Non-social Activities Research Articles

A Greater Variety of Social Activities Is Associated With Lower Mortality Risk.

More frequent engagement in social activity is often associated with better physical health outcomes. Yet, less is known about whether engagement in a greater variety of social activities such as a mix of volunteering and attending club meetings (social activity variety) is important for health. The current study assessed whether social activity variety relates to mortality risk after adjusting for social activity frequency, nonsocial activity frequency and variety, and sociodemographic covariates, and how this relationship varies depending on age. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we included 5,017 adults aged 51 and older who completed questions about social activity participation in 2008 and whose mortality status was recorded up to 2019. We also examined whether age moderated the relationship between social activity variety and mortality risk. Cox proportional hazard model analyses revealed that those with higher activity variety in social activities were more likely to survive over the following 11 years than those with low social activity variety. Moreover, age moderation indicated that the association between social activity variety with mortality risk was stronger among the oldest adults. Findings suggest that a greater variety of social activities is linked to mortality risk even after adjusting for social activity frequency, nonsocial activities, and health status across adulthood.

Having a chat and then watching a movie: how social interaction synchronises our brains during co-watching.

How does co-presence change our neural experience of the world? Can a conversation change how we synchronise with our partner during later events? Using fNIRS hyperscanning, we measured brain activity from 27 pairs of familiar adults simultaneously over frontal, temporal and parietal regions bilaterally, as they co-watched two different episodes of a short cartoon. In-between the two episodes, each pair engaged in a face-to-face conversation on topics unrelated to the cartoon episodes. Brain synchrony was calculated using wavelet transform coherence and computed separately for real pairs and shuffled pseudo) pairs. Findings reveal that real pairs showed increased brain synchrony over right Dorso-Lateral Pre-Frontal cortex (DLPFC) and right Superior Parietal Lobe (SPL), compared to pseudo pairs (who had never seen each other and watched the same movie at different times; uncorrected for multiple comparisons). In addition, co-watching after a conversation was associated with greater synchrony over right TPJ compared to co-watching before a conversation, and this effect was significantly higher in real pairs (who engaged in conversation with each other) compared to pseudo pairs (who had a conversation with someone else; uncorrected for multiple comparisons). The present study has shed the light on the role of social interaction in modulating brain synchrony across people not just during social interaction, but even for subsequent non-social activities. These results have implications in the growing domain of naturalistic neuroimaging and interactive neuroscience.

Older adults’ attitudes and motivations towards learning about personal dementia risk and their willingness to make changes to improve their health in primary care settings

ABSTRACT Objective This study assessed older adults’ preferences, attitudes, and motivations to understand and change their individual risk for developing dementia via screening in primary care settings. Method Eighty-six community-dwelling older adults (aged 60–91 years, M = 74.03, SD = 6.83) completed measures of behavioural intent to undergo dementia risk screening, response efficacy (i.e., belief that screening is useful), negative affective responses (e.g., risk screening results making individuals more scared about the future), motivation to change risk-related behaviours, level of social support, depression, and anxiety symptomatology. Results Overall, participants reported positive attitudes towards dementia risk screening and risk reduction. Two ordinal logistic regressions indicated that response efficacy was a significant predictor of behavioural intent to undergo dementia risk screening, whereas self-efficacy and family history of dementia were significant predictors of motivation to change risk-related behaviours. Barriers included lack of information, motivation, and self-control. Facilitators included access to formal and informal supports, and engagement with social and non-social activities. Conclusions Dementia risk screening and risk reduction in primary care may be more desirable for those with a family history of dementia, high response efficacy, and high self-efficacy. Addressing barriers such as lack of information, motivation, and self-control may improve older adults’ engagement with dementia risk reduction.

Prevalence and associated factors of cognitive frailty in community-dwelling older adults: Results from the Korean longitudinal study of aging.

