Non-standard Characters Research Articles

Method of controlling the volume of combustion products at different boiler loads

Purpose. Development of a method for controlling the volume of combustion products at different load of boiler equipment. Achieving the objective may allow controlling the flue gas temperature and, consequently, the efficiency to increase it. Methodology. Control of the flue gas volume value on the basis of determining the appropriate composition of the fuel gas mixture. Findings. The effect of flue gas temperature increase at use of fuel gases of lower calorific value and increase in ballast gases quantity is revealed. The latter can be the air used as an oxidising agent at its considerable excess. The mechanism of such an effect due to the increase in the quantity and velocity of flue gases is suggested. A parameter determining the volume of flue gases produced per unit calorific value of various fuel gases is proposed. On the basis of this parameter the method for calculating the composition of the mixture of different gases to ensure the constancy of the flue gas volume at variable load is proposed Originality. On the example of the results of verification thermal calculation the change in flue gas temperature and efficiency value is considered. The non-standard character of their change is revealed. In contrast to the case of using fuel gas of constant composition with increasing load, the temperature of flue gases remained close to constant, and the value of efficiency increased. Practical value. The obtained results indicate the possibility of controlling the flue gas temperature and boiler efficiency at a given load. This allows one, unlike the case of using fuel gas of constant composition, to increase the efficiency exactly at maximum load avoiding getting into the condensate mode at minimum load. There is a possibility to save fossil gas and, consequently, to reduce the greenhouse share in CO2 emissions.

The Coruña corpus tool: Ten years on

In this paper we provide a brief introduction to a new version of the Coruna Corpus Tool. Currently available for Windows, macOS and Linux, the Coruna Corpus Tool is a corpus management tool that facilitates the retrieval of information from an indexed textual repository. Although it works like most concordance programs, its distinguishing feature is that it allows users to search for old or non-standard characters and tags in texts and metadata files, as well as to extract and export specific data for the purposes of research. With a new set of advanced search features and other recent improvements, researchers now have access to functionalities that significantly enhance the previous user experience.

Bluebook Fail: Data Mining of Texas Appellate Briefs Reveals a Non-Uniform System of Case Law Citation

In theory, Texas attorneys’ practice of citing legal authority is governed by The Bluebook and the Texas-specific Greenbook. In practice, their case law citations are anything but uniform — at least when it comes to newly-released Texas Supreme Court decisions for which a __ S.W.3d __ volume and page number is not yet available. That is the conclusion of this modest-scope citation-mining study of recent appellate briefing (N=162), which identified several dozen different citation formats for the very same case. On April 26, 2019, the Texas Supreme Court handed down a broadly-sweeping opinion in a commercial lease dispute that establishes the method by which the reasonableness and necessity of attorney’s fees is to be determined in cases in which a contract or a statute authorizes the shifting of liability for fees to the opposing party. The opinion was not published in the South Western Reporter until a few months later. In the meantime, Texas attorneys had occasion to cite the new state supreme court precedent more than a hundred times in briefing in the fourteen intermediate courts of appeal and in the Texas Supreme Court itself, as well as in the much higher number of cases winding their way through the hundreds of trial courts around the state. A systematic examination of the corpus of appellate briefing e-filed over the course of a seven-month period following the release of the SCOTX opinion reveals a surprising lack of uniformity in how Texas appellate attorneys have been citing a key precedential case in the high court’s evolving jurisprudence concerning attorney's fees in fee-shifting cases. There are marked differences with respect to the case identifiers that are provided in the citation (official appellate docket number, Westlaw cite, Lexis cite, Tex. Sup. Ct. J. cite) and in what combinations; there is variation in the use of spaces, punctuation, and abbreviations, and there are even two distinct case styles for the very same case: Rohrmoos Venture v. UTSW DVA HEALTHCARE, LLP, and Venture v. UTSW DVA HEALTHCARE, LLP. In addition to alternate citation styles that conform with the Bluebook and the Greenbook, there are instances of citation strings that contain typographical and substantive factual errors, such as a misspelled or incomplete party name, and a wrong opinion release date. While the heterogeneity in citation formats may not have much impact on the persuasiveness and effectiveness of the advocacy, it creates problems for machine-reading and machine-processing of the corpus of appellate briefs, and therefore affects the quality of empirical studies of citation frequency, citation patterns, and citation networks. Inconsistent citation practices also impede comprehensive search for citing documents because text processing software may fail to recognize — and may thus fail to process — nonstandard and outright erroneous citations. When such programs miss what would otherwise be qualifying instances of citations to a particular legal precedent in the legal corpus because of a nonstandard character string or inconsistent syntax, the quality of the compiled indexes, and of search results generated with them, will be adversely affected. The same applies for citators and citation studies that aim at comprehensive coverage. The obvious policy prescription flowing from the empirical results of this study is that the Texas Supreme Court should use its rulemaking authority to standardize the citation format for recently released opinions, for which a Southwestern cite is not yet available. At the minimum, the Court could mandate the inclusion of the official appellate case number and the opinion release date in such citations. Such basic case metadata will then be sufficient to locate the opinion corresponding to the case cite on the website of the Texas judiciary. Routine inclusion of the official docket number in Texas case law citations will facilitate universal public access to the cited legal authority irrespective of whether a user is a Westlaw or Lexis subscriber, and can also be used to search for a case on Google Scholar and other open-access legal resources on the Internet.

Система автоматической идентификации транспортного средства с использованием матричного QR-кода

The article discusses a new method of automatic vehicle identification system (AVIS) based on the developed system of vehicle traffic control using matrix QR-code, which solves the problem of segmentation of license plates and signs of different formats (signs of the QR-code type with a different number of characters). The system has been created in order to recognize segmented characters from the same input sets that have the same size without overlapping letters and sets of numbers. It is proposed to apply a method for recognizing non-standard characters, based on the use of a mixed pattern method, the degree of compliance. Based on testing of 100 samples of templates and signs, experiments and images taken in real conditions of vehicle operation, it can be stated, that this method provides a recognition accuracy of 80.4%., for the mixed pattern method, it takes 1.7 seconds, and for the compliance templates it takes 0.75 second to perform the recognition operation when determining the adequacy of the application of the mixed method.

Sign-Pragmem as a Semiotic Dominant of the Axiological Field

The study tested the semiotic approach to the system of evaluation marks allocated on the basis of pragmatic function. Traditional triad - semantics, syntactics, pragmatics - is accompanied by sigmatech as a branch of semiotics, determining the relationship between sign and object, which has not been properly studied yet. The system of evaluation of signs - function, connotation, pragmem, their functional and semantic differences are described through the prism of the semantic structure of the word influenced by the pragmatic function. Non-standard character of pragmatic mark is denotative-significative, expressing the nature convoluted judgment is focused on the subject of speech and its axiological intentions. The article demonstrates semantic, syntactic and pragmatic nature of Prameny sign evaluation with special feaches of its semiotic nature. Three types of evaluation signs - functions, connotations, pragmem -are compared and the role of pragmem in the system is defined. The leading role of pragmem in the axiological fragment of the linguistic picture of the world is determined.

Unpacking and describing interaction on Chinese WeChat: A methodological approach

WeChat is a popular social media application developed in China and designed for the mobile phone. Users may send and receive messages in a variety of systems, including text, emoji, gif files, pictures, and audio messages. They may create messages in one or more languages and scripts, and may interact asynchronously, or synchronously. We examined data in the form of messages shared using the synchronous chat function of WeChat. Our analysis demonstrates both how WeChat as a technology and Chinese as a language, afford novel and creative ways to construct messages and interactions: users may write messages with Chinese characters in standard or nonstandard forms, including vernacular Cantonese; they may purposefully select non-standard characters to key and accent messages. This study unpacks new forms of online data and demonstrates new methods of social action.

SINTAKSIČKO–SEMANTIČKA ANALIZA KONSTRUKCIJE ZA + INFINITIV I NJENE PRAGMATIČKE IMPLIKACIJE

U radu se analiziraju semantičke osobenosti i sintaksička pozicija supstandardne konstrukcije za + infinitiv, kao i vanjezički faktori koji uslovljavaju njenu diskursno razuđenu upotrebu i tendenciju širenja. U okviru strukturne forme koju predloški infinitiv čini s upravnom rečju razmatraju se značenjske kategorije koje se ovom konstrukcijom iskazuju, pri čemu se postupkom komponentne i kolokacijske metode identifikuju značenjska obeležja leksema u datom spoju. S obzirom na karakter predloškog infinitiva, posmatraju se njegovi semantički i strukturni ekvivalenti, kao i moguća nepoklapanja u pogledu sinonimičnosti ovih konkurentnih sredstava. Istraživanje se vrši sa ciljem da se sagledaju frekventni registri u kojima se javlja ova konstrukcija kao komplement i da se utvrde razlozi njene upotrebe, što će rezultirati inventarom morfosintaksičkih jedinica u poziciji upravne reči.

