Non-probability Sampling Procedure Research Articles

Impact of Corporate Volunteers’ Participation in Volunteer Tourism

Sustainable development has become the focus and goal of governments around the world. In the past, economic development was the primary goal, which has caused serious environmental and social problems and has threatened the safety of mankind and its descendants. The "United Nations Sustainable Development Goals" is a project that companies have been paying much attention to with the environment with social, and governance (ESG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) new trends. The development of corporate volunteers has become a key factor in the success of corporate social responsibility. Therefore, business operators must understand accurately how to strengthen the positive connection between corporate volunteers and brand attachment. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship model between corporate volunteers in Taiwan participating in volunteer tourism, experience value, and brand attachment. We used a purposeful non-probability sampling procedure at a 95% confidence interval and a sampling error of 0.5% (n = 388). Data collection tools included structured questionnaires distributed both online and on paper, targeting individuals who had participated as corporate volunteers and completed domestic volunteer travel. The results indicated that both older and younger corporate volunteers in Taiwan were involved and had profound travel experience in volunteer tourism. Older corporate volunteers exhibited a stronger brand attachment. The current workplace in Taiwan is dominated by middle-aged employees, providing volunteer tourism activities with their expertise. Volunteers tend to engage in a meaningful experience deeply while ensuring that young volunteers value motivation and benefits. Additionally, corporate volunteers found happiness, relaxation, and satisfaction in volunteer tourism activities. The most memorable experiences that influence corporate participation in volunteer tourism are related to local culture and novelty factors.

Parental Involvement and Stress in Children's Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study with Portuguese Parents during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period.

Parental involvement (PI) has particular relevance on children's academic adjustment and on children's general quality of life (QoL). QoL can be influenced by parental stress, specifically the stress suffered during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the differences during the pandemic period (before, after and with no lockdown), comparing these constructs with parental educational level to provide predictors of their children's quality of life. Data collection was performed with a non-probability convenience sampling procedure. It was composed of 129 parents, mainly women (71.8%), with children aged between 6 and 12 years. The family's sociodemographic characteristics were assessed, as well as the PI, parental stress, and children's QoL. The comparison between the three times revealed an increase in the children's QoL, but no differences were found in PI. Based on the parental educational level, as defined by academic qualifications and split into superior and non-superior levels, it is possible conclude that engagement in school activities and parents' meetings increased in the parents with superior education levels and decreased in the parents with lower education levels. This study concluded that despite this difficult and uncertain pandemic period, these parents were able to maintain important aspects of their children's lives.

The Effect of Green Brand Knowledge and Environmental Concern on Green Purchase Intention Through Attitude Toward Green Brand in Tupperware

The general people are well aware of the necessity of environmental protection. Many companies have formed to operate enterprises that provide ecologically friendly items. The purpose of this study is to look at how green brand awareness and environmental concern, as mediated by attitudes toward green brands, impact green purchase intentions for Tupperware goods on the Indonesian island of Java. Descriptive, multiple regression and Sobel tests were used to analyze the data. This study included 120 respondents selected using non-probability sampling procedures. Empirical findings validate the seven specified research hypotheses. Research findings show that green brandnknowledge and environmentalcconcern influence greennpurchase intention, then attitude toward green brand does not influence greennpurchase intention, and attitude towarddgreen brandddoes notmmediate the influence of green brand knowledgeeand environmental concern on green purchase intention. It is also hoped that the results of this research will be useful in helping develop strategic policies related to the environment to increase purchasing intentions.

Fertility dynamics during COVID-19: exploring intentions in rural Bangladesh

This paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fertility intentions among families in the Rangpur region of Bangladesh, considering various socio-economic and demographic characteristics. The study aims to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced fertility decisions, patterns, and how different contextual factors are relevant to explain those intentions. This study adopted a qualitative methodological approach, utilizing a non-probability purposive sampling procedure to select sixty-five rural women as participants who conceived babies during the COVID-19 pandemic and seven health care providers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and KII to explore the factors influencing intentional and unintentional childbirths during the pandemic. The findings revealed that, among the respondents, intentional childbirths were more prevalent than unintentional childbirths. The perceived causes of intentional childbirth in rural areas were pandemic-induced factors, demographic characteristics and societal practices to have a baby. The factors to unintentional childbirth were limited access to reproductive health care services and contraceptives, leading to unplanned pregnancies. Additionally, the study highlights that COVID-19 related economic and health conditions did not have a significant impact on fertility decisions in rural areas. Societal norms and attitudes towards family planning, childbearing and family size played key roles in determining birth intentions. Overall, the research emphasizes the need for targeted policies and initiatives to address the challenges of fertility planning during a health crisis.