Cognitive frailty, a condition characterized by physical frailty with cognitive impairment, is emerging as a determinant of adverse health outcomes in older adults. However, its prevalence and correlation with associated factors are unknown in the aging population of Korea. To estimate the prevalence of cognitive frailty and identify factors associated with it among older Korean adults. A secondary analysis was performed using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging seventh survey dataset collected in 2018. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between cognitive frailty and demographic, psychosocial, oral health and physical function factors. Individuals aged ≥65 years and without dementia were included (N = 1024). Participants were classified into four groups based on the presence or absence of physical frailty and mild cognitive impairment. This article is executed in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. The prevalence of cognitive frailty in the study sample was 11.2%. The results of multinomial logistic regression showed that advanced age, being female, lower education levels, heart disease, arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, underweight, depression, non-social activity, poor oral health and functional limitation were significantly associated with cognitive frailty. Cognitive frailty is prevalent among community-dwelling older adults in Korea. The findings provide primary care providers with insights about effective strategies for identifying at-risk individuals and will guide the development of population-level interventions to prevent or delay the onset of physical frailty and cognitive impairment in older adults. The findings provide practical information to healthcare providers for identifying cognitive frailty in older adults. The risk factors of cognitive frailty, such as psychosocial, oral health, and physical function factors, should be thoroughly monitored for older adults. Health personnel working in primary care have a critical role in identifying risk and beneficial factors and promoting preventative strategies that enhance health outcomes.

Sex differences in cognitive function among Chinese older adults using data from the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey: a cross-sectional study.

To compare the sex differences in cognitive function and its influencing factors among Chinese older adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study by using data from the China Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). According to the 32 provinces and 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government of China, 3-5 counties or districts were randomly selected in each province or city (except Tibet), and then 1-3 villages or streets were randomly selected in each county or district, from which the target population was sampled. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess the cognitive function of 9,262 older adults aged 65 and above in China. Descriptive analysis was applied to demonstrate the participants' demographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, social and non-social activity, disease status, mental and sleep condition. And then, univariate and multifactor analyses were performed to validate different risk factors for cognitive function, respectively in the general population, male older adults and female older adults. The older adults with cognitive impairment accounted for 10.4% of the total population. There are significant differences in cognitive function between male and female older adults. The odds of cognitive impairment in older adult women was 1.291 times that of older adult men (OR = 1.291, 95%CI: 1.084-1.538). Among the male older adults, those who were older, highly educated, spouseless, had depressive symptoms, and lacked social activities were more likely to have cognitive impairment, whereas among the female older adults, those who were older, highly educated, and lacked social activities were more likely to have cognitive impairment. Overall, there are subtle differences in potential influencing factors for cognitive function between the male older adults and female older adults. Attention should be paid to the different cognitive protection measures for the older adults with different sexes.

Social Media, Unsocial Distraction? Testing the Associations between Preadolescents’ SNS Use and Belonging via Two Pathways

ABSTRACT The goal of the present study was to examine the social repercussions of preadolescents’ SNS use by testing two differential pathways regarding the role of technology in interpersonal relationships. Specifically, we expected preadolescents’ social media use to be associated with heightened self-disclosure, which we then predicted to relate to increased feelings of belonging to their friends. At the same time, we investigated whether such use would also hinder real-life peer interactions, thus constituting a negative indirect association with preadolescents’ belonging. We examined both pathways for overall usage of SNS platforms as well as use specifically directed at communication-oriented activities, and SNS use that was nonsocial in nature. Results from a cross-sectional survey (n = 367/489, Mage = 10.94, SDage = 0.85, 52.4% girls) showed that social media played a predominantly beneficial role in the social lives of preadolescents: both overall and socially-oriented SNS use were positively and indirectly related to belonging through shared time with friends. Gender moderated the association between specific SNS activities and self-disclosure, however, such that social activities were positively related to self-disclosure for boys, but not for girls. Conversely, nonsocial activities were negatively related to girls’ self-disclosure.

Exploring the Relationship between Social Surrogate Use and Depressive Symptoms

Gabriel and her colleagues suggested that humans are flexible in fulfilling their social needs by engaging in seemingly nonsocial activities, supporting a view of humans as primarily and inextricably social beings (Gabriel et al., 2016). Although previous work has illustrated that social surrogate use is associated with some specific personality traits, little work has explored whether characteristics related to depression can promote social surrogate use. Our project collected data from 217 people from China using a comprehensive questionnaire that investigated personal health and some personality traits. Using various analytical strategies, we found that depression is positively associated with social surrogate use. Although we did not find that this association is mediated by (increased) loneliness, social isolation, rejection sensitivity, and insecure attachment, anthropomorphic tendency significantly influences the time of social surrogate use.

A week during COVID-19: Online social interactions are associated with greater connection and more stress

Who thrives while socially distancing? In this exploratory study, we polled over 500 participants from the United States on April 8, 2020—during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic when the practice of social distancing was at its peak. Above and beyond other social and nonsocial activities, living arrangements, employment circumstances, personality traits, and demographics, people who spent more time interacting with close others—in person or online—felt more socially connected. In contrast, people who spent more time interacting with weak ties, specifically online, experienced greater negative affect, more stress, and lower social connectedness. In sum, much like in-person interactions, online social interactions with strong ties are associated with higher well-being, but online interactions with weak ties are related to lower well-being.

Meal-time Smartphone Use in an Obesogenic Environment: Two Longitudinal Observational Studies.

BackgroundDespite a large volume of research on the impact of other digital screens (eg, televisions) on eating behavior, little is known about the nature and impact of mealtime smartphone use.ObjectiveWe investigated how smartphones are used in everyday meals, whether phone users differ according to mealtime phone use patterns, and whether specific phone functions (particularly food photography) would affect the amount and enjoyment of food eaten.MethodsAcross 2 studies, we used the experience sampling method to track 1780 meals in situ. In study 1, a total 137 young adults reported on their mealtime smartphone use 3 times per day over 7 consecutive days. This corresponded to each main meal, with participants recording whether they used their phones and what phone functions they engaged in while eating. In study 2, a total of 71 young adults were similarly tracked for 3 meals per day over 7 days. Across the week, participants’ meals were randomized to 1 of 3 smartphone conditions: food photography while eating, nonfood photography while eating, or no phone use. As the outcome measures, participants reported on the amount and enjoyment of food they ate.ResultsDuring the week-long tracking, most participants (110/129, 85.3%) recorded at least one instance of mealtime smartphone use, with an average frequency of 1 in 3 meals where phones were used (27.1%; 95% CI 23.6-30.6). Unlike traditional digital screens, mealtime phone use encompassed a wide range of social and nonsocial activities. Further, specific forms of phone use behaviors influenced food intake in different ways. Specifically, in study 2, participants showed the typical pattern of increased food intake across the day when they engaged in nonfood photography during a meal (P<.001); however, this pattern was disrupted when they engaged in food photography (P=.73).ConclusionsOur findings underscore the prevalence and multifaceted nature of mealtime phone use, distinguishing mobile phones from traditional forms of digital screens.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03299075; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03299075 and ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03346785; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03346785

Emotion recognition impairments and social well-being following right-hemisphere stroke

ABSTRACT Accurately recognizing and responding to the emotions of others is essential for proper social communication and helps bind strong relationships that are particularly important for stroke survivors. Emotion recognition typically engages cortical areas that are predominantly right-lateralized including superior temporal and inferior frontal gyri – regions frequently impacted by right-hemisphere stroke. Since prior work already links right-hemisphere stroke to deficits in emotion recognition, this research aims to extend these findings to determine whether impaired emotion recognition after right-hemisphere stroke is associated with worse social well-being outcomes. Eighteen right-hemisphere stroke patients (≥6 months post-stroke) and 21 neurologically healthy controls completed a multimodal emotion recognition test (Geneva Emotion Recognition Test – Short) and reported engagement in social/non-social activities and levels of social support. Right-hemisphere stroke was associated with worse emotion recognition accuracy, though not all patients exhibited impairment. In line with hypotheses, emotion recognition impairments were associated with greater loss of social activities after stroke, an effect that could not be attributed to stroke severity or loss of non-social activities. Impairments were also linked to reduced patient-reported social support. Results implicate emotion recognition difficulties as a potential antecedent of social withdrawal after stroke and warrant future research to test emotion recognition training post-stroke.

The everyday lives of in- and outpatients when beginning therapy: The importance of values-consistent behavior

Background/ObjectiveThe manifestation of functional impairment in patients’ daily lives and interference with things they value is poorly understood. If values are compromised in patients, as theory suggests, social contexts (and the lack thereof) are especially important – though this is currently unexplored. We therefore examined whether daily values-consistent behavior was associated with the importance of a value and whether it involved social or non-social activity. MethodUsing Event Sampling Methodology, we examined daily values-consistent behavior in 57 transdiagnostic inpatients and 43 transdiagnostic outpatients at the beginning of treatment. Patients’ values-consistent behavior, its importance, and (social vs non-social) context was sampled six times per day during a one-week intensive longitudinal examination. ResultsAcross both groups, the probability of subsequent values-consistent behavior increased if (1) it was judged as more important by the patient or (2) if it was embedded in a social context. The probability of reporting values-consistent behavior was higher for outpatients than inpatients. ConclusionsClinicians are encouraged to examine the values of their patients more closely and to especially monitor important and/or social values. Incorporating these into clinical work might increase patients’ values-consistent behavior, which can play a role in reducing suffering.

Behaviour and neuropathology in mice injected with human contactin-associated protein 2 antibodies.

Serum antibodies that bind to the surface of neurons or glia are associated with a wide range of rare but treatable CNS diseases. In many, if not most instances, the serum levels are higher than CSF levels yet most of the reported attempts to reproduce the human disease in mice have used infusion of antibodies into the mouse cerebral ventricle(s) or intrathecal space. We used the intraperitoneal route and injected purified plasma IgG from either a CASPR2-antibody-positive patient (n = 10 mice) or healthy individual (n = 9 mice) daily for 8 days. Lipopolysaccharide was injected intraperitoneally on Day 3 to cause a temporary breach in the blood brain barrier. A wide range of baseline behaviours, including tests of locomotion, coordination, memory, anxiety and social interactions, were established before the injections and tested from Day 5 until Day 11. At termination, brain tissue was analysed for human IgG, CASPR2 and c-fos expression, lymphocyte infiltration, and neuronal, astrocytic and microglial markers. Mice exposed to CASPR2-IgG, compared with control-IgG injected mice, displayed reduced working memory during the continuous spontaneous alternation test with trends towards reduced short-term and long-term memories. In the open field tests, activities were not different from controls, but in the reciprocal social interaction test, CASPR2-IgG injected mice showed longer latency to start interacting, associated with more freezing behaviour and reduced non-social activities of rearing and grooming. At termination, neuropathology showed more IgG deposited in the brains of CASPR2-IgG injected mice, but a trend towards increased CASPR2 expression; these results were mirrored in short-term in vitro experiments where CASPR2-IgG binding to hippocampal neurons and to CASPR2-transfected HEK cells led to some internalization of the IgG, but with a trend towards higher surface CASPR2 expression. Despite these limited results, in the CASPR2-IgG injected mouse brains there was increased c-fos expression in the piriform-entorhinal cortex and hypothalamus, and a modest loss of Purkinje cells. There was also increased microglia density, morphological changes in both microglia and astrocytes and raised complement C3 expression on astrocytes, all consistent with glial activation. Patients with CASPR2 antibodies can present with a range of clinical features reflecting central, autonomic and peripheral dysfunction. Although the behavioural changes in mice were limited to social interactions and mild working-memory defects, the neuropathological features indicate potentially widespread effects of the antibodies on different brain regions.

Active Support Training, Staff Assistance, and Engagement of Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the United States: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Two non-U.S. quasi-experimental studies reported Active Support training was associated with increased engagement in individuals with IDD, but no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exist. We evaluated effects of Active Support training on staff assistance, and social and nonsocial engagement in 75 individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in U.S. group homes. We detected no significant effects of active support training. Individuals with more skills and less challenging behavior engaged more in nonsocial activities. Younger individuals with more skills living in homes with fewer staff changes were more socially engaged. Factors associated with nonsocial engagement mirrored those reported in Qian, Tichá, Larson, Stancliffe, & Wuorio, (2015) . Staffing-related implementation challenges and statistical power limited our ability to detect differences.

A comparative analysis of discretionary time allocation for social and non-social activities in the U.S. between 2003 and 2013

We investigate changes in the allocation of discretionary time to social activities between 2003 and 2013 in the United States using data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). Within this period, several changes particularly around communication technologies have occurred, including the mass adoption of web and video enabled smart phones. Other advances include social networking platforms, low cost subscription based streaming movies, multi-person online gaming etc., which collectively can alter how people spend their discretionary time and their social activity time use. Summary statistics from the ATUS show a decline in the number of people reporting face-to-face social activities and a growth in the average leisure time spent alone between 2003 and 2013. At the same time, we observe modest declines in average time allotted to social activities and to mandatory activities. We separate time spent on discretionary activities into social activity time use and non-social activity time use and employ five doubly censored Tobit models to investigate time allocation for social and non-social activities between these two time points. These models show that the relative proportion of discretionary time allotted to face-to-face social activities has declined between 2003 and 2013. The apportionment of social to non-social time is also influenced by other sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, household structure, education and work hours. We summarize the implications of these findings to transportation and beyond.

To Message or Browse? Exploring the Impact of Phone Use Patterns on Male Adolescents' Consumption of Palatable Snacks.

Surveys of mobile phone usage suggest that adolescents habitually use their phones while eating. In this study, we explored whether the manner in which one uses a mobile phone – to engage in a social or non-social activity – can affect appetite regulation. Participants were fifty male adolescents randomly assigned to engage in one of the following phone-based activities: (1) sending and receiving messages (social activity), or (2) reading a neutral article (non-social activity). When given the opportunity to snack, participants in the messaging group consumed more snacks that those who read the article. Our findings correspond to a large literature emphasizing social influences on food intake, and suggest that phone use patterns may predispose an individual to overeating.

How methamphetamine exposure during different neurodevelopmental stages affects social behavior of adult rats?

Social behavior involves complex of different forms of interactions between individuals that is essential for healthy mental and physical development throughout lifespan. Psychostimulants, including methamphetamine (MA), have neurotoxic effect, especially, if they are targeting CNS during its critical periods of development. The present study was aimed on evaluation of changes in social interactions (SI) following scheduled prenatal/neonatal MA treatment in combination with acute application in adulthood. Eight groups of male and eight groups of female rats were tested in adulthood: rats, whose mothers were exposed to MA (5mg/ml/kg) or saline (SA, 1ml/kg) during the first half of gestation (ED 1–11), the second half of gestation (ED 12–22) and neonatal period (PD 1–11). To do this, we compared indirect neonatal applications via the exposed dams with group of rat pups that received MA or SA directly through injections. In adulthood, half animals from each group were injected with MA (1mg/kg), second half with saline 45min prior to the Social Interaction Test. Females and males were observed for social and nonsocial activities of two unfamiliar individuals of the same sex and treatment in a familiar Open field arena. The present study demonstrated that prenatal/neonatal MA exposure leads to decrease the time spent in genital investigation, following and nonsocial activity. Acute dose of MA leads to a decrease in all SI patterns and to an increase in nonsocial activities relative to acute SA. Females were more active than males. Animals exposed to prenatal/neonatal treatment during the second half of gestation (ED 12–22) and throughout lactation period (PD 1–11 indirect/direct) had fewer SI and greater exploratory behavior than animals exposed during the first half of gestation (ED 1–11).

Morphine Decreases Social Interaction of Adult Male Rats, While THC Does Not Affect It

The aim of the present study was to compare effect of three low doses of morphine (MOR) and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on social behavior tested in Social interaction test (SIT). 45 min prior to testing adult male rats received one of the drugs or solvents: MOR (1; 2.5; 5 mg/kg); saline as a solvent for MOR; THC (0.5; 1; 2 mg/kg); ethanol as a solvent for THC. Occurrence and time spent in specific patterns of social interactions (SI) and non-social activities (locomotion and rearing) was video-recorded for 5 min and then analyzed. MOR in doses of 1 and 2.5 mg/kg displayed decreased SI in total. Detailed analysis of specific patterns of SI revealed decrease in mutual sniffing and allo-grooming after all doses of MOR. The highest dose (5 mg/kg) of MOR decreased following and increased genital investigation. Rearing activity was increased by lower doses of MOR (1 and 2.5 mg/kg). THC, in each of the tested doses, did not induce any specific changes when compared to matching control group (ethanol). However, an additional statistical analysis showed differences between all THC groups and their ethanol control group when compared to saline controls. There was lower SI in total, lower mutual sniffing and allo-grooming, but higher rearing in THC and ethanol groups than in saline control group. Thus, changes seen in THC and ethanol groups are seemed to be attributed mainly to the effect of the ethanol. Based on the present results we can assume that opioids affect SI more than cannabinoid.

Effects of psychostimulants on social interaction in adult male rats.

Psychostimulants are known to have a huge impact on different forms of social behaviour. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of three different psychostimulants [amphetamine, cocaine and 3,4 methylenedimethoxyamphetamine (MDMA)] on social interaction (SI) in adult male rats. The SI test was performed in a familiar arena and under low-stress environmental conditions. Experimental animals received amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/kg), cocaine (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) or MDMA (2.5, 5.0, 10 mg/kg) and control animals received saline (1 ml/kg) 45 min before the SI test. Time spent in SI (individual patterns of social behaviour) and nonsocial activities (locomotion and rearing) were video recorded and then analysed offline, with the following results: (a) all doses of amphetamine decreased SI. Specifically, all doses of amphetamine decreased mutual sniffing, and the higher doses also decreased allo-grooming and following behaviours. (b) The higher doses of cocaine decreased SI, especially mutual sniffing, allo-grooming and climbing over. Cocaine at the dose of 5.0 mg/kg increased genital investigation compared with lower doses. (c) All doses of MDMA decreased mutual sniffing and climbing over; the two higher doses decreased allo-grooming behaviour, and only the highest dose decreased following. The two higher doses of amphetamine and all the doses of MDMA increased locomotion and rearing; cocaine did not affect locomotion, but increased rearing at higher doses. In conclusion, the results confirm the well-known finding that psychostimulants suppress SI, but also show novel differences in the effects of psychostimulants on specific patterns of SI.

Accessing Social Network Sites Using Work Smartphone for Face Recognition and Authentication

Nowadays, Social Networking Sites (SNS) are increasingly getting the attention of academic, industrial researchers intrigued by their affordances and gradually gaining its importance and became a major method used to share thoughts, video, image, etc., in various domains such as research, politics, religion, academics and development. Apart of its strength points SNS has one major drawback which is the inefficient authentication of users to login. Due to this drawback; different types of fake message, non-social activities, national or personal threats, Numbers, videos and other important things are used for extortion people, which can be posted by some imposters or non-social personals. In spite of the importance of authentication in the social network, a handful number of researches conducted such accessing social network using efficient authentication technique to solve this problem. This study proposed a method to access a social network sites (such as Facebook and twitter) using face recognition techniques at the time of login in the site by Smartphones. Where Local Binary Pattern (LBP) was used to detect users face and the LBP histogram was used for features extraction. The proposed method obtained very promising results in term of accuracy (93.5%) and effectiveness for authentication of user identity.

Activity budget and behavioural patterns of Gelada Theropithecus gelada (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) on the Gich Plateau of the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia

The time budget and behavioural patterns of Gelada were studied on the Gich Plateau of the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. The plateau is dominated mainly by Afroalpine grasses and the endemic giant Lobelia rhynchopetalum . Gich lies on the climatic and altitudinal limits of the Gelada’s geographical distribution. Activity data were collected using continuous focal animal scan sampling method during 10 consecutive days each month (from May 2013 to April 2014). Data were recorded for different age/sex classes. The Gelada spent on average 56.7% of daylight hours feeding, 14.1% travelling, 10.7% resting, 17.5% socializing and 1.1% in other non-social activity. There was seasonal variation in activity budgets, indicating a significant increase in time allocation for feeding activity, but a decrease in resting time during the dry season. The age/sex classes showed variation in activity budgets, except for social activity.