Non-permanent Member Research Articles

Indonesia’s Diplomacy as a Non-Permanent Member of The UN Security Council in Combating to Terrorism Crime 2019-2020

The United Nations (UN) was formed to maintain world peace and security. The UN gives a mandate to its main body, called the Security Council (SC), to maintain peace and security stability, take necessary actions, and act as a mediator in all issues and conflicts that occur based on the provisions written in the UN Charter. As a member of the UN Security Council, Indonesia is fully committed to maintaining world peace regarding the UN mission. In carrying out its role, Indonesia refers to the free and active foreign policy, the 1945 Constitution, and the UN Charter. This research used qualitative methods to analyze the dynamics of Indonesia's membership in the Security Council in dealing with global issues. The results proved that Indonesia’s policies have tried to fight terrorism crimes through the UN Security Council membership. The mechanisms for conflict resolution put forward an approach to law enforcement, prevention, and the formation of UN Security Council resolutions related to terrorism crimes.

Scenarios For Limiting The Veto of Permanent Members Of The United Nations Security Council

The UN's principal mission is to promote international stability and peace. To that end, the UN established the Security Council, its governing body with last say on the subject. The United States, Russia, China, and France—the five most militarily competent nations—are veto-wielding permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The fundamental objective of this research is to determine the impact of veto power on the function of the United Nations Security Council in maintaining global peace and security. In that case, will we be attempting to have a lex expert on the right to veto? This work is classified as normative research. The results showed that the veto did not improve the Security Council's performance. The ability to veto decisions made by the Security Council on how to address critical international crises means that the council isn't always effective. Legal rules should be put in place to ensure that the right to veto as a controller is not misused and fulfils its original purpose. The power to reject a resolution in situations involving crimes against humanity or genocide is an important part of the veto system, as is the two-year limit on each non-permanent member's use of the veto, and the limitation of veto use to a single case if discussed consecutively in Security Council meetings<em>.</em>

INDONESIA'S DIPLOMATIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT SINCE 1948

This article explores the dynamics of Indonesian diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Despite ongoing tensions and armed confrontations between Palestinian fighters and the Israeli military, Indonesia has consistently advocated for Palestinian independence through a two-state solution. The historical ties between Indonesia and Palestine, coupled with the academic connections between Palestinian scholars and Indonesian students studying in Egypt, have strengthened the diplomatic relationship between the two nations. Indonesia's active role in supporting Palestinian recognition of Indonesian independence, alongside Egypt, remains relevant today. Using conflict resolution theory as a framework, this article delves into Indonesia's diplomatic efforts to address the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Notably, Indonesia has actively participated as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, opposing policies such as US President Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and relocate the embassy there. The findings illustrate Indonesia's multifaceted role in conflict resolution, encompassing positions as a co-sponsor, facilitator, mediator, participant, initiator, actor, motivator, and justifier in its endeavors to help resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. By presenting these insights, the article aims to contribute to the understanding of Indonesia's unique diplomatic contributions to the ongoing conflict while avoiding plagiarism.

Indonesia's Foreign Policy Post-Reform in the United Nations Security Council

Indonesia has a national interest in carrying out the constitutional mandate in terms of maintaining active involvement to affirm that independence is the right of all nations and colonialism is contrary to the arguments of humanity and justice. Therefore, through United Nations Security Council, Indonesia rejects all forms of colonialism, including issues between Israel and Palestine. This research focuses on Indonesia's foreign policy and its capacity as a Non-Permanent Member of the UN Security Council. The method used is a qualitative method with a literature study that is validated through an explicit confirmation process at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, while the analytical framework used is a comparative foreign policy perspective to map the factors that influence the process of making Indonesian foreign policy in different terms of office, that is president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 2007-2008 and Joko Widodo 2019-2020. The findings of this study indicate that consideration of enacting Indonesia's foreign policy on Palestine is a sustainable policy with the roots of the constitutional mandate and Indonesia's commitments in the past, that’s why almost no major changes can be found even though they have gone through the presidential transition process. Palestine also can be has a vital position for Indonesia considering that Palestine is the only conflicting country that has always existed in a formal discussion of Indonesian state documents. The difference can be found in how each reign reacts to external factors such as the invasion or blockade that Israel has done.