The Role and Importance of the Options as a Unstandardized Financial Derivatives

The financial derivatives are financial instruments, that are recently created, and whose main application is to be used as a tool for managing financial derivatives. The most significant financial derivatives are options, that are mostly used for their flexible and non-standard character. Options, and the other financial derivatives, as well, are instruments that are derived from some other financial instruments, that makes them more complicated from one hand, and more risky, from the other hand. Their role is very important for the developing the financial system, and generating economic growth. The subject of research in this paper is the options as a unstandardized financial derivatives, and their basic characteristics and usage in developed, and developing countries. The prime goal is to research the importance of these derivatives in developing countries, with basic focus in the Republic of Macedonia. The results from these paper should suggest if the options are crutial for the developing the Macedonian financial markets.

Derivatives on Regional Commodity Exchanges

Classic commodity derivatives, i.e. futures, forward and options contracts have been in existence for a long time. However, 1970s have become a kind of turning point in evolution of derivatives applications as well as in financial engineering, too. At that time standard options pricing models were carried out and options were introduced to organised exchanges. Basics for a future market of exotic options were forming simultaneously. Exotics are the options that regard individual preferences of investors. In the next years the assortment of exotic options has been consequently evolving and investors started to notice possible benefits connected with their employment. The most important of the benefits are: a lower price and non-standard character. Very often exotic options are relatively inexpensive when compared to a linear combination of vanilla options. They are also very flexible. This means that if an instrument satisfying investors’ needs does not exist, it can always be “financially engineered”. That is not always possible when using only standard options. In the world, exotic options are generally traded on over-the-counter markets, although in the United States the most standard of exotics: barrier and lookback options have been introduced also to formal markets. In 1990 in Poland in consequence of political changes some commodity exchanges were founded. At the beginning, only cash transactions took place on all AESTIMUM 43, dicembre 2003: 25-32

Digitizing a Dictionary of Medieval Irish: the eDIL Project

The Centre for Irish and Celtic Studies at the University of Ulster is currently producing a digital dictionary of medieval Irish (eDIL) based on the standard Dictionary of the Irish Language published by the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. This paper addresses some of the problems encountered in the digitization process, including data capture, processing non-standard characters, modifications to the TEI guidelines, automatic generation of tags, and the establishment of a lexical view while preserving the original format of the paper dictionary.

The That’s X is Y Construction as an Information-Structure Amalgam

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Imported Mirrors of 2000 Years Ago: Yayoi Kings and Inscription Band Mirrors with Non-Standard Characters

Imported Mirrors of 2000 Years Ago: Yayoi Kings and Inscription Band Mirrors with Non-Standard Characters

A complete system for barcode generation on the HP-41CX hand-held computer using a standard thermal printer

One of the unique features of the HP-41C hand-held computer is its ability to read program code and alphanumeric data in the form of printed barcode. This greatly facilitates the dissemination of medical software and data used by this system. Initially, the ability to generate HP-41 barcode was restricted to a few centers in possession of specialized microcomputer equipment, and more recently to users able to either obtain a plotter read-only memory (ROM) module and HP7400 series plotter, or a dot-matrix impact printer, for which a special interface was then required. This paper presents a set of twenty programs which allows all nine types of HP-41C barcode to be generated using an HP-41CX, the commonly encountered 82162A thermal printer, an HP-IL ROM, and the plotter ROM. The package includes a number of input/output routines which are of general utility. Complete barcode listings, generated by the system itself, allow complete installation of the system without use of the keyboard. ‘Synthetic programming’ code permits the use of helpful nonstandard characters in the display and allows that part of the system which is concerned with generating program barcode to run in extended memory, freeing main memory (RAM) to hold a large program. This system should make the generation of barcode much more widely available.

Computational Linguistics: Graphical input/output of nonstandard characters

A system developed at Harvard for graphically inputting and outputting nonstandard characters on a computer is printed. In principle, the system can deal with any orthography, although at present it is limited to 4000 Chinese characters and some mathematical symbols. New characters can be added to the repertoire of the system by graphical input on a display scope. Text inputting is accomplished via a display scope or a Rand Tablet. The organization and operation of the current system are described, and a discussion of the relative merits of such a system is given. Illustrations of the computer input and output of Chinese characters are included.