Non-permanent Residents Research Articles

The Israeli anesthesiology workforce crisis: a reassessment survey

BackgroundAnesthesiologists provide crucial anesthesiology services in the operating room and non-operating room locations. Combined with an aging and growing Israeli population, there is an increasing demand for anesthesiology services. A previous study performed in 2005 showed that most anesthesiologists are immigrant physicians with few Israeli medical school graduates. Since then, physician immigration decreased, many have retired and demand for anesthesia services has increased while insufficient numbers of new anesthesiologists were trained, leading to a shortage, limiting surgeries and other procedures in many hospitals. The present study examined the composition of the Israeli anesthesiology workforce in 2021and compared it to the 2005 workforce.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of demographic and professional information about each Israeli hospital anesthesiologists was solicited from 34 anesthesiology department chairs responsible for 36 Israeli acute care hospitals.ResultsThere are 1313 anesthesiologists in the 36 hospitals, resulting in a ratio of 14.2 anesthesiologists per 100,000 population. 22.6% of anesthesiologists will reach retirement age over the next ten years. The proportion of female anesthesiologists was 28.7%. While Israeli medical school graduates increased to 18.1% from 12.2% in 2005, non-Israeli citizens and non-permanent residents comprised 8.5% of the workforce.ConclusionsDespite growth in the ratio of anesthesiologists per population, a workforce shortage is expected to worsen over the next ten years due to retirements, shortened call hours, and the Yatziv reform which bans graduates of certain overseas medical schools from obtaining Israeli Medical Licenses. The current workforce has compensated for the existing shortage of anesthesiologists by enlisting non-Israeli trainees from overseas. Yet, it is crucial to maintain and enlarge the local Israeli workforce to forestall a worsening shortage.

International medical learners and their adjustment after returning to their countries of origin: a qualitative study

IntroductionInternational medical trainees, including residents and fellows, must cope with many challenges, such as differences in cultural hierarchical systems, languages, and acceptance. Nonetheless, the need for adjustment perpetuates even after training is completed abroad. When some international trainees return to their countries of origin, they continue to face adjustment challenges due to reverse culture shock. Others must make many further readjustments. This study presents an exploration of the adjustment and coping strategies of international medical learners after returning to their countries of origin upon completion of their programs.MethodThis study employed a qualitative approach grounded in interpretivism and utilised inductive thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s method. Semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews were employed to explore the participants’ coping strategies. Participants included international medical learners who were (1) international medical graduates who had already returned to their countries of origin, (2) non-Canadian citizens or nonpermanent residents by the start of the programs, and (3) previously enrolled in a residency or fellowship training programme at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ResultsSeventeen participants were included. Three main themes and seven subthemes were created from the analysis and are represented by the Ice Skater Landing Model. According to this model, there are three main forces in coping processes upon returning home: driving, stabilising, and situational forces. The sum and interaction of these forces impact the readjustment process.ConclusionInternational medical learners who have trained abroad and returned to their countries of origin often struggle with readjustment. An equilibrium between the driving and stabilising forces is crucial for a smooth transition. The findings of this study can help stakeholders better understand coping processes. As healthy coping processes are related to job satisfaction and retention, efforts to support and shorten repatriation adjustment are worthwhile.