THE CONSTRUCTIVE ROLE OF MALAYSIA AS A NON-PERMANENT MEMBER OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL (UNSC) IN THE QUESTION OF PALESTINE (QOP)

Malaysia as a small country and member of the United Nations (UN) has contributed a great deal of assistance and expertise to the international community. Even more serious when Malaysia has been elected as a non-permanent member of UNSC in four interval terms (1965, 1989-1990, 1999-2000 and 2015-16). Many peacekeeping activities that Malaysia involved under the UN umbrella such as in Kosovo War, East Timor Crisis, and also in African conflicting countries. However, the Question of Palestine (QOP) is close to Malaysia, since Independence Day. Moreover, Malaysia has consistently voiced the Palestinian issues on the UN General Assembly (UNGA) and UNSC platforms. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Malaysia’s role as a non-permanent member of the UNSC in resolving the QOP. Undoubtedly, Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the UNSC has demonstrated its effort and capability to alarm the international community in response to the QOP.

Malaysia's Active Role in the United Nations Security Council


 
 
 
 Purpose: The UNSC non-permanent member plays a vital role in promoting peace and security in current international affairs together with the other five permanent members. Besides the five veto powers, most of the UN members are wishing to be elected as UNSC non-permanent members. Fortunately, Malaysia has been a non-permanent member of the UNSC on four (4) occasions since it acceded to the United Nations in 1957 (1965-1966, 1989-1990, 1999-2000, and 2015-2016). Thus, this study examines Malaysia’s active role in several outstanding UNSC issues. As for affirming its commitment to remain dedicated to resolving international conflict by peaceful means, protecting the world community by the rule of law, and practicing moderation.
 
 Methodology: This study is qualitative research that uses both primary and secondary data gathered from various resources. First, primary data was gathered from various official institutions, including the official website of the UN, the UNSC, and the Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In addition, this study conducted interviews with several experts in the field. Meanwhile, secondary data was gathered from a variety of sources, including books, magazines, reports, local and international newspapers, and internet documents.
 
 Findings: Malaysia's active and committed role in ensuring global peace and security has prompted it to apply for a non-permanent seat in the UNSC. As a non-permanent member of the UNSC, Malaysia receives the recognition and honours of serving the global community. Malaysia can therefore solve international concerns brought up at the UNSC given its significant experience working with different member nations. In doing so, Malaysia supports initiatives to uphold peace and security and works to settle differences constructively.
 
 Research Implications: The study makes a substantial contribution to the body of knowledge, particularly regarding Malaysia's active participation as a non-permanent member of the UNSC. Consequently, this study had a favourable influence on many facets of the community. This study is specifically able to assist the Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and government agencies in dealing with international actors as well as enhancing world peace and cooperation. Meanwhile, in general, this study can boost further research for the academicians related to Malaysia’s significant position in the UN as to help halt international conflicts. Furthermore, this study supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which emphasize a significant reduction in all types of conflict and encourage communities and governments to work together to end disputes and insecurity. 
 
 
 

Indonesia’s Identity and Norms in Response to the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in 2020: A Constructivism View

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict escalated again in 2020, confronting between Azerbaijan and Armenia. As the main actors of the conflict, have claimed approximately 5000 victims in the fighting that took place in the border areas of each of these countries. At that time there were 130 Indonesian citizens in Azerbaijan and 2 Indonesian citizens in Armenia. This situation certainly demands the attitude of Indonesia. Moreover, at that time Indonesia was serving as a Non-Permanent Member of the UN Security Council. This study seeks to examine the influence of identity and norms in Indonesia's response to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 2020. The researcher uses a constructivist approach to the significance of the construction and Indonesian identity and norms. Researchers also try to analyze and describe the relationship between national identity and international norms with forms of response and Indonesian foreign policy. By using qualitative methods sourced from interviews with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, as well as literature studies to enrich data analysis. Through this framework, the author concludes that there are several identities that encourage Indonesia to respond to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Namely the identity of the Preambule of the 1945 Constitution, the identity of an Islamic state, the identity of a free and active foreign policy, and an identity with fellow Islamic countries in the OIC. In addition to identity, Indonesia's response is also driven by the norms of Peace and War, both unwritten and institutionalized in the United Nations.

The Republic of Poland in the United Nations Security Council (2018 – 2019) and the Ukrainian Question

The purpose of the paper is to highlight the activities of the representatives of the Republic of Poland in the UN Security Council in the status of a non-permanent member in 2018-2019, in particular regarding the resolving of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The method of content analysis of state program documents, Internet portals of the government of the Republic of Poland and the United Nations, and scientific literature was used in the implementation of the goal. The problem-chronological method made it possible to trace the history of the participation of the Republic of Poland in the UN. The methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the new understanding of the role of Polish diplomacy in the UN Security Council after the occupation of Crimea and the start of Russia's hybrid war in Donbas. The analysis made it possible to formulate the following conclusions. The Republic of Poland – one of the founding states of the UN – tried to be an active member of the organization, including by participating in the work of its main bodies. Poland was elected a non-permanent member of the Security Council six times. The main priorities of Polish diplomacy at the UN Security Council in 2018-2019 included: respect for international law, protection of civilians in armed conflicts, peace and security in Eastern Europe. Much attention was paid to the issue of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, which, thanks to the Polish side, did not disappear from the body's agenda and was discussed in various contexts. The Polish delegates consistently reminded about the negative impact of the violation of international law and agreements by the Russian Federation, the situation in the occupied territories of Crimea and Donbas, and in the Black and Azov seas. They tried to present the consequences of the occupation of Crimea and the war in Donbas not only as a problem of regional security, but also as a global challenge to the international legal order. The Polish state made a significant contribution to the formation and strengthening of the international coalition in support of Ukraine in countering the aggression of the Russian Federation. An obstacle to an effective resolution of the Ukrainian issue was primarily the specificity and composition of the UN Security Council, where non-permanent members play only a limited role, and one of the permanent members is an aggressor country. The example of the debate surrounding the resolution of the Ukrainian issue once again proves the deficit of UN deep reform

Much ado about very little: Canada’s national interests in history and practice

Ever since Canada failed to be elected to the United Nations Security Council as a non-permanent member in June 2020, there have been calls for Ottawa to realign Canadian foreign policy with the national interest. It is hardly the first time that such a plea has been made: critics advocated similarly in the 1870s, the 1930s, the 1960s, and the 2000s. Yet, in each case, they recommended a different policy solution. Having reviewed these episodes, this essay concludes that the real debate in Canadian foreign policy has never been about the national interest, per se. To borrow from the language of strategy, Ottawa’s critics have merely privileged different “ways” of achieving the same “ends,” while everyone yearns for the “means” to do more.

Problematika Antara Israel dan Palestina

This article examines how Indonesian diplomacy takes place in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Armed friction and clashes between Palestinian fighters and the Israeli military still occur and can even affect Palestinian civilians. Judging from the history of Indonesia's closeness to Palestine, Indonesia is one of the countries that actively call for the independence of Palestine with a two-state solution. This article is described using conflict resolution theory. Furthermore, the author finds the findings of Indonesian diplomacy in resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Indonesia plays an active role through its role as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.

INDONESIA EFFORTS IN ACHIEVE RESOLUTION ON FEMALE PEACEKEEPERS IN THE UNITED NATIONS YEAR 2020

The United Nations (UN) has scheduled the involvement of women in world defense defense missions. However, the fact is that the number of women's participation in world peacekeeping forces is still minimal and continues to decline every year. Departing from this problem, Indonesia initiated the adoption of the Female Peacekeepers Resolution in 2020. This study looks at how Indonesia's efforts to resolve the female peacekeepers resolution through integrative negotiation theory with dimensions of expand pie and dual concern. This study uses qualitative research methods with data collection methods library analysis. The result of this research is an integrative negotiation effort through expansion stages including how Indonesia became a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, an agenda that focuses on increasing the role of women through the submission of peacekeeping resolutions. Then in the dual concern stage, Indonesia submitted a draft resolution, garnered support from other countries to participate in submitting the resolution, informal negotiations and the voting process. So that the draft was approved by all member states of the security council which was later adopted into a new one with number 2538 of 2020.

Ireland's Foreign Relations in 2021

This review examines Ireland's foreign relations in 2021. As the Covid-19 pandemic continued to complicate economic recovery and the pace of the vaccine rollout caused frustration, 2021 saw Ireland's relations with the UK in particular severely tested. Brexit and its aftermath was a significant challenge to Anglo-Irish relations and the administration of Boris Johnson proved a difficult partner in Ireland's trilateral relationship between Dublin, London and Brussels. The inauguration of Joseph R. Biden as president of the United States came under the cloud of the January 6th violence at the Capitol, and what could have been seen as a return to normalcy instead highlighted how fragile democracy could be. The review outlines how Ireland navigated this difficult path in 2021, including its year as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). It also notes a number of significant deaths in the year, both in Ireland and abroad.

Ireland’s Foreign Relations in 2021

This review examines Ireland's foreign relations in 2021. As the Covid-19 pandemic continued to complicate economic recovery and the pace of the vaccine rollout caused frustration, 2021 saw Ireland's relations with the UK in particular severely tested. Brexit and its aftermath was a significant challenge to Anglo-Irish relations and the administration of Boris Johnson proved a difficult partner in Ireland's trilateral relationship between Dublin, London and Brussels. The inauguration of Joseph R. Biden as president of the United States came under the cloud of the January 6th violence at the Capitol, and what could have been seen as a return to normalcy instead highlighted how fragile democracy could be. The review outlines how Ireland navigated this difficult path in 2021, including its year as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). It also notes a number of significant deaths in the year, both in Ireland and abroad.

Indonesian Diplomacy to Become a Non-Permanent Member of the UN Security Council 2019-2020

The UN Security Council has 15 members divided into two types of membership, namely permanent members and non-permanent members. This research describes and analyzes phenomena, such as events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, thoughts of people individually or in groups. This study seeks to explore Indonesia's strategy and diplomacy to be elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council (UNSC) for the 2019-2020 period. Indonesia is actively contributing to peace, humanity, and prosperity in the region and globally. This variable is the primary consideration for UN member states to support Indonesia. Another reason besides that is inseparable from the maturing of democracy in Indonesia. UN member states view Indonesia as a tolerant country, where Islam and democracy go together. Indonesia will strengthen the global peace and stability ecosystem. For this reason, Indonesia will encourage a culture of dialogue so that conflict resolution can always exist peacefully. Indonesia will also seek to increase the synergy between regional organizations and the UN Security Council in maintaining peace and increasing the capacity of UN peacekeepers, including the role of women.

Diplomasi Indonesia sebagai Anggota Tidak Tetap DK PBB 2019-2020 dalam Mempromosikan Program Prison Deradicalization

Terrorism remains as an urgent and important matter to be discussed. It has been realized that a comprehensive strategy is needed to deal with what happened to the terrorist after they’re caught, since there’s a high possibility of radicalism and recruitment of new member might happen inside the prisons. Moreover, along with the increasing concern of foreign terrorist fighters and human rights issues, using merely hard approaches in dealing with terrorism is no longer sufficient, hence, Indonesia proposed a soft approach using deradicalization program. This research attempts to elaborate the details of Indonesia’s diplomacy as UNSC non-permanent member in 2019-2020 in promoting and encouraging the development of a comprehensive strategy to tackle the problems of terrorism more efficiently and effectively. Descriptive analysis with a qualitative approach was used to arrange this research, with supporting information that was gathered through interviews, official documents and repots, also other literature study. The result shows how Indonesia is using this chance to enhance its role in decision-making process on international forum and increasing its influence as a middle power country in the international community.
 Keywords : Diplomacy, Deradicalization, Indonesia, Terrorism, UNSC

Indonesia's role as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in Assisting the Resolution of Conflict in Afghanistan for the 2019-2020 Period

Indonesia has been elected for the fourth time to become a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Indonesia with its free and active foreign policy is entrusted with this position. Indonesia will serve during the 2019-2020 period. Indonesia has done a lot for world peace in accordance with the 1945 Constitution and with its free and active political principles. The author wants to see the role of Indonesia in its membership in the UNSC in helping to bring about peace in conflicting countries, in this case Afghanistan. However, the long conflict between the United States and the Taliban can be contained and resolved properly. The UN Security Council has the responsibility for this, and Indonesia takes part in it. How Indonesia makes policies and takes a role as a member of the International Organization Agency, who has this sizeable responsibility. By using the theory of Conflict Resolution and international organizations as an analysis tool, the author will discuss Indonesia's role as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in resolving the conflict in Afghanistan in 2019-2020.
 Keywords: Role, conflict, Peace

Germany’s Commitment to Women, Peace and Security

During its tenure as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council throughout 2019 and 2020, Germany promoted the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda as one of its core focus areas. In this context the years 2019 and 2020 brought both progress and setbacks to the WPS agenda. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic it is more difficult to implement the WPS agenda as gender inequalities have increased and specific challenges in conflict and crisis settings have emerged. Yet, strengthening, promoting and implementing the WPS agenda is more important than ever.

Роль миротворческих операций ООН во внешней политике Дании в 1990-е годы: от образцового миротворца к жесткому атлантисту

Under the Cold War Denmark successfully employed the UN peacemaking operations to increase its own international status and strengthen relations with the key Western allies. The Nordic model of peacemaking was later considered as an example to be followed by other European states in the 1990s. As the role of the UN gradually declined during the 1990s and the UN peacemaking operations led to major failures, most notably the Srebrenica massacre and the Rwandan genocide, NATO, as well as the EU, started expanding their own activities in the sphere of peacemaking and peace enforcement. As a consequence, Denmark stopped considering the UN peacemaking as the main framework for international activism and started getting increasingly engaged in coalition operations and NATO operations as a means to win the favor of the key ally — the USA. Another factor that significantly contributed to Denmark’s growing atlanticism was the so-called "defense clause" which prevented Denmark from participating in the military dimension of the emerging CFSP within the EU and later CSDP. The Danish international activism acquired therefore a tangible military element which on the one hand enabled Denmark to punch above its weight, but at the same time became contradictory to the very ideas and goals which made international activism attractive for the Danish public in the first place. The initial value- and identity-driven UN peacemaking eventually became reduced to a means of accomplishing limited goals of status-seeking and ensuring the country’s place as a non-permanent member of the Security Council. It is thus becoming increasingly difficult for Denmark to reconcile the adherence to humanitarian diplomacy and Nordic "Peace Brand" with aggressive military activism.

Malaysia's Membership at the United Nations Security Council 2015-2016: Successes and Setback

This article analyses Malaysia’s membership as a non-permanent member of the United Nations (UN) Security Council in 2015 and 2016, focusing on major successes achieved and challenges faced throughout the two-year term. Among Malaysia’s key achievements in the UN were on the protection of children in armed conflict and on the question of Palestine, especially relating to illegal Israeli settlements. Malaysia also played an important role in pushing for openness and inclusivity in the selection process of the new UN Secretary-General. However, Malaysia’s attempt to pursue accountability for the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 in eastern Ukraine was derailed by a veto from a permanent member of the Council. The highly contentious issue of Security Council reform also remains stagnant, despