Non-school Going Research Articles

Assessment of Nutritional Status in School and Non-School Going Children of Age 5-12 Years

Assessment of Nutritional Status in School and Non-School Going Children of Age 5-12 Years

Does timing of sexual debut following menarche among female youth in Uganda matter? A discrete time analysis

BackgroundThe burden of early sexual engagement among youth is enormous. It directly raises the risk of sexually transmitted infections(STIs) and indirectly contributes to unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, premature childbirth, and psychosocial issues. The aim of this paper was to estimate the timing of sexual debut and examine the factors influencing the timing of first sexual intercourse following menarche among female youth aged between 15 and 24 in Uganda.MethodSelf-reported data were extracted from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS), with a sub-sample of 7964 female youth from the individual woman file. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, decrement life-table analysis, and the discrete-time logit model were used to examine the timing of sexual debut and associated factors.Results67.4% of the female youth had experienced first sexual initiation. Overall, the meantime to sexual debut was 4.4 years and the median time was 4.3 years, and all the female youth had experienced first sexual initiation by the end of the twelfth year following menarche. Significant factors found to influence the timing of sexual initiation include having higher education level (OR = 0.724: 95% CI = 0.59–0.89; p = 0.003), residing in the Northern region (OR = 0.877:95% CI = 0.79–0.97, p = 0.012), being employed (OR = 1.085: 95% CI = 1.01–1.16; p = 0.021), and being literate (OR = 1.155; 95% CI = 1.07–1.25; p < 0.001).ConclusionsThese findings are expected to be central in the bid to delay first sexual intercourse. Also they shed light on some of the factors associated with the timing of sexual debut which may be addressed at community level for non-school going youth and in schools, as school based prevention sexual and reproductive health programs. The findings highlight the need for future studies to collect more data to explore further the linkage between time to first debut since menarche and, mass media, religion, type of residence, and wealth index.

Number Recognition Skills of Non-School going Children: A Pilot Study of Children in Villages Surrounding Tipangeni University, in Zambia

Number Recognition Skills of Non-School going Children: A Pilot Study of Children in Villages Surrounding Tipangeni University, in Zambia

Knowledge and perception of bioethics among biomedical researchers in Osun State, Nigeria

This study investigated the knowledge and perceptions of bioethics among biomedical researchers in Osun State, Nigeria using a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire during a capacity workshop in November 2020. Demographic data, and attendee’ awareness, knowledge, and perception on bioethics and need for ethical approvals for biomedical research were collated. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and expressed as frequencies and percentages. A total of 153 biomedical researchers comprising (58%) males, and (42%) females participated in this study. Majority of the participants (60.8%) hold academic positions and about one-third of the population were graduate students (30.1%). Awareness on bioethics was high (91.5%), and more common in schools (61.4%), with majority of the participants (77.1%) describing it as a field that addresses the social and legal issues arising from medicine and life sciences (p&lt;0.05). However, there were considerable gaps in knowledge among participants in the students and academia category, with about 16% of participants considering none or only part of the principles while about 10% felt they could obtain ethical permits while research is ongoing or completed and only 13.7% affirmed that all biomedical related researches require ethical approval. This finding calls for the incorporation of bioethics module into the curriculum of graduate students. The use of online resources, short courses, workshops and seminars can also be explored for re-enforcing training even among non-school going researchers and professionals.

