approaches to determining the essence of institutional capacity. The issues related to institutional capacity are studied in terms of the state, certain state and non-state institutions, public associations, etc. Therefore, taking into account the wide range of aspects covered by the concept of institutional capacity, its content can be most fully revealed only in a certain practical context, which also concerns the issue of the institutional capacity of the judicial system. It is determined that the institutional capacity of the judicial system of Ukraine is its ability to perform its functions effectively and transparently by ensuring the appropriate level of regulatory compliance, as well as structural, organizational, personnel and technical systems, processes and resources. The elements of the institutional capacity of the judicial system of Ukraine include its structural construction, legislative and regulatory support, financial resources, personnel support, organizational autonomy of courts and independence of judges, cooperation between judicial bodies and external relations, management systems and practices, leadership and judicial administration, training and maintaining the qualifications of both judges and court staff, judicial self-government, implementation of the latest techniques and technologies, etc. Conclusion. An institution with a sufficiently high level of institutional capacity will ensure the appropriate level of efficiency and effectiveness of its own activities. The institutional capacity of the judicial system of Ukraine includes a certain set of elements and features that ensure its effective operation and allow achieving the purpose of the existence of this institution.

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of schizotypal disorder in children and adolescents according to the Moscow psychiatric service

BACKGROUND: Given the significant increase in the number of children and adolescents diagnosed with schizotypal disorder and the simultaneous decrease in the incidence of schizophrenia in recent years, studying possible causes of the tendency and provision of psychiatric care to these patients is necessary. AIMS: To analyze the frequency of schizotypal disorder (F21) in children and adolescents and study the correspondence of diagnosis with the ICD-10 criteria and changes in accordance with disease dynamics to improve the continuity of psychiatric care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study analyzed data of patients who underwent examination and treatment at Sukhareva Scientific and Practical Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health between 1999 and 2019, and the inpatient and outpatient records of the center and outpatient records of psychoneurological clinics at the place of patients residence were analyzed. RESULTS: The number of patients diagnosed with F21 schizotypal disorder increased along with the general increase in the number of patients (2812 people in 1999 and 5675 in 2019). They account for nearly half (48.3%) of the patients with diagnoses related to the schizophrenia spectrum (F2 schizophrenia and schizotypal and delusional disorders). Moreover, 71.2% of patients with F21 were diagnosed with F21.8 (schizotypal personality disorder). The number of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia decreased threefold, and the number of patients diagnosed with schizotypal disorder increased six-fold. Among those discharged with F21.8 diagnosis excluding rehospitalizations, 527 patients were selected for the clinical and follow-up study. After the exclusion of patients for various reasons, the patient cohort consisted of 139 patients who had been regularly followed up at psychoneurological clinics. The diagnoses with F2 code remained in 96% of 139 patients included in the cohort for the follow-up study, and only five patients had other disease codes. The diagnosis of schizotypal disorder (F21) persisted in 89 patients (64%). CONCLUSION: The decrease in schizophrenia diagnoses and the increase in the diagnosis of schizotypal disorders in children and adolescents, as revealed in the clinical and epidemiological study of ICD-10 use in 20 years, require further in-depth studies of the possible causes of this transformation. In light of the forthcoming adaptation of ICD-11, unified and clear criteria must be developed for schizotypal disorders, and a common understanding of their nosological affiliation is needed to develop more advanced approaches to diagnosis. The organization of psychiatric care provision must be improved to ensure the continuity of inpatient and outpatient care, including non-state institutions.

Developing a system of assistance to war refugees from Ukraine in Poland from the perspective of the experience of participants in the process

Due to the scale, dynamics and structure of the influx of war refugees from Ukraine to Poland in the first weeks of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the Polish state and society faced tasks beyond the world’s previous experience in granting protection to foreigners. Nevertheless, an inclusive model of migrant’s protection was quickly developed, combining formal and informal means of assistance from multiple state and non-state institutions and citizens into an effective way of dealing with the migrant’s crisis. The following article contains an analysis of the formation process of the Ukraine war migrant’s protection model in Poand and its characteristic features, as well as the political, social and cultural context of its implementation in the public and non-public aid system. The results showcase the particular value of citizen involvement in the process for the efficiency of the public assistance system. Additionally, potential opportunities to use the Polish experience in other countries offering protection to migrants are estimated, alongside a summary of strong and weak points of the Polish migrants reception system.