Non-physical Values Research Articles

Forced Measurement of Astronomical Sources at Low Signal-to-noise

We propose a modified moment matching algorithm to avoid catastrophic failures for sources with a low signal to noise ratio. The proposed modifications include a method to eliminate nonphysical negative pixel values and a forced single iteration with an initial guess derived from coadd measurements when iterative methods are unstable. We correct for all biases in measurements introduced by the method. We find that the proposed modifications allow the algorithm to avoid catastrophic failures in nearly 100% of the cases, especially at low SNR. Additionally, with a reasonable guess from coadd measurements, the algorithm measures the flux, centroid, size, shape, and ellipticity with a bias statistically consistent with zero. We show that the proposed method allows us to measure sources 7 times fainter than traditional methods when applied to images obtained from WIYN-ODI. We also present a scheme to find uncertainties in measurements when using the new method to measure astronomical sources.

Finite size effects and optimization of the calculation of the surface tension in surfactant mixtures at liquid/vapour interfaces

The surface tension of monolayers with mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactant at the liquid/vapour interface is studied. Previous works have observed that calculations of the surface tension of simple fluids show artificial oscillations for small interfacial areas, indicating that the surface tension data fluctuate due to the finite size effects and periodic boundary conditions. In the case of simulations of monolayers composed of surfactant mixtures, the surface tension not only oscillates for small areas but can also give non-physical data, such as negative values. Analysis of the monolayers with different surfactant mixtures, ionic (DTAB, CTAB, SDS) and nonionic (SB3-12), was done for density profiles, parameters of order and pair correlation functions for small and large box areas and all of them present similar behaviour. The fluctuations and the non-physical values of the surface tension are corrected when boxes with large interfacial areas are considered. The results indicate that in order to obtain reliable values of the surface tension, in computer simulations, it is important to choose not only the correct force field but also the appropriate size of the simulation box.

Development of pyramid neural networks for prediction of significant wave height for renewable energy farms

Significant wave height (Hs) is a critical parameter in the design, operation, and maintenance of nearshore and offshore wind and wave farms. In this study, the original pyramid neural network (PNN) was introduced and applied to predict Hs for North Sea renewable energy farms. The performance of PNN was compared with state-of-the-art algorithms. The results show that the machine learning (ML) models trained by the network datasets can accurately predict Hs at any point of nearshore or offshore energy farms, significantly reducing wave monitoring costs. The PNN models predict Hs with high accuracy. The results predicted by PNN, with SRMSE of 0.256 and R2 of 0.873, are more accurate than the corresponding results obtained by the deep neural network (DNN) model, which show that PNNs with their far simpler structures and lower number of parameters are attractive alternatives for complex and time-consuming DNN models. The ensemble of regular models, with SRMSE of 0.247, is ranked as the most accurate method. The results also show that the applied state-of-the-art algorithms including MLR, SNN, DNN, ANFIS, and SVR models predict non-physical negative values of Hs. The PNNs developed in this study predict Hs with positive values. Moreover, the analysis shows that the scatter of the results obtained by the derived nonlinear models is less pronounced than the scatter of corresponding results obtained by other methods. The results also show that to evaluate the performance of nonlinear ML methods for large datasets, the analysis of standard statistical indices is not sufficient. For large datasets standard statistical indices provide inadequate or insufficient information and additional calculations, and statistical analysis are required.

Calibration of constitutive models using genetic algorithms

Constitutive models, describing material response to load, are an essential part of computational materials engineering. Semi-empirical constitutive laws including the Johnson–Cook and Zerilli–Armstrong models are widely used in finite element simulation for easy computability and rapid run time. The reliability of these models depends on accurate and reproducible fitting of parameters. This work presents a genetic algorithm (GA) based tool to fit parameters in constitutive models. The GA approach is capable of finding the global optimum parameter set in a robust, repeatable, and computationally efficient manner. It has been demonstrated that the obtained fits are better than those using traditional term-wise optimisation. Allowed to fit freely, the GA method will be likely to produce non-physical parameter values. However, by constraining the fit, the GA method can produce parameters that are physically reasonable and minimise the error when extrapolating to unseen data. Finally, the GA method may be used to choose between a variety of possible constitutive models based on a transparent best fit approach. The model has been demonstrated by using datasets from the literature for DH–36 steel and Ti-6Al-4V. This includes data from different studies, in which there are both random and systematic variations. The framework developed here is made freely available and modifiable, and may be extended to include other constitutive models as required.