Autism and immigration, is there a link? Results from a Manitoba Study

Abstract Objectives To examine a possible association between parental immigration and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Manitoba, Canada. Methods Electronic medical records of children diagnosed with ASD between 2016 and 2021 at Manitoba’s only publicly funded referral site for ASD evaluation in children ≤6 years of age were reviewed. Children born in or outside of Canada whose parents/guardians (one or both) were foreign-born were identified to have ‘immigrant’ parents. The proportion of Manitoba’s immigrant population (including non-permanent residents) was obtained from 2016 to 2021 Census data and compared to the proportion of children diagnosed with ASD who had immigrant parent(s). Descriptive statistics were used to compare the characteristics of children with ASD born to immigrants versus non-immigrant parents. Results Among 1858 children diagnosed with ASD during the study period, 669 (36%) had immigrant parents. This proportion was greater than the proportion of immigrants (and non-permanent residents) living in Manitoba in 2016: 243,835/1,278,365 (19%, P < 0.001) and 2021: 291,910/1,342,153 (21.7%, P < 0.001). Those with immigrant parents had a lower rate of family history of ASD (16.3% versus 33.3% P < 0.001), and associated neurologic comorbidities (4.2% versus 6.4% P: 0.047). There were no statistical differences in rates of preterm birth (15.5% versus 12.36 P: 0.152) or use of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 in diagnostic approach (30.3% versus 33% P: 0.321) between groups. Conclusions There is an over-representation of immigrant families among young children diagnosed with ASD in Manitoba. Further studies are needed to understand mechanisms that may play a role in this association.

Analysis of Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy during Covid-19 Crisis---an Australian perspective

The outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia in 2020 has emerged as a significant global epidemic, representing a profound disaster. All nations encounter a shift towards crisis management frameworks, exhibiting variable levels of success in limiting the spread of the virus and mitigating economic repercussions. This is by far the most far-reaching public health event of the 21st century on a global scale, with immeasurable research significance from immunological, economic, and sociological perspectives. For the continent of Australia, which is alone in the ocean, the Australian community could not carry the blow once the epidemic exploded across the country. So, as early as the 20th of March, Australia quickly declared a "border closure", banning all non-Australian citizens and non-permanent residents from entering the country. Moreover, with regard to the movement of persons, production activities and control of cases and close contacts in the region, each oblast has adopted restrictive measures of varying degrees, depending on the severity and development of the outbreak. The special geographical conditions and the policy of a completely closed borderline allow us to value the effectiveness of the Australian government's and banks' response to the stimulus provided by the COVID-19 policy directly by removing most of the external conditions from the equation.

Factors associated with primary healthcare provider access among trans and non-binary immigrants, refugees, and newcomers in Canada

ObjectiveTrans and non-binary (TNB) immigrants, refugees, and newcomers (IRN) face intersecting challenges and barriers, including stigma and persecution in countries of origin, and others unique to the Canadian resettlement process. The present study aimed to investigate factors that are associated with having a primary healthcare provider among TNB IRN. DesignTrans PULSE Canada was a community-based, national study of health and wellbeing among 2,873 TNB people residing in Canada, aged 14 and older, who were recruited using a multi-mode convenience sampling approach.. The survey asked questions about identity, community, service access, health – and IRN were asked questions specific to immigration/settlement. ResultsOf the 313 IRN participants who completed the full survey version (age M = 34.1, SE=0.75), 76.4 % had a primary healthcare provider. TNB IRN largely reported being Canadian citizens (59.8 %), gender non-binary or similar (46.9 %), currently living in Ontario (35.5 %), and having immigrated from the United States (32.1 %). Chi-square analyses revealed that having a primary healthcare provider was associated with age, gender identity, citizenship status, region of origin, current location in Canada, length of time since immigrating to Canada, status in gender affirming medical care, and having extended health insurance. With modified Poisson regression, we found that TNB IRN who were non-permanent residents, originating from European, African, and Oceania regions, or living in Quebec and the Prairie provinces were less likely to have a primary healthcare provider. ConclusionResults may inform settlement organizations of the unique needs and barriers of TNB IRN. Schools and LGBTQ+ organizations may better serve this population – especially those originating from highlighted regions, who live in Quebec or the Prairie provinces, and/or are non-permanent residents – by offering programs that connect them to primary healthcare providers who are competent in cross-cultural trans health.