The Effect of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction in the Airline Industry in Tanzania

Background: The development of airlines owned or managed by private parties today shows a fairly high development so that the level of competition to get customers is increasingly difficult. One of the strategies carried out by airline management is to provide optimal service, it is expected that those who provide flight services will meet the expectations of their customers, able to win the competition which ultimately gets maximum profit.
 Purpose: This study is intended to determine the results of service quality on the satisfaction of Airline clients in Tanzania, especially Precision Air Limited customers
 Method: The explanatory study designed the data collected using interview method of 4oo customers of Precision Air Limited, non-probability sampling procedure was used to select a sample of respondents from the target population, multiple regression analysis to answer the research objectives. Key information in the study was collected through questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Pearson correlation was carried out to assess the strength and direction of linear relationships between variables, multiple regression models at a significance level of 5% were used to determine the relationship between dimensions of service quality and customer satisfaction
 Results: The results in this study show that the findings spread that the five spheres of facility excellence are positively related to customer satisfaction. Relying on multiple regression results, it was found that the significance value of each independent variable was tangible 0.674, reliability 0.001, assurance 0.449, and empathy 0.000
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that service quality is seen from three dimensions: dependability, receptiveness, understanding have a positive and significant effect on client satisfaction. Two dimensions: tangibility and guarantee as part of it have a positive effect but do not have a significant effect on customer satisfaction of Precision Air Limited.

Psychometric properties of the Angolan version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire – 8 (RFQ-8): An exploratory study

Abstract: The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8) is a brief self-report psychometric instrument designed to assess an individual’s reflective functioning abilities. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Angolan version of the RFQ-8, namely, to assess its factor structure and to examine its correlations with related constructs and clinical variables in a sample of the general population of Angola.A cross-sectional study was conducted with 132 participants (aged ≥18 years) with Angolan residency and nationality, recruited through non-probability, convenience and snowball sampling procedures. The online research protocol included a Portuguese translation of the RFQ-8 and a battery of self- report measures (Brief Symptom Inventory; Adult Attachment Scale – Revised; Beck Cognitive Insight Scale).Consistent with previous research, results supported a two-factor structure for the RFQ-8 (assessing certainty and uncertainty about mental states; RFQc and RFQu subscales) with satisfactory internal consistency. RFQ-8 scores also showed significant correlations to psychopathological symptoms, suggesting a close relation between uncertainty about mental states and clinical problems, consistent with the mentalization framework; statistically significant relationships with different attachment patterns that support mentalization’s developmental schema; significant correlations with cognitive insight, a construct closely related to reflective functioning. Even though the RFQ-8 was designed to assess two impairments in reflective functioning (hypermentalization and hypomentalization), it seems that only hypomentalization is adequately addressed by this instrument. Further research is thus needed to analyze the probable unidimensionality of the RFQ-8 and the viability of different scoring procedures.In conclusion, this study offers preliminary evidence on the reliability and validity of the Angolan version of this scale. Besides its usefulness in clinical assessment, it could also contribute to developing research on mentalization and the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions, including patients’ responses to mentalization-based treatments.

Pros and Cons of Semester System Program under the faculty of education TU

This article deals with the pros and cons of the Semester System Program under the Faculty of Education, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. This study has sought to understand and analyze students’ perception towards semester system taking a case of the Faculty of Education related campuses with regard to (a) academic resources, (b) physical resources, (c) governance and image, and (d) overall perception of students and teachers. It followed descriptive research design using questionnaire survey instrument, sematic-chart and check lists. Only one constituent campus was selected in Kathmandu through purposive under non-probability sampling procedure for this study. 
 From this study, it was found that the semester system is better than annual system in terms use of better teaching equipment, efficiency of teachers and students’ performance and results. But in semester system, students’ participation in teaching learning activities has increased, they have improved skills in using electronic tools and presenting skills. Even teachers’ knowledge in using software improved. Although most of the classes under semester system were better equipped, they still lack required equipment and even skilled teachers. Similarly, the campuses running semester system were found facing shortage of budget for the sustainability of the programme. As it was taking months to publish results, it needs correction so that the students get their exam results in time.
 Moreover, the academic calendar was not followed duly. Likewise, those students who did not meet 80 per cent attendance were also allowed to fill up exam forms and this tendency culminated in poor results and lack of disciplined not only among students but the whole system. Unless these shortcomings are corrected, the semester cannot be effective as was expected during its introduction in 2016.

The Effectiveness of Flipped Classroom in Improving Pre-service Science Teachers’ Performance in Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter

This study investigated the effectiveness of flipped classrooms in improving pre-service science teachers' performance in kinetic molecular theory of matter. It was carried out at Kibi Presbyterian College of Education in the South Abuakwa Municipality of the Eastern Region of Ghana. A classroom action research design was used for this study. The sample involved 72 Elective Chemistry students in level 200, whose other major subject areas were Mathematics and ICT. The pre-service science teachers in an intact class were chosen using a purposive sampling technique of the non-probability sampling procedure. The study examined the pre-existing knowledge of the students on kinetic molecular theory of matter using a Kinetic Molecular Theory Diagnostic Test. The study further examined the performance of the students after four weeks of intervention on kinetic molecular theory of matter. A post-intervention test (Kinetic Molecular Theory Performance Test) was conducted using a modified version of the diagnostic test. A one-sample t-test conducted showed a significant performance of the students in kinetic molecular theory of matter. The study recommends that tutors at Kibi Presbyterian College of Education should flip their classes to engage learners in more challenging and practical activities during in-class periods.

Levels of Involvement of Educational Stakeholders in Preparation of Strategic Plans in Enhancing Selected Aspects of Organizational Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Arusha Region

This study examined teachers’ training towards implementation of inclusive education in public primary schools in Dodoma Region. The study was focused on examining teachers’ training towards the implementation of inclusive education in Public Primary schools in Dodoma region. The study was grounded in Theory of Justice pioneered by John Rawls and was be guided by one research question. The study employed convergent design under mixed approach. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques was used to sample respondents. Purposive and stratified sampling techniques followed by simple random sampling technique were used to get the respondents. The target population involved 08 DEO’s, 13 head teachers, 280 teachers and 11,460 pupils. Probability and non-probability sampling procedures were employed to determine the study sample of 12 schools, 07 DEO’s, 12 head teachers, 84 teachers and 386 pupils, making a total of 489 respondents. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and interview guides. Reliability of the questionnaire was tested by using Cronbach Alpha formula; while conformability of qualitative data was ensured by increasing transparency with regards to adherence to data collection procedures and ethics. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. The quantitative data were coded and analyzed through frequencies, percentages, and mean scores in tables and interpreted in relation to research questions. The qualitative data were analyzed by coding contents into themes, interpreting direct quotations and presented in narrative form. The findings revealed that, government primary school teachers need to be involved in long-term pre-service training in special needs education to be equipped with knowledge and skills regarding teaching and learning strategies and inclusive classroom management. The study concluded that, special education training in inclusive education practices is essential element to enhance teachers’ preparedness to work with special needs pupils as well as enhances their effectiveness in implementing classroom practices, which is a contributing factor to success in inclusive education. The study recommended that Ministry of Education, Science and Technology should organize seminars, workshops and in-service training courses to enhance teachers’ effectiveness in implementation of inclusive education.

Assessing the Implementation of University Management Strategies for Combating Examination Misconduct in Tanzanian Universities

This study assessed the implementation of university management strategies for combating examination misconduct in Tanzanian universities. It was guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviour developed by Ajzen in 1991. The study employed a convergent research design under mixed methods research approach. The target population was 27 universities, 51,489 students, 708 lecturers, 27 Chief examination officers and 27 Directors of quality assurance from which the sample size of 460 was selected through probability and non-probability sampling procedures. A questionnaire, document analysis guide and interview guide were used to collect data. Source triangulation and research experts ensured validity. Reliability was ensured through Cronbach alpha and intercoder agreement techniques. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics whereas qualitative data was analysed through thematic analysis. The study found that strategies such as penalties for examination offenders and checking for student’ illegal material were moderately implemented and there was a significant relationship between the levels of implementation of university management strategies for combating examination misconduct and the occurrence of various forms of examination misconduct in Tanzanian universities. The study concluded that university management strategies are not effectively implemented and there is a significant relationship between the levels of implementation of university management strategies and the occurrence of various forms of examination misconduct. The study recommends that universities in Tanzania in collaboration with Tanzania Commission for Universities should review and/or formulate academic integrity policies that will specify and uphold universities’ ethical principles and values as well as practices of appropriate examination conduct for handling policy violations to realize quality examinations

Teachers Training Towards Implementation of Inclusive Education in Public Primary Schools in Dodoma Region-Tanzania

This study examined teachers’ training towards implementation of inclusive education in public primary schools in Dodoma Region. The study was focused on examining teachers’ training towards the implementation of inclusive education in Public Primary schools in Dodoma region. The study was grounded in Theory of Justice pioneered by John Rawls and was be guided by one research question. The study employed convergent design under mixed approach. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques was used to sample respondents. Purposive and stratified sampling techniques followed by simple random sampling technique were used to get the respondents. The target population involved 08 DEO’s, 13 head teachers, 280 teachers and 11,460 pupils. Probability and non-probability sampling procedures were employed to determine the study sample of 12 schools, 07 DEO’s, 12 head teachers, 84 teachers and 386 pupils, making a total of 489 respondents. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and interview guides. Reliability of the questionnaire was tested by using Cronbach Alpha formula; while conformability of qualitative data was ensured by increasing transparency with regards to adherence to data collection procedures and ethics. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. The quantitative data were coded and analyzed through frequencies, percentages, and mean scores in tables and interpreted in relation to research questions. The qualitative data were analyzed by coding contents into themes, interpreting direct quotations and presented in narrative form. The findings revealed that, government primary school teachers need to be involved in long-term pre-service training in special needs education to be equipped with knowledge and skills regarding teaching and learning strategies and inclusive classroom management. The study concluded that, special education training in inclusive education practices is essential element to enhance teachers’ preparedness to work with special needs pupils as well as enhances their effectiveness in implementing classroom practices, which is a contributing factor to success in inclusive education. The study recommended that Ministry of Education, Science and Technology should organize seminars, workshops and in-service training courses to enhance teachers’ effectiveness in implementation of inclusive education.

Rural Tourism Development in Gujarat:views of the Stakeholders

Purpose: Sustainable Tourism development in the rural region has become a must which includes the interests of all stakeholders, along with tourism promotion and tourism growth. This study aims to identify the opinion of stakeholders to achieve sustainable rural tourism development. Design: Exploratory Research and descriptive research. Methodology & Approach: Qualitative and Quantitative. Primary data was collected through in-depth interviews and surveys. A structured questionnaire was used as an instrument. The non-probability sampling procedure is used. The sample size of the Community is 262 and of Tour operators is 167. Findings: It has been found that there should be the development of a regional tourism workforce and infrastructure, the introduction of home stay policy, the promotion of a tourism-friendly atmosphere, showcasing Gujarat beyond God and spirituality and the creation of multiple activities in rural areas.

Employability of Humanities Graduates in Bhutan: An Examination of Graduates’ Perceptions

With the alarming increase in graduate unemployment in Bhutan, many scholars have looked into the causes, implications, and potential solutions to Bhutan's unemployment issues. However, in Bhutan, only a few references have been made to individual majors and courses when analyzing students' employment status. As a result, the employability status of students in humanities majors is a grey area, especially in Bhutan. There is much speculation around the employment prospects of a student undergoing humanities courses, with people often citing the humanities courses in Bhutanese colleges as too broad and redundant. Therefore, this study examines the employability perception of the humanities graduates in Bhutan and the factors contributing to their unemployment. A non-probability sampling procedure, called a snowball sampling technique, was employed to collect data from 316 humanities graduates through a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that employability depends on various factors such as academic performance, integrated courses, work experiences, and skills acquired while studying. The study also highlights the skill mismatch problem in higher education institutions and recommends producing work-ready graduates. Despite the students' enthusiasm for the humanities course, their employability prospects in the field are questionable after graduation due to the mismatch between the course content and the jobs in the market. In order to address this issue, the study recommends that universities and colleges integrate practical and work-ready programs into their courses to enable graduates to acquire the necessary employability skills. Additionally, universities and companies/agencies should collaborate to bridge the gap between industry skill requirements and the skills graduates acquire. This research intends to initiate conversations on controlling the number of humanities course intakes to reduce the increasing trend of humanities graduates in an inadequate job market.