Improving the Performance of Hydrological Model Parameter Uncertainty Analysis Using a Constrained Multi-Objective Intelligent Optimization Algorithm

In the field of hydrological model parameter uncertainty analysis, sampling methods such as Differential Evolution based on Monte Carlo Markov Chain (DE-MC) and Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis (SCEM-UA) algorithms have been widely applied. However, there are two drawbacks which may introduce bad effects into the uncertainty analysis. The first disadvantage is that few optimization algorithms consider the physical meaning and reasonable range of the model parameters. The traditional sampling algorithms may generate non-physical parameter values and poorly simulated hydrographs when carrying out the uncertainty analysis. The second disadvantage is that the widely used sampling algorithms commonly involve only a single objective. Such sampling procedures implicitly introduce too strong an “exploitation” property into the sampling process, consequently destroying the diversity property of the sampled population, i.e., the “exploration” property is bad. Here, “exploitation” refers to using good already-existing solutions and making refinements to them, so that their fitness will improve further; meanwhile, “exploration” denotes that the algorithm searches for new solutions in new regions. With the aim of improving the performance of uncertainty analysis algorithms, in this research, a constrained multi-objective intelligent optimization algorithm is proposed that preserves the physical meaning of the model parameter using the penalty function method and maintains the population diversity using a Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) multi-objective optimization procedure. The representativeness of the parameter population is estimated on the basis of the mean and standard deviation of the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient, and the diversity is evaluated on the basis of the mean Euclidean distance. The Chengcun watershed is selected as the study area, and uncertainty analysis is carried out. The numerical simulations indicate that the performance of the proposed algorithm is significantly improved, preserving the physical meaning and reasonable range of the model parameters while significantly improving the diversity and reliability of the sampled parameter population.

A finite element method for angular discretization of the radiation transport equation on spherical geodesic grids

Discrete ordinate (SN) and filtered spherical harmonics (FPN) based schemes have been proven to be robust and accurate in solving the Boltzmann transport equation but they have their own strengths and weaknesses in different physical scenarios. We present a new method based on a finite element approach in angle that combines the strengths of both methods and mitigates their disadvantages. The angular variables are specified on a spherical geodesic grid with functions on the sphere being represented using a finite element basis. A positivity-preserving limiting strategy is employed to prevent non-physical values from appearing in the solutions. The resulting method is then compared with both SN and FPN schemes using four test problems and is found to perform well when one of the other methods fail.

NFT를 활용한 클래식 음악시장 활성화 방안

This study suggested measures to revitalize the stagnant classic music market by utilizing the recently spotlighted non-fungible token (NFT). This study examined the replaceability based on NFT-related specialized knowledge and relevant preceding studies and utilized them to suggest the classic music market revitalization method by using preceding studies and statistics.
 NFT is blockchain-based exchange measure called non-fungible token. Since NFT is free from reproduction, falsification, and abuse, NFT is able to maintain its value. Furthermore, NFT is able to maintain the economic value not only physical artworks but also non-physical art values. Therefore, NFT can add economic value and revitalize the classic music market and other markets with decreasing attention. Especially, NFT is expected to protect the property rights and copyrights of classic music, create profits through streaming and other services, and boost transactions based on scarcity to expand the classic market.