Analisa Rendahnya Pendataan Penduduk Non Permanen Di Kota Payakumbuh Dengan Menggunakan Metoda Grounded Theory

The movement of people from one place to another is getting faster and wider, this is indicated by the large number of residents who are not native to a certain area but live and settle in that area for a long time. These residents are called non-permanent residents. With the increased mobility of non-permanent residents, it is necessary to describe the condition and development of non-permanent residents as well as the availability of data on non-permanent residents in provinces, districts/cities. The Payakumbuh City Population and Civil Registration Office as the implementing agency is responsible for carrying out non-permanent population data collection. This is in accordance with Permendagri Number 14 of 2015, that Implementing Agencies are district/city government apparatus that are responsible and have the authority to carry out services in Population Administration matters. However, the implementation of Non-Permanent Population Data Collection is not easy, and has not been fully running well. This study aims to identify what are the obstacles in collecting data on non-permanent residents. The analysis carried out includes the coding stage, the concept formation stage, the categorization stage, and the theory formation stage. The findings show that external influences greatly affect the low data collection of non-permanent residents in the city of Payakumbuh

COVID-19: Academic, Financial, and Mental Health Challenges Faced by International Students in the United States Due to the Pandemic.

Background and objective Many international students often face challenges regarding their mental health, finances, and academics. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak may have presented unprecedented challenges to many foreign students in these aspects. Our study examined the academic, financial, and mental health challenges encountered byinternational students residing in the United States due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It also examined the association betweenthe mental health of the respondents and the academic and financial challenges they encountered. Method The study involved international students enrolled at Texas A&M University, who identified themselves as non-US citizens or non-permanent residents. We conducted a cross-sectional study by using Qualtrics® to explore the three domains of the study. Questions included in previous studies were modified to assess the academic and financial status while the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) score was used to assess the mental health of the respondents. We presented descriptive statistics for all domains and used an ordered logistic regression to further analyze the effect of the other domains on the mental health of therespondents. Results Of the 281 respondents, the majority (79%) experienced challenges with online classes; 91% reported having negative emotions and some students (24%) lost funding due to the pandemic. The inability to pay bills resulted in a three-fold increase in the likelihood of reporting higher mental distress [adjusted odds ratios (aOR): 3.051, 95% CI: 1.665-5.591; p<0.001], and experiencing academic challenges led to a seven-fold increase in the likelihood of reporting higher mental distress (aOR: 7.236, 95% CI: 3.168-12.530; p<0.001). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic posed a major challenge to international students and its impact on the mental health of the participants was aggravated by concurrent academic and financial hardships.

Development and Implementation of a Web-Based Citizen Data Management System for Village Administration: A Case Study of Keboan Anom Village, Sidoarjo, Indonesia

This research focuses on the development and implementation of a web-based citizen data management system in Keboan Anom Village, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. The aim of the study is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of citizen data recording and management processes. The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Waterfall model is employed as the methodology for system development, ensuring an organized and systematic approach. Data collection involves semi-structured interviews and unstructured observations, targeting the village's RT 01 (neighborhood association) officials. The application features two key functions: citizen registration, including permanent and non-permanent residents, and a comprehensive data summary. Access to these functions is limited to the RT Secretary and the RT Chairman. The implementation of the system provides improved data management and financial tracking capabilities, enabling simplified reporting. The web-based platform ensures accessibility for RT officials and residents with internet connectivity. Black box testing confirms the functionality of the website and its compliance with expected outputs. The results demonstrate that the application supports the transformation of Keboan Anom Village into a more efficient and technologically connected Digital Village. Future research is suggested to examine community participation levels in using the citizen data management application and its impact on decision-making and overall village governance, incorporating participatory approaches to understand the perspectives and active involvement of Keboan Anom Village residents.&#x0D; Highlight:&#x0D; &#x0D; Efficient citizen data management: The development of a web-based application for citizen data management in Desa Keboan Anom enables efficient recording and documentation of resident information, improving data accuracy and accessibility.&#x0D; Technological transformation: The implementation of the web-based system contributes to the realization of a Digital Village concept, facilitating efficient and technology-connected administration in Desa Keboan Anom, Sidoarjo.&#x0D; Participatory approach: Future research should focus on evaluating community participation levels and the impact of the citizen data management application on decision-making and overall village governance, utilizing a participatory approach to gain insights and foster active involvement of Keboan Anom Village residents.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keyword:&#x0D; Keboan Anom Village, Citizen Data Management, Web-Based Application, Efficiency, Participatory Approach

Digital Ethnic Enclaves: Mate Preferences and Platform Choices Among Chinese Immigrant Online Daters in Vancouver

In light of the growing racialized immigrant population in Canada and advances in dating technologies, this study examines Chinese immigrants' partner preferences and mate selection processes through the lens of online dating. We draw on in-depth interviews with 31 Chinese immigrants who have used online dating services in Metro Vancouver to search for different-sex partners. Chinese immigrant online daters show strong preferences for dating Chinese. They emphasize permanent residency status and similarity in age at arrival when evaluating potential partners. Given their preferences, Chinese immigrants strategically choose the dating platforms they primarily use. Men exhibit higher selectivity in their preferences and choices of platforms. Notably, platforms catering to Chinese users create "digital ethnic enclaves" where Chinese immigrant daters congregate. The findings illuminate the intersection of race, gender, immigrant status, and age at arrival in shaping divergent experiences of mate selection and immigrant assimilation in the digital era.

Population Registry Cards for Inhabitants of Lodz as a Source of Information About the City’s Population in the 19th and Early 20th Century

During the industrialization period of the city of Lodz, one of the most important industrial centres in the Kingdom of Poland (the former Russian Partition), experienced a dynamic population growth caused by migratory movement from rural areas to the city. The population registry cards for inhabitants of Lodz contained information on dates of birth (sometimes on dates of death), place of birth, religious denomination, nationality, and address of residence in the city, as well as the number of children born in a family. The aim of this paper is to present population registry cards of permanent and non-permanent residents of the city of Lodz deposited in the State Archives in Lodz, as a source for research on urban society during the period of industrialization. In this work, the use, quality, and reliability of population registry cards, as well as their research limitations for studies are discussed.

Experiences of recently HIV-diagnosed gay and bisexual migrants in Australia: Implications for sexual health programmes and health promotion.

Gay and bisexual migrants from low- and middle-income countries living in high-income countries are disproportionately diagnosed with HIV. Most research focuses on preventing HIV acquisition among HIV-negative migrant gay and bisexual men (GBM). This study is uniquely positioned to report on migrant GBM's experiences and needs at and after an HIV diagnosis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 migrant GBM diagnosed at sexual health clinics in Australia from 2017 onwards. Interviews were analysed using a codebook thematic analysis. Due to the stigma of HIV and homosexuality in their countries of origin, about half of participants had poor HIV knowledge prior to diagnosis. Absorbing diagnosis information was consequently difficult, and feelings of shame, hopelessness, lost sexual opportunities and infectiousness were common. However, many were thankful for the comprehensive clinical support they received and believed that over time life would 'normalise' with sustained undetectable viral load. None reported that their clinician stigmatised them, but the anticipation of stigma nonetheless infused their experiences after diagnosis. Many were selective about HIV disclosure, and some mentioned that clinic systems posed a risk to confidentiality. Non-permanent residents were concerned about the impacts of HIV status on future visa applications. We recommend that newly HIV-diagnosed migrant GBM receive referral to legal and culturally appropriate migration services to help absorb what a diagnosis might mean for their health and visa status. We also recommend sexual health clinics continue to assess confidentiality in their systems. Health promotion initiatives should highlight to migrant GBM that high-HIV caseload sexual health clinicians provide confidential and comprehensive care.

Examination of Intersectionality and the Pipeline for Black Academic Surgeons

The lack of underrepresented in medicine physicians within US academic surgery continues, with Black surgeons representing a disproportionately low number. To evaluate the trend of general surgery residency application, matriculation, and graduation rates for Black trainees compared with their racial and ethnic counterparts over time. In this nationwide multicenter study, data from the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) for the general surgery residency match and Graduate Medical Education (GME) surveys of graduating general surgery residents were retrospectively reviewed and stratified by race, ethnicity, and sex. Analyses consisted of descriptive statistics, time series plots, and simple linear regression for the rate of change over time. Medical students and general surgery residency trainees of Asian, Black, Hispanic or Latino of Spanish origin, White, and other races were included. Data for non-US citizens or nonpermanent residents were excluded. Data were collected from 2005 to 2018, and data were analyzed in March 2021. Primary outcomes included the rates of application, matriculation, and graduation from general surgery residency programs. Over the study period, there were 71 687 applicants, 26 237 first-year matriculants, and 24 893 graduates. Of 71 687 applicants, 24 618 (34.3%) were women, 16 602 (23.2%) were Asian, 5968 (8.3%) were Black, 2455 (3.4%) were Latino, and 31 197 (43.5%) were White. Women applicants and graduates increased from 29.4% (1178 of 4003) to 37.1% (2293 of 6181) and 23.5% (463 of 1967) to 33.5% (719 of 2147), respectively. When stratified by race and ethnicity, applications from Black women increased from 2.2% (87 of 4003) to 3.5% (215 of 6181) (P < .001) while applications from Black men remained unchanged (3.7% [150 of 4003] to 4.6% [284 of 6181]). While the matriculation rate for Black women remained unchanged (2.4% [46 of 1919] to 2.3% [52 of 2264]), the matriculation rate for Black men significantly decreased (3.0% [57 of 1919] to 2.4% [54 of 2264]; P = .04). Among Black graduates, there was a significant decline in graduation for men (4.3% [85 of 1967] to 2.7% [57 of 2147]; P = .03) with the rate among women remaining unchanged (1.7% [33 of 1967] to 2.2% [47 of 2147]). Findings of this study show that the underrepresentation of Black physicians at every stage in surgical training pipeline persists. Black men are especially affected. Identifying factors that address intersectionality and contribute to the successful recruitment and retention of Black trainees in general surgery residency is critical for achieving racial and ethnic as well as gender equity.

DISCOVERY OF TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF PUBLIC BIKE RIDERSHIP USING INTERNET OF THINGS FOR BUILDING SMART CITY

This paper analyzes the temporal variations of public bike riding over the hours, the days and the months. A whole year of usage data (34,098,787 trips) are collected using Internet of Things(IoT) for the bikesharing system in Ningbo, China. Data Mining shows significant seasonal variations of bike rental amounts. The seasonal reductions of bike riders are explained mainly by three factors: nonpermanent residents leaving the city during the Chinese Spring Festival, uncomfortable high/low outdoor temperature, and rainy/snowy weather. Weather impact analysis suggests that rainfall decreases rental amounts significantly, with 1mm of daily rainfall expected to reduce daily rental amount by about 10%. The results also show significant day-of-the-week variations, with rental amounts in weekends 20-30% lower than in weekdays, indicating a clear commuter pattern of usage. The commuter pattern is further proven by the time of day variation with the double rental peaks of morning and afternoon. It should be noted that the total usage in either morning or afternoon rush hours only accounts for 60% of the total bike supply, which indicates that some bikes in the system may have been positioned in the wrong place at peak times. It is further shown that peak hour usage accounts for only 10∼12% of AADT (annual average daily traffic), much lower than the peak hour percentages for other modes, indicating insufficient bike supply and improper positioning of infrequently used bikes. These temporal characteristics imply that the bike turnover rate could increase further if the efficiency of the bike supply is improved with proper location and relocation of bikes. Understanding these temporal characteristics of bikesharing ridership could help the service provider and policy maker to improve the bikesharing services for building Smart City.

Virtual learning solutions in COVID-19 era: University Italian Ophthalmology department perspective.

Introduction:Few months after the COVID-19 pandemic burst, many aspects of the human life, including education, dramatically changed. Because of the lockdown measures taken to limit the virus spread in Italy, in-person teaching and learning have been interrupted in all health care disciplines and readapted in virtual formulae.Methods:As academic ophthalmology departments, we had to maintain the educational needs of medical and orthoptic students, internships, surgical training of residents, as well as to cover the scientific update of health care personnel (HCPs), and the continuation of research and academic activities. To assure these needs we ideated an educational strategy and a team, which was then translated on a multichannel virtual platform created with Microsoft Teams.Results:In this platform there were 21 channels organized in a public view mode, open to all Team members, or in private view mode to separate non-permanent HCPs, internships, residents, and students’ tasks, from permanent HCPs tasks. Virtual channels were dedicated to provide theoretical lessons, clinical cases, surgical video, internal meetings and webinar, to offer news from scientific societies, requests of appointments from biomedical companies, links with ophthalmological websites, to move forward research projects, to participate at institutional academic duties, and to obtain feedbacks from users. Residents continued their training on surgery using a surgical simulator, after consulting an agenda uploaded into the dedicated virtual channel.Conclusion:These positive initial results should represent a boost to rapidly proceed with the development of even more versatile virtual learning solutions, given that the forecasts for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic are not encouraging.

Impact of heat exposure on health during a warm period in Cyprus

People exposed to heat experience symptoms of varying severity, from mild manifestations to heat stroke. Due to global warming, interest in the impact of heat exposure on human health has been increasing. This study investigated the association between outdoor thermal conditions and heat-related symptoms experienced by pedestrians in a temperate-Mediterranean and hot semi-arid climate. In the study, pedestrians participated in questionnaire-based surveys at outdoor sites in Cyprus in summer and autumn 2019 while the weather conditions at the sites were recorded. In the surveys, pedestrians reported whether they had experienced heat-related symptoms. The physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) was used to estimate the effect of the thermal environment. Statistical analyses of the data included the use of multivariable logistic regression models. In total, 1880 individuals (999 males, 54.2%; mean age ± standard deviation 38.4 ± 18.4 years) responded to the surveys of heat-related symptoms. An increase of 1 °C in air temperature (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–1.16) or PET (aOR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07) was associated with an elevated probability of reporting heat-related symptoms. The magnitude of the association of PET with the reporting of heat-related symptoms was found to be higher for nonpermanent residents in Cyprus (aOR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.21). Females were more likely than males to report heat-related symptoms (aOR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.82–3.06). Visiting the monitoring site for work (aOR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.26–2.26) or reporting a medical history of respiratory disease (aOR: 3.60, 95% CI: 2.39–5.42) were associated with an increased likelihood of reporting heat-related symptoms. The thermal conditions and participant characteristics were associated with increased reporting of heat-related symptoms during non-heat-wave but warm periods in Cyprus. These results could have implications for adaptation measures, healthcare delivery, and public health services.

Kontrola i ewidencja mieszkańców Łodzi . Księgi ludności stałej i niestałej oraz księgi domowe (1864–1914)

Despite changings forms and implementing provisions concerning registers, the essence of the record keeping system remained unchanged from 1810 until 1931. The record keeping duty lay with municipalities and communes, but in larger cities in particular record keeping was supervised by the police force. In the second half of the nineteenth century in Łódź it was precinct inspectors (from 1867 Land Guard officers) who provided city police chiefs with reports containing data on the number of permanent and non-permanent residents. Analysing the records and reports submitted to the police, I present how the authorities attempted to control the residents and what information about them they sought in particular. The police reports also provide an insight into the extent to which police officers were able to keep the registers in line with their recommendations and instructions. I point to the possibilities offered to scholars by an analysis of population registers. The registers to be found in the police-wartime section of the City of Łódź Records are one of the most complete collections of this type in Poland. I focus on the registers of permanent and non-permanent residents kept from 1864 and based on a detailed form.

Inequalities in Awareness and Attitude towards HPV and Its Vaccine between Local and Migrant Residents Who Participated in Cervical Cancer Screening in Shenzhen, China.

PurposeA cross-sectional survey was conducted to evaluate the differences on awareness and attitude towards human papillomavirus (HPV) and its vaccine between local and migrant residents who participated in cervical cancer screening in Shenzhen, China.Materials and MethodsA total of 9,855 females sampled from healthcare institutions in 20 street blocks through the Cervical Cancer Prevention Network were surveyed in this study by a self-administered questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to explore the role of the hukou and resident status in the willingness to receive HPV vaccination.ResultsLocal residents had a relatively higher awareness of HPV (62.0% vs. 35.6% vs. 29.9%, p < 0.001) and its vaccine (35.3% vs. 15.4% vs. 14.8%, p < 0.001), as well as a higher willingness to receive HPV vaccination (68.5% vs. 62.5% vs. 56.2%, p < 0.001) than non-permanent residents and floating population. Except for age, education level, marital status, monthly income, having daughter(s), and heard of HPV and its vaccine, the hukou and resident status significantly associated with the willingness to receive HPV vaccination (local residents vs. floating population: odds ratio, 1.216; 95% confidence interval, 1.057 to 1.398). None significant difference on the associated factors was found between local residents and internal migrants (p for interactions > 0.05).ConclusionInequalities in awareness and attitude towards HPV and its vaccine existed between local and migrant residents in Shenzhen. The hukou and resident status did impact on the willingness to receive HPV vaccination, therefore, it is critical to implement effective health education campaigns on HPV and its vaccine among internal migrants.

Immigrants and Poverty. The Role of Labour Market and Welfare State AccessEugster, BeatriceLondon/New York, ECPR Press/Rowman&amp;Littlefield (2018), 259 p., ISBN 978‐1785522932

Book Review: Are immigrants poorer than natives? Which categories of immigrants are poorer? Do immigrants’ poverty patterns follow the traditional welfare state regime typology? Can institutions–particularly social rights in terms of access to welfare provision and the labour market–explain the variation in immigrants’ poverty levels? These are the fundamental questions that Beatrice Eugster analyses in her new book.

Politicized Gentrification: The New Urban Renewal Movement in Beijing

In April 2017, the Beijing municipal government enacted a new, three-year urban renewal policy that is aimed to restore and improve the built environment of the 2,435 alleyways located in the historic center of the city. The local implementation, however, has focused on the sealing of doors and windows that led to homes and small businesses for decades. As a result, thousands of businesses that had provided daily services to local residents have shut down, forcing many people to move to other cities. Drawing on archival research and interviews, this article argues that the Beijing municipal government is merely using urban renewal as camouflage for a politically-oriented gentrification project which not only eliminates non-permanent residents, but also deconstructs, as well as reconstructs, “place” at the local level as a means to control social activities and relationships. The result is the creation of a new image of the capital of China, which exhibits the ideas of regularity, singularity, segregation, and authoritarianism.

Prevalence of Cleft Lip/Palate in the Fangshan District of Beijing, 2006-2012.

To estimate the cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) prevalence among births between 2006 and 2012 in Fangshan district of Beijing, China. Surveillance data analysis. All hospitals that provide obstetric services in the district. The CL/P cases presented for this report were from 13 weeks' gestation to 7 days postpartum. The CL/P prevalence was defined as the number of cases per 10 000 births, including live births and stillbirths at 28 weeks' gestation or beyond. The overall CL/P prevalence was 18.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.1-22.7) per 10 000 births. From 2006 to 2012, the CL/P prevalence was 19.3, 20.2, 10.9, 16.1, 17.5, 25.4, and 22.3 per 10 000 births; annually, no significant change was noted ( Pfor trend = .311). The prevalence of cleft palate, cleft lip, and cleft lip and palate were 3.4 (95% CI: 2.0-5.4), 6.2 (95% CI: 4.2-8.8), and 9.4 (95% CI: 6.9-12.4) per 10 000 births, respectively. The CL/P prevalence among the nonpermanent residents (31.4 per 10 000 births) was 2.31 times that of permanent residents (13.6 per 10 000 births). Among nonpermanent residents, the CL/P prevalence showed an upward trend over the study period ( Pfor trend = .036), that increased from 38.8 (95% CI: 16.5-76.6) per 10 000 births in 2006 to 54.6 (95% CI: 25.7-100.4) per 10 000 births in 2012. The overall CL/P prevalence was stable in the Fangshan district. However, the CL/P prevalence of the nonpermanent residents increased significantly.