The Crowing Political Matriarchy in Homa Bay County (1963-2022)

Purpose: Crowing Political matriarchy in Homa Bay describes the female’s political take over as an impact of the prolonged pursuit of gender equality in Kenya. The takeover is due to policy frameworks intended to address gender gap. While these policy frameworks have been instrumental, historical aspects relating to gender egalitarianism has been underscored to providing elaborate intervention on gender inequality. This paper investigated the impact of the pursuit of gender egalitarianism amidst the survival of patriarchy in Kenya with specific reference to Homa-Bay County since 1964.
 Methodology: Study is guided by Patriarchal Theory of Robert Filmer which highlights how patriarchal ideology elevated men to superior positions. In the contrary, policy framework; legislative, institutional, and administrative interventions adopted towards gender egalitarianism appear to bear fruits in Homa Bay. A historical research design was applied together with non-probability sampling methods and procedures to identify informants during the study. Other primary data was gathered from the National Archives while secondary data were collected from theses, journal articles, books, and other publications from the internet, university, and other libraries. The data collected has been thematic analysis based of period. The findings may guide policy makers to review and re-assess the impact of the strategies established in the pursuit of gender egalitarianism. Paper deals with the state of gender and political transformation in Homa-Bay County since 1992.
 Findings: Publication indicates that, legislative, institutional, and administrative interventions adopted in Kenya challenge the patriarchal legitimacy and political entitlement.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This treatise reports that the gender egalitarian policies and practices make political voices of females in Homa Bay to crow louder than men. Female political voices in Homa Bay began with Asiyo and Bondo who were elected Member of Parliament and councilor respectively in 1980’s. Nevertheless, the gender egalitarian policies have been legalized by the Kenya constitution 2010 to the advantage of females leading to the pinnacle of political matriarchy in Homa Bay.

Positive attitudes toward mathematics among senior high school students in Cape Coast Metropolis

The study involved 2,575 students selected through a combination of probability and non-probability sampling procedures. Explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used. Participants completed the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitude Scales (FSMAS) to provide the quantitative data for the research. The qualitative data were gathered through interviews. The arithmetic mean from the survey data for each of the students was used to shortlist 140 students for focus group interviews. The findings revealed that some of the impetuses that drive the respondents’ positive attitudes towards mathematics were mathematics as a compulsory subject, good teaching strategies by teachers, the utility of mathematics, career aspirations, and encouragement from parents, guardian or peers. The study recommended that stakeholders should encourage, enhance and promote these factors. Teachers, educators, and researchers are encouraged to dig deeper to unearth more of such factors.

The Impact of the China Open 500 Event on Sense of Community: Comparisons of Volunteers’ Pre- and Post-Event Perceptions

Volunteers at major sporting events have become a key element for the success of these events. Therefore, the organiser should know exactly those aspects that strengthen the bond between the sports volunteer and the event. The aim of the present research was to assess the change in volunteers’ perception of community feeling at the China Open 500 tennis tournament. The sample was selected by using a purposive non-probability sampling procedure with a 99% confidence interval and a sampling error of 0.5% (n = 805). The data collection tool was the structured questionnaire applied through a face-to-face personal survey of volunteers before and after the event. The proposed structural model for the perceived community feeling of the China Open 500 volunteers was confirmed via a second-order factor analysis. The results confirmed the existence of the six proposed factors: Administrative Consideration, Common Interests, Equity in Administrative Decisions, Leadership Opportunity, Social Spaces, and Competitiveness. The change in the volunteers’ sense of community from the training phase to after the event shows that there is a direct link between a sense of community and the volunteer experience.

Skill Mismatch as Constraint to Entrepreneurship in the Leather Sector of Bangladesh: A Conceptual Study

Promoting entrepreneurship is a key approach to reducing youth unemployment and enhancing economic development. This paper aims to explore skill mismatch as a constraint to entrepreneurship in the leather sector of Bangladesh. The paper is a conceptual study and follows the worldview of critical realism. This study used one-to-one interviews and a survey based on a non-probability sampling procedure to supplement the conceptual analysis. The empirical findings were considered complementary evidence to the conceptual discussion. The study was designed to explore the issues related to skill mismatch through a conceptual analysis instead of aiming to make generalizable statistical inferences. The paper had two major findings. Firstly, the ability to develop ‘political connections’ is considered an important skill that entrepreneurs look for in their business partners and managers, especially at the early stage of business capital formation. Other forms of skills mismatch impose a high amount of cost on the entrepreneurs and function as an entry barrier to entrepreneurship. Secondly, entrepreneurs are not well incentivized to invest in training and up-skilling their workers due to the high risk associated with such investments. Social Science Review, Vol. 39(1), June 2022 Page 103-123

Investigating the Dimensionality of Psychological Contract from a Spiritual Perspective: an Empirical Study of Indonesian Employees

Based on the Western value system, research on the psychological contract has received immense attention from human resources management researchers. However, psychological contract from the spiritual perspective has not been much explored. This empirical study attempts to enrich the understanding of the psychological contract phenomenon from a spiritual perspective. This is a research paper to explore the dimensionalities of a spiritual psychological contract with examined both inner (structure) and outer (measurement) models via Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). A survey of 108 employees in business organizations in Indonesia, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan was drawn for the study using a nonprobability convenience sampling procedure to obtain a more representative sample. The construct validity of the spiritual psychological contract (SPC) via SmartPLS 3.2.7 software led to the major finding; the SPC measurement model in the business organizational context is explained by three components i.e., transactional, relational, and liturgical contract. This is a new insight into psychological contract research and needs further studies to explore it.

Relationship between Visionary Leadership and implementation of Change Management strategies in Private Secondary Schools in Nairobi County

The purpose of this study is to examine and explore the relationship between visionary leadership and the implementation of change management strategies in private secondary schools in Nairobi County. This study attempts to explicate and test the key role of visionary leadership in bringing and implementing change in organizations. A test of the hypotheses was done using bivariate correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study targeted the principals, teachers and school administrators from 108 private secondary schools. The study used both probability and non-probability sampling procedures. The sample size of this study was five hundred and thirteen (n=513) respondents. The study collected data from teachers and school administrators using questionnaires, and from principals using interview guides. Questionnaires were distributed both physically and through emails. The research instruments were tested by two experts for content, trustworthiness and face validity, and another test was done for data reliability. Data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative data analysis approaches following the research questions. For quantitative data, descriptive and inferential statistics was used for analysis; Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26 was used to code data and conduct analysis. From the analysis, the study concluded that visionary leadership has an effect on the implementation of change management strategies in the private secondary schools. The study recommended that top management need to encourage employees to share their opinion and be part of every creative process in the private secondary schools. Key Words: Visionary Leadership, Implementation of change management strategies, private secondary schools

Relationship between Charismatic Leadership and Implementation of Change Management strategies in Private Secondary schools in Nairobi County

Charisma is characterized by vision and a sense of mission, instilling pride and gaining respect and trust in a group. The purpose of this study is to examine and explore the relationship between charismatic leadership and the implementation of change management strategies in private secondary schools in Nairobi County. This study attempts to explicate and test the key role of charismatic leadership in bringing and implementing change in organizations. A test of the hypotheses was done using bivariate correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study targeted the principals, teachers and school administrators from 28 private secondary schools. The study used both probability and non-probability sampling procedures. The sample size of this study were five hundred and thirteen (n=513) respondents. The study collected data from teachers and school administrators using questionnaires, and from principals using interview guides. Questionnaires were distributed both physically and through emails. The research instruments were tested by two experts for content, trustworthiness and face validity, and another test was done for data reliability. Data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative data analysis approaches following the research questions. For quantitative data, descriptive and inferential statistics was used for analysis; Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26 was used to code data and conduct analysis. From the analysis, the study concluded that charismatic leadership has an effect on the implementation of change management strategies in the private secondary schools. The study recommended that top management need to encourage employees to share their opinion and be part of every creative process in the private secondary schools. Key Words: Charismatic Leadership, Implementation of change management strategies, private secondary schools