Resonance-facilitated three-channel p -wave scattering

Feshbach resonances of arbitrary width are typically described in terms of two-channel models. Within these models, one usually considers a single dressed resonance, with the option to extend the analysis by including resonant open-channel features that can drastically change the observed threshold effects. For the strong $^{40}\mathrm{K} p$-wave resonance studied [Ahmed-Braun et al., Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 033269 (2021)], the interplay between an open-channel shape resonance and the Feshbach resonance could explain the unexpected nonlinear variation of the binding energy with magnetic field. However, the presented two-channel treatment relies on the introduction of two independent fitting parameters, whereas the typical Breit-Wigner expression would only account for one. This results in an effective magnetic moment that acquires a nonphysical value, which is an indication of a major shortcoming of the two-channel model treatment. In this study, we observe how the presence of a closed-channel shape resonance explains the physical mechanism behind the observations and demonstrates the need of a three-channel treatment. We introduce our model as resonance facilitated, where all coupling is mediated by the Feshbach state, while there is no direct coupling between the additional channel and the open channel. Notably, the resonance-facilitated structure greatly reduces the complexity of the full three-channel model. The typical Breit-Wigner form of the two-channel Feshbach formalism is retained and the full effect of the added channel can be captured by a single resonance dressing factor, which describes how the free propagation in the Feshbach state is dressed by the added channel.

Hubungan disiplin kerja dengan lingkungan kerja tenaga kesehatan di Puskesmas Kecamatan Kresek Kabupaten Tangerang

Background Human resources certainly play a very important role in realizing an ideal organization, and need to get deeper attention and study, especially on how to carry out their responsibilities so that the results achieved will be in accordance with what is done, to achieve good goals. It takes someone who is disciplined, in addition to discipline the company must pay attention to the work environment of employees so that employees can work effectively and efficiently, because the work environment can affect a person in carrying out the tasks assigned either directly or indirectly. The benefit of the work environment is to create passion for work, so that productivity and work performance increase. Research Objectives This study aims to determine work discipline and work environment related to health workers at the health center. Kresek District, Tangerang Regency in 2022. Quantitative research method with a cross sectional study approach, using a sampling technique with total sampling. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 63 respondents to health workers at the Kresek District Health Center, Tangerang Regency 2022. The results showed that most of the 63 respondents had high work discipline as many as 62 respondents (98.4%), out of 63 respondents most of them had a work environment high physical work as many as 61 respondents (96.8%), and 63 respondents mostly who have a high non-physical work environment as many as 62 respondents (98.4%). The results of the Spearman's rho statistical test showed that the value of work discipline with a physical work environment was ℓvalue = 0.000 which means lower than (ℓvalue > 0.05) inversely proportional to the results of work discipline with a non-physical work environment value ℓvalue = 0.900 which means higher than ( ℓvalue > 0.05). So it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between work discipline and the physical work environment of health workers at the Kresek District Health Center, Tangerang Regency, in 2022.

Anomaly detection and treatment for meteorological and wind turbine power measurements

A comprehensive Quality Assurance (QA) process was implemented on the meteorological measurements and power output of the neighboring wind turbine at the Wind Energy Institute of Canada's wind farm on Prince Edward Island. The data, obtained from May 2013 to September 2021, include wind power, speed, direction, temperature, pressure, and relative humidity, averaged over 10 min. The first QA step was the detection of erroneous values due to well-known causes, such as the icing of the cup anemometers, the wake of the neighboring turbine, and the meteorological mast. Subsequent, and mainly novel, procedures were developed to capture systematic errors, nonphysical values, and repeated constant values, to assess the internal consistency, and to deal with abnormally high variation and erroneous small values in the data. Most of the data taken before the calibration of the anemometers in 2017 and some a few months after the calibration were invalid; a fact that shows the importance of yearly calibration. The installation of two instruments on the opposite sides of the mast provided “counterpart” measurements, which greatly facilitated the QA. We also offer some recommendations about the layout of the mast and closest wind turbine and the value of using sonic anemometers which are not affected by icing.

AESTHETIC VALUES OF RUINS: A CASE STUDY OF THE MALABAR RADIO STATION AREA

Relics of the past that have historical value must be preserved, but due to war and natural factors, these relics only leave ruins, so the conservation measures are different from buildings. The aesthetic value is one of the reasons for maintaining the ruins as they are, where this value is related to the physical and non-physical aspects of the ruins. One of the locations of the historical ruins is the ruins in the Malabar Radio Transmitting Station Area located on Mount Puntang, Banjaran District, Bandung Regency, West Java, which used to be a Radio Station complex that bridged long-distance communications between Indonesia and the Netherlands, has important historical value and impact the time. A change in function to become a tourist spot at this location can intervene in the ruins by adding or developing tourist facilities that can reduce or damage their historical and aesthetic values. This study intends to examine the aesthetic value of the ruins of the Malabar Radio Station to find a value that can be maintained as it is. This research uses qualitative research methods by searching historical data through primary and secondary sources. The results of the study found that the aesthetic value of the ruins consisted of 1) physical aesthetic values related to the shape of the ruins that can be observed and felt with the five senses, identified forms and materials (traces of weathering, the remaining walls, and floors) that blend into the mountainous landscape to give it an interesting and distinctive landscape character and visual appeal; and 2) non-physical aesthetic value related to the function of marking the passage of time, evidence of representation of the involvement of indigenous workers, defense of independence in the Banjaran region, and becoming a tourist attraction. Both of these aesthetic values are things that must be protected and maintained for the preservation of the ruins.

The Mechanism of Establishing Compensation in Land Procurement of the Construction of the Kulon Progo Yogyakarta Solo Toll Road in Klaten District

This journal examines how compensation is determined for land acquisition for toll road construction in Klaten Regency. Instead, the amount of compensation must be decided through deliberations between the land acquisition committee and the party entitled to it. Because they are considered not to care about justice, there are still many people who do not agree with the amount of compensation given. Based on Law Number 2 of 2012 concerning Land Acquisition for Development in the Public Interest and the Indonesian Appraisal Standard, the price of land for public use is determined by the appraisal team by taking into account physical and non-physical values. This study uses empirical research methods with a focus on descriptive research. Research finding is that there are still many people who do not agree with the amount of compensation given and provide justification to the local District Court, resulting in delays in payment of compensation.

Intellectual Capital and Bank Profitability: Evidence from Serbia

Research Question: This paper examines how investing in Intellectual Capital (IC) influences bank profitability measured by return on average assets and return on average equity. Motivation: IC is a source of non-physical (added) value for innovative companies in the knowledge-based economy. In finance and banking, efficient use of IC is critical since a bank's capacity to supply high-quality services is based on its investment in IC. As a result, our goal was to throw light on the components of IC and examine how they relate to the commercial bank's financial performance in Serbia. Idea: The main idea behind this paper is to assess the relationship between components of IC and bank profitability. We used the three most common components: Human Capital Efficiency (HCE), Capital Employed Efficiency (CEE), and Structural Capital Efficiency (SCE), as well as control variables such as banks' size and leverage. Data: We used a Bankscope data set that included 27 Serbian commercial banks from 2011 to 2019, with 212 observations. Tools: We used Breusch–Pagan Lagrange multiplier and the Pesaran test to examine cross-section dependence. Based on the test results, we used the system generalized method of moments (GMM) to assess the relationship between IC components and bank profitability. Findings: In Serbian banking industry, both HCE and CEE considerably impact bank profitability. However, we couldn't find evidence that SCE contributes to bank profitability. Contribution: This paper adds to the existing literature on the relationship between IC and bank profitability. However, it also includes a policy recommendation for bank executives as we discovered that investing in IC can positively influence bank profitability.

Derivation of a near-surface damping model for the Groningen gas field

SUMMARY Seismic damping of near-surface deposits is an important input to site-response analysis for seismic hazard assessment. In Groningen, the Netherlands, gas production from a reservoir at 3 km depth causes seismicity. Above the gas field, an 800 m thick layer of unconsolidated sediments exist, which consists of a mixture of sand, gravel, clay and peat strata. Shear waves induced at 3 km depth experience most of their anelastic attenuation in these loose sediments. A good estimate of damping is therefore crucial for modelling realistic ground-motion levels. In Groningen, we take advantage of a large network of 200 m deep vertical arrays to estimate damping from recordings of the induced events. As a first step, we apply seismic interferometry by deconvolution to estimate local transfer functions over these vertical arrays. Subsequently, two different methods are employed. The first is the ‘upgoing’ method, where the amplitude decay of the retrieved upgoing wave is used. The second is the ‘up-down’ method, where the amplitude difference between retrieved up- and downgoing waves is utilized. For the upgoing method, the amplitude of the upgoing direct wave is affected by both elastic and anelastic effects. In order to estimate the anelastic attenuation, it is necessary to remove the elastic amplification first. Despite the fact that elastic compensation could be determined quite accurately, non-physical damping values were estimated for a number of boreholes. Likely, the underlying cause was small differences in effective response functions of geophones at different depths. It was found that the up-down method is more robust. With this method, elastic propagation corrections are not needed. In addition, small differences in in situ geophone response are irrelevant because the up- and downgoing waves retrieved at the same geophone are used. For the 1-D case, we showed that for estimating the local transfer function, the complex reverberations need to be included in the interferometric process. Only when this is done, the transfer function does not contain elastic transmission loss and Q estimation can be made without knowing the soil profile in detail. Uncertainty in the estimated damping was found from the signal-to-noise ratio of the estimated transfer function. The Q profiles estimated with the up-down method were used to derive a damping model for the top 200 m of the entire Groningen field. A scaling relation was derived by comparing estimated Q profiles with low-strain damping profiles that were constructed using published models for low-strain damping linked to soil properties. This scaling relation, together with the soil-property-based damping model, allowed up-scaling of the model to each grid-cell in the Groningen field. For depths below 200 m, damping was derived from the attenuation of the microseism over Groningen. The mean damping model, over a frequency band between 2 and 20 Hz, was estimated to be 2.0 per cent (0–50 m depth), 1.3 per cent (50–100 m), 0.66 per cent (100–150 m), 0.57 per cent (150–200 m) and 0.5 per cent (200–580 m).

Electromagnetic Characterization of Shielded Spherical Gyromagnetic Resonators

The electromagnetic (EM) properties of shielded gyromagnetic spheres are characterized with the aid of an electrodynamic model formulated for the transverse electric (TE) modes of an isotropic sphere, in a similar way as dielectric resonators are commonly analyzed. Broadband characteristics of geometric and energy filling factors are presented. A new measure of the magnetic loss tangent is introduced which is positive despite the intrinsic permeability of the gyromagnetic medium being negative, where existing definitions yield a non-physical negative value. The sample size dependence of those quantities is also assessed. The conclusions from the analysis are applied to investigate and de-embed ferromagnetic linewidth errors which can occur in broadband measurements of magnetic garnet spheres. Magnetic anisotropy fields and the gyromagnetic <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$g$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -factor are also estimated from the measurement data. Experiments were performed in a two-port subwavelength cavity, covering a frequency range of up to 28 GHz. Additionally, two-port rectangular resonant cavity linewidth measurements at a few modes have been conducted. Good agreement between the two methods is found if the systematic error is accounted for.

A comparison of models of linear collisions between spherical particles in the pendular regime

This study examines granular collisions between spherical particles coated with a thin layer of viscous liquid, such that the capillary number is high and viscous forces dominate. Measurements were performed using high-speed particle tracking velocimetry. The measurements were used to examine four theoretical models that describe the collisions. The viscous force scales with the inverse of the separation distance between particles. The models limit the viscous force by setting a minimum approach distance. A fair match between experiments and simulations was obtained for all models by fitting this minimum approach distance. However, in some cases, to achieve a good match to the experiments, the minimum approach distance had to be set to a non-physical value. The best, and most physically reasonable, agreement was obtained when the viscous force accounted for the curvature of the surface and the minimum approach distance was determined using an empirically-fitted glass transition pressure model.

Industrial heritage: towards a sustainable adaptive reuse of wheat milling heritage buildings in Jordan

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a framework for the adaptive re-use of wheat milling buildings setting in modern urban contexts in Jordan. This paper also aims to highlight the industrial heritage with a focus on wheat milling buildings, which date back to the beginning of the 20th century, as they document and represent significant aspects of the socio-cultural history of Jordan.Design/methodology/approachThe approach to this statement will be through a theoretical investigation into the notion of industrial heritage, a historical overview of wheat milling in Jordan, as well as a case study analysis to support the theoretical framework following a value-based approach for the case of Baboor Al-Qisar. Baboor Al-Qisar is a wheat milling structure that the Department of Antiquities (DoA) is willing to adaptively reuse as an industrial museum that tells the local narrative of wheat milling and points out the non-physical values associated with the building’s original use.FindingsThe paper introduces a framework for wheat milling buildings incorporation within the modern urban context as industrial heritage museums or socio-cultural facilities. The findings offer a reflection on approaching similar case studies as a tool for their conservation, management and promotion to create new tourist destinations as a form of sustainable urban regeneration.Originality/valueThis research bridges the gap between practice and theory in terms of adaptive reuse strategies within the Jordanian local context. No similar studies have been done on wheat milling structures from the 20th century in the country with local community engagement as an integral part that is carried out within the functionality and future use of the site.

Measurement of the free electron line density in a spherical theta-pinch plasma target by single wavelength interferometry

A single wavelength heterodyne interferometer has been set up to investigate the free electron density integrated axially along the line of sight (line density) in a theta-pinch plasma to determine its applicability as a plasma target for ion beam stripping. The maximal line density reached in this experiment was cm−2 at 80 Pa and 20 kV. The findings demonstrate the pulsed character of the line density and its increase by raising the load voltage and the working gas pressure. Additionally, the results were compared with spectroscopic free electron density estimations, which were carried out by H-line broadening and peak separation. The time behavior of the line density indicates that its peak value is delayed by about 10 µs compared to the spectroscopic results. This effect is due to the formation of an extended, magnetically compressed plasma column in the vicinity of the current maximum, although the highest volumetric free electron density is reached near the current zero crossing. Since the line density is an essential parameter in describing the stripping capabilities of the plasma target, the interferometric diagnostic is superior to a spectroscopic diagnostic, because it directly provides integrated values along the line of sight. Furthermore, the measurements of the line density in this experiment partially show nonphysical negative values, which is due to gaseous effects and residual shot vibrations.

T2K measurements of muon neutrino and antineutrino disappearance using 3.13×1021 protons on target

We report measurements by the T2K experiment of the parameters $\theta_{23}$ and $\Delta m^2_{32}$ which govern the disappearance of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos in the three-flavor PMNS neutrino oscillation model at T2K's neutrino energy and propagation distance. Utilizing the ability of the experiment to run with either a mainly neutrino or a mainly antineutrino beam, muon-like events from each beam mode are used to measure these parameters separately for neutrino and antineutrino oscillations. Data taken from $1.49 \times 10^{21}$ protons on target (POT) in neutrino mode and $1.64 \times 10^{21}$ POT in antineutrino mode are used. The best-fit values obtained by T2K were $\sin^2\left(\theta_{23}\right)=0.51^{+0.06}_{-0.07} \left(0.43^{+0.21}_{-0.05}\right)$ and $\Delta m^2_{32}=2.47^{+0.08}_{-0.09} \left(2.50^{+0.18}_{-0.13}\right)$\evmass for neutrinos (antineutrinos). No significant differences between the values of the parameters describing the disappearance of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos were observed. An analysis using an effective two-flavor neutrino oscillation model where the sine of the mixing angle is allowed to take non-physical values larger than 1 is also performed to check the consistency of our data with the three-flavor model. Our data were found to be consistent with a physical value for the mixing angle.

Measurable Mistakes in Architecture the Effect of Designer's Experience on the Propagation of Mistakes in Architectural Design - Residential Buildings in Al Sulaymaniyah City as a Case Study

The importance of physical and nonphysical architectural design values made architectural designers need good experience to be experts of architectural values reasonably without neglecting any value in the design process. The importance of such values made that ignoring any values and mistakes occurs in the design process. Simultaneously, architectural designers' different nature and the difference in their experiences are causing different understandings of the design values, thus causing architectural mistakes. The research problem appears from the randomly propagating of mistakes in contemporary architecture, which is about to become a phenomenon in Al Sulaymaniyah city. The research aims to find the main reasons and influences of making architectural mistakes and propagating such mistakes in the contemporary architectural design depending on randomly selected samples. The study took the factor of "Architectural Designers' Experience" as an influential factor in avoiding the propagation of architectural mistakes. To see architectural mistakes in real existing cases, the research took some of the different types of residential buildings in Al Sulaymaniyah city designed during (2000-2010) as case study to show architects' architectural mistakes in residential buildings