Mental Health literacy: Perspectives from Northern Kenya Turkana adolescents

IntroductionMental illness accounts for high levels of morbidity, mortality, and poor quality of life among young people. Globally, 1 in 7 youth between 10-19 years are mentally ill making up 13% of the global burden of disease; depression, anxiety, conduct disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder lead here. Unaddressed mental illness progresses into adulthood disrupting victims’ lives. In Kenya, school going adolescent mental illness is manifested in violent outbursts such as arson attacks, intimate partner violence and riots in school. Not much is documented of non-school going adolescents and children in Kenya even while it is estimated that they number about 1.8 million. To seek help for mental illness, one has to recognize and understand it causes.ObjectivesAn ethnographic study exploring rural based Kenyan adolescents’ conceptualizations, causes and management options for Depression, Schizophrenia and anxiety among the rural Turkana community of Northern Kenya.MethodsAn ethnographic study exploring rural based Kenyan adolescents’ conceptualizations, causes and management options for Depression, Schizophrenia and anxiety among the rural Turkana community of Northern Kenya. We conducted Focus Group Discussions with 32 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 divided into four groups; school going girls and non-school going girls and a similar two groups for boys. We first read out scenarios in which the main character exhibited symptoms of one of the three mental health conditions and analyzed the data thematically.Results32 participants described the health conditions without referring to the local names we had collected earlier; Depression (Akiyalolong) Schizophrenia (waarit/ Ngikerep) Anxiety (Ngatameta naaronok). Participants conceived the three conditions as resulting from extreme sadness attending loss, traumatic event, curses and rarely as mental illness. They assigned curses, guilt, hunger pangs, evil spells as causes and believed friends and age-mates, parents, teachers, the local chief among other options could help and rarely medical intervention.ConclusionsInterventions to improve the adolescent’s knowledge of mental illness is needed so they can seek help for themselves and possibly help others.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

A STUDY OF EATING BEHAVIOR DISORDER IN SCHOOL AND NON-SCHOOL GOING ADOLESCENT

Background : Eating disorder is serious condition related to persistent eating behavior that negatively impact one's health, emotion, and ability to function in important area of life. To study eating behavior disorder in school goingAims: and non-school going adolescents. This study was conducted from 2019 among a adolescents aged 11–19 yearsMaterial and methods: selected from Government &amp; private school and school going children from Madhav dispensary pediatric OPD and non-school going from slum, street, shops, hotels, garage in the city of Gwalior M.P. The survey interview will be structured to cover ve questionnaries components, assessing. Community based cross-sectional study. 375 school &amp; 375 non-school going children.STUDY DESIGN: SAMPLE SIZE: Statistical analysis: SPSS software. Total No. of male 273 (72.8%) and female 108(27%) school going and 230(61.3%)Results and conclusion: male and 145(27.2%) female in non school going. In school going alcohol abuse cases 8 (2.1%) and no female and 7 male (1.8%) and 60 female (4.3%) in female of non school going. 1 case of Bulimia Nervosa in male and 7 female (1.8%) in school going while non school 5 male (1.3%) and 5 female (1.3%). In school adolescent maximum number of adolescents in late group who have suffered of alcohol abuse, bulimia nervosa, panic attack, alcohol tried and cigarette smoking, heard about alcohol abuse &amp; cigarette smoking by peers, desired to weight gain is also more common in males, while in females anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, depression, alcohol tried, cigarette smoking, heard about alcohol abuse &amp; cigarette smoking by peers and desire to lose weight were reported signicantly. In Non-school going adolescent in both middle and late female were using more alcohol then male and in bulimia nervosa was equal in both males and females, anorexia nervosa was common in females and panic attack were more in males

Dietary intake and its consumption pattern of adolescents girls: An assessment of adolescent beneficiaries of SABLA/ SAG scheme

Nutritional requirements peak during adolescence and, in absolute terms, are higher than at any other stage of life. Malnutrition at this stage leads to stunting of growth, repeated infections and places constraints on full physical and psychological development. The current nutritional status of the population reflects the lack of progress over time, despite a number of national level programmes and policies.Objective: The main objective of the research study were to assess the dietary intake and pattern and their Nutritional status of non-school going and school going AGLs the age group of 11-14 yrs, enrolled at AWCs under SABLA Scheme of Banka District. Method: For this study, Anthropometry measurement, 24h dietary recall method including Take Home Rashan of SABLA programme, SABLA Kishori Card Observation and Questionnaire method as tools were used. Result: The obtained data explains that dietary intake of both major groups was not satisfactory within the Kcal of 1500-2000, 10% Adolescent Girls were fortunate enough to get their diet according to RDA. No any remarkable differences have been found in the dietary intake of school going and non-school going girls in both groups i.e. 11-14 and 14-18 years of Adolescents girls. The Dietary intake and pattern were found the same. the findings on the nutrition intake especially in micronutrients make it obvious that there was no difference in nutrition intake of both the major groups i.e. School going and Non-school going AGLs. Actually, speaking more than 70% AGLs of the both the group were not getting sufficient amount of macro and micro nutrition. most significant food stuff for vulnerable group of adolescent age – the consumption of Pulses, GLF, Milk, Fruit, Egg/Meat/ Fish, was very poor. As we know the fact how valuable these food stuffs are for the physical and metal development of the AGLs.

Exploring the problems faced by school going and non-school going street children

Exploring the problems faced by school going and non-school going street children

Impact of socio-economic status (SES) and nutrition health education on nutritional status of adolescent girls

The present status of nutrition disparities in Asia is considered to vary by economic level of the country. For developing countries in Asia, India and Vietnam, SES associates with BMI positively in women. For relatively developed countries in Asia, Korea and Japan, SES associates with BMI negatively in women. Low SES groups consume more carbohydrate, and less protein and fat, so not only micronutrient but also macronutrient intake is affected by SES both in developing and in developed Asian countries. There are some studies on the pathway from SES to diet/nutrition. Objective: To assess the impact of socio-economic status (SES) and nutrition health education (NHED) on their Nutritional status of non-school going and school going AGLs. Method: A pre test post test experimental design questionnaire was employed and the study was a cross sectional study. From 4ICDS Project areas of Banka district, total 600 Adolescents girl selected for this research study in which 300 school going and 300 non-school going girls were randomly selected. Result: AGLs clearly shows the declining trend of malnutrition with the increasing education of mothers, i.e. Highest per cent of undernourished AGLs were the daughters of Illiterates mothers (98%) and lowest per cent of undernourished AGLs were the daughters of intermediate mothers and graduate mothers.The per cent of normal AGLs was highest with the highly educated fathers lower with poorly educated and lowest with illiterate fathers. The prevalence of normal AGLs was higher with better income though their number is less. But even the little increase of income has shown the better performance. However, the data confirms, the effect of income on nutritional status of AGls.

Listen, I am too responsible! Effect of schooling on sense of trust, responsibility and belongingness to the community of children working on the street in Chandigarh City, India

Abstract Children working on the street are the most vulnerable and are at greater risk of exploitation. Therefore, building the strong ties between the school, family and community of the child can protect the child from various risks and thus can provide opportunities for healthy development. Schooling is instrumental in promoting sense of trust, responsbility towards community and moral values of children, however, in this domain, much of the research was done with youth, not with adolescents. The present study examined sense of trust, responsibility towards community and moral values of school going as well non-school going children (between 13 and 16 years of age) who were living with their parents in slums and spending most of their time working on the streets of Chandigarh city, India. Results revealed that school has emerged as an agency promoting a child’s sense of belongingness (F = 4.15, p

Barriers and gaps in utilization and coverage of mass drug administration program against soil-transmitted helminth infection in Bangladesh: An implementation research

BackgroundBangladesh has implemented school-based mass drug administration (MDA) bi-annually since 2008 aimed to control soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection. Despite several rounds of MDA, the government is still facing challenges to achieve the target coverage and utilization of the intervention. This study was done to explore and explain the barriers and gaps that hinder the utilization and coverage of MDA for STH. MethodsThis research was a mixed method study, was conducted in two selected districts of Bangladesh. A total of 160 questionnaire surveys, 12 in-depth interviews, 8 focus group discussion, and 2 key-informant interviews were done among 238 study participants which included school-age children with relevant parents, school teachers, health workers, community leaders and MDA program managers. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze the quantitative data while thematic analysis was applied for the qualitative data. ResultsIt was revealed that the participants have positive attitudes towards MDA but they pointed out the limitations in reaching all target population especially non-school going children. The level of knowledge regarding STH and MDA were found different among the study population. The evaluated coverage of MDA was also found lower than that reported. Some major barriers associated with MDA coverage found in this study were drug distribution policy, accessibility to schools, poor record keeping, follow-up, and information dissemination. Inadequate information about population dynamics and rumors about side effects of MDA drugs adversely affected the compliance of the intervention. Insufficient training of drug distributors and poor motivation among stakeholders also added to the barriers. ConclusionThere is the need to re-strategize drug distributing methods and create effective policies to include all targeted population. Use of local channels for community sensitization, adding local distribution points, regular monitoring and follow-up and promotion of health education can possibly enhance both treatment coverage and program infrastructure.

Spending time with their kids: Distribution of school going and non-school going migrant children and their family interaction

Spending time with their kids: Distribution of school going and non-school going migrant children and their family interaction

Ethical issues related to human papillomavirus vaccination programs: an example from Bangladesh

BackgroundHuman Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine was introduced in Bangladesh through the arrangement of a demonstration project in Gazipur district in 2016, targeting grade five female students and non-school going girls (age range 10–12 years). HPV vaccination is expected to be eventually included in the nationwide immunization program if the demonstration project is successful. However, introduction and implementation of such a vaccination program raises various ethical concerns. This review paper illustrates a step by step assessment of the ethical concerns surrounding the HPV vaccination implementation in Bangladesh considering specific elements in administering and conducting the program as well as the intended results. Policy-makers, vaccine implementers, vaccine recipients, and an ethics specialist in Bangladesh were interviewed. Electronic database and websites have also been reviewed for relevant published literature and government statements.Main body of the abstractThis program imparted inadequate knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer to the recipients and participants. There was lack of autonomous and informed choice of the girls and their parents about taking the vaccine. The program did not have any follow-up plan for the adverse effects in the long run. The impact of a female-only strategy in the larger societal context was overlooked. There was lack of awareness among the implementers about safeguarding the ethical issues pertaining to HPV vaccination.ConclusionAdolescent health education imparted in the scope of the vaccination program should contain adequate information about HPV, its mode of transmission, risk factors along with the importance of secondary prevention despite primary prevention. Adolescent boys should be given HPV related health education as well. The right of making informed choice should be appreciated and respected. More ethical discussion and debate should be done among the public health professionals of Bangladesh in order to increase awareness about ethical issues related to human health.

Cross sectional study on nutritional status and prevalence of anemia in rural adolescents

Background: This study is targeted to find out the nutritional status of adolescents in rural population. Studies were done in urban areas of India on nutritional status and anemia prevalence these studies do not reveal the actual prevalence of anemia and malnutrition among adolescents in the rural areas. The purpose of this study is therefore to determine the nutritional status and prevalence of anemia in rural adolescents.Methods: Five hundred and eight rural adolescent school going and non-school going living in villages around A.V.M.C. and H., Pondicherry of age 10 to 19 years of both sexes were chosen by systemic random sampling. Migration populations were excluded from the study.Results: Among 24 Villages, of which 20 Camps were conducted and 508 Adolescents were included. The non-school going constituted 8.27% among male and 27.39% among female. Among the school going males were 42.2% and female were 30.5%. Among male, in the school going group, 33.96% in early, 36.14% of middle and 43.94% of late adolescents were under nourished, whereas in non-school going male, 50% in early, 58.33% of middle and 20% of late adolescents were under nourished. In case of female adolescent, in the school going group, 49.18% in early, 20.59% of middle and 18.42% of late adolescents were under nourished whereas in non-school going female, 14.29% in early, 36.84% of middle and 45.95% of late adolescents were under nourished. Stunting is more common among boys from 10 years of age to 14 years of age than girls. After 14 years of age stunting is more common in girls than boys. The average stunting was 46.18% in male and to 48.1% in females.Conclusions: Under nutrition was found to be a significant problem in both sexes of rural adolescents. Late adolescents were more undernourished in both sexes. Under nutrition was more common in boys than in girls. Anemia was more common in female than in male in both school going and non-school going. Anemia was more common in non-school going than in school going in both sexes. Severe anemia was more common in female of non-school going group.

Socio-economic Impact on Schooling of Urban Slum Children: AStudy of Rayer Bazaar Slum in Dhaka City

The number of slum has been increasing gradually in the urban areas of Bangladesh since its independence. Bangladesh has the highest number of slum dwellers – 60% of the urban population – in the South Asian region. Very recent study shows that slum dwellers constitute 6.33% of the country's urban population. Slum dwellers are probably under-served by both government and non-government organisations (NGOs), whose focus has traditionally been on rural development. Slum dwellers are to struggle every moment to survive with their families. This paper mainly concentrates on slum children. This paper seeks to understand the socio-economic impact on schooling of urban slum children. Education and income of the parents of the slum children are the main determinants of their schooling. There is a relationship between education and awareness, income and ability of sending the children to school. The illiterate people are not conscious about schooling of their children, but the literate are conscious though many of them are not able to send their children to school. Cost of schooling determines whether the slum children will go to private school, NGO-driven school or government primary school (GPS). GPS and NGO-driven school require little expenses, whereas private school requires more expenses but the education quality is better in private school. This study shows that awareness of the parents about schooling of their children increases with the increase of education level. The number of dropout and non-school going children is higher where the income level of the parents is low, and this number gradually decreases with the increase of earnings. However, there is a hope for the better education of urban slum children. The government has different plans for providing quality education to the children. More pro-poor policies can be undertaken for addressing the core problems of urban slum dwellers.

The Impact of Public Access Venue Information and Communication Technologies in Botswana Public Libraries

Abstract&#x0D; &#x0D; Objective – A study on the impact of Public Access Venue (PAV) Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) was conducted in Botswana libraries with Internet connections. The main objective was to determine the impact of ICTs in public libraries. &#x0D; Methods –Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework as a theoretical lens, the study used semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to investigate the impact of PAV ICTs in 4 study sites, resulting in data from a total of 39 interviews and 4 focus groups. &#x0D; Methods –Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework as a theoretical lens, the study used semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to investigate the impact of PAV ICTs in 4 study sites, resulting in data from a total of 39 interviews and 4 focus groups. &#x0D; &#x0D; Results – The results of the study show that PAV ICTs had a positive impact on users in the areas of education and economic benefits. Within educational and economic impacts, social benefits were also found, pertaining to the use of social media and the Internet for formal and informal communication. The study also revealed a slight difference between school going users and non-school going elderly users where the use and acquisition of computer skills was concerned. Elderly non-school going users tended to rely on venue staff for skills more than the younger school going users. &#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion – The study recommends that PAV facilities should be improved in terms of skills offered and resources availed so as to appeal to both the younger school going generation and the older non-school going users. It is also recommended that education on ICT be improved to help curb rising unemployment in Botswana; such skills would enhance the income generation skills of the unemployed users as well as school leavers.

Attitude, Knowledge, Skills and Decision Making Ability of Non-School Going Late Adolescents Towards Farming

The study was carried out to investigate the behavioural components of non-school going late adolescent with reference to farming and intervention for enhancing their abilities in Sonitpur district of Assam state of India. Multistage purposive cum random sampling were followed to select 110 numbers of late adolescents both male and female of equal size and their parents numbering 110. Suitable scales and statistical techniques were used for measurement of variables and analysis of data respectively. Data were collected through the personnel interval schedule. It was found that 71.36 per cent late adolescent respondents had a favourable attitude towards scientific agricultural practices. Only 14.55 per cent and 15.45 per cent late adolescent had a high level of knowledge and skills respectively in the areas of farming they were associated with. About 87.27 per cent parents expressed that their late adolescent children could not take right decision alone, family and peer mainly influenced in their decision making. Again 12.73 per cent parents expressed that their late adolescent's children could take fruitful and meaningful decisions independently and they could even analyze market conditions with regard to farming matters. The study recommended that the orientation of youth in modern agriculture should be properly honed up to provide meaningful employment to them.

Anxiety, stress, depression, and psychosocial functioning of Indian adolescents

Background:Lifetime prevalence of depression and anxiety increases from 1% of the population under age 12 years to ~17%-25% of the population by the end of adolescence. The greatest increase in new cases occurs between 15-18 years. Indian empirical studies have reported a prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in the range between 14.4% and 31.7%; thus, affecting psychosocial functioning.Aims:The objectives of the current study were to (i) examine the psychometric properties of the DASS and SDQ on Indian adolescents, (ii) explore the role of socio- demographic variablesand (iii) examine if there was any difference between school going and school dropouts.Methodology:Data from 1812 students, aged 12-19 years was collected with mean age = 15.67 years (SD =1.41 years). The participants were administered a booklet containing demographic questionnaire and psychometric scales such as DASS-21 (Henry & Crawford, 2005; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1999) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997).Statistical Analysis:Structure validation, correlational analysis and multivariate analysis.Results and Conclusions:The results of validation indicated that English and Hindi version of 3 factor model of DASS and 2 factor model of SDQ was an acceptable model fit. It was noted that early adolescents were high on prosocial behaviour whereas late adolescents were high on difficulties score. Females were higher than males on prosocial behaviour. Adolescents residing in rural areas differed from their urban counterparts on prosocial behaviour and anxiety. Government school going adolescents differed from private school going adolescents on prosocial behaviour, stress and anxiety. Negative perception of relationship with family affected adolescents difficulties score, depression and stress. Similarly, negative perception of self-concept leads to higher difficulties score and lower prosocial behaviour score. The school going adolescents differed from non-school going adolescents on stress, depression and anxiety.

Impact of dental fear on oral health-related quality of life among school going and non-school going children in Udaipur city: A cross-sectional study.

Aim:To assess the impact of dental fear on different domains of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among school going and non-school going children in the Indian scenario.Materials and Methods:The study sample consisted of 279 school children and 257 non-school going children thus making a total sample of 536 children. The sampling frame comprised of 12-15-year-old children attending two upper primary public schools and non-school going children working at shops or not working in Udaipur city, India. Information on dental fear and OHRQoL was obtained by personal interviews by a single trained and calibrated examiner through a structured questionnaire. Intercooled STATA version 9.2 was employed to perform statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at 5%.Results:Mean dental fear scores among school going (35.41 [11.79]) and non-school going (47.59 [3.80]) children revealed that dental fear was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher among non-school going than among school going children. In school going children, the likelihood of having poor oral symptoms, functional limitation and poorer social and emotional well being were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lesser as compared with non-school going children.Conclusions:Fear has a significant impact on different domains of OHRQoL, except emotional well being, among non-school going children.

Addressing the Sex Related Problems among Adolescent in India

Adolescent all over the world experience sex-related problems. In India too, they are remarkable in their similarity. The cause could vary from country to country. For example, while in the USA there is a teenage out-of-wedlock pregnancy every three seconds and a sexually transmitted disease every 13 seconds, in India most of the pregnancies occur within marriage and no statistics on sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents are available. It is considered to be high and perhaps equal to the USA figures. The process of adolescence is a period of preparation for adulthood during which time several key developmental experiences occur. Besides physical and sexual maturation, these experiences include movement toward social and economic independence, and development of identity, the acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. Almost any of the physical changes occurring during adolescent can cause concern to the boy or the girl. The onset of puberty gives the physical excitement never experienced before. The adolescent reacting to these experiences is excited, often without realizing what is happening to him. Some react with pleasure or excitement and some others experience shame, disgust, confusions, anxiety and guilt. They may lead to sexual maladjustment. In India, this age group forms 21.4 percent of the total population. Also in India there is a resistance to the concept of ‘adolescence’, if it is understood, as in the West, as an extended period of education and training for adult roles. Aside from these objections to the relevance of the concept of adolescence to the Indian scenario, it is also arguable whether the term itself is valid. Adolescents are generally perceived as a homogenous group, yet they can be stratified on the basis of gender, caste, class, geographical location (urban/rural) and religion. Adolescents also include a whole gamut of categories: school and non-school going, drop-outs, sexually exploited children, working adolescents – both paid and unpaid, unmarried adolescents as also married males and females with experience of motherhood and fatherhood. Given the highly conservative attitudes towards sexual behaviour in India, not many studies have tried to elicit information on sexual behaviour. Though many of the studies may have their limitations regarding their study design and methodology and may not be conclusive proofs, they are indicators of disturbing trends. It is alarming. This paper attempts to understand the sex related problems facing the Adolescent in India and the urgent need for educating adolescents’ on their reproductive health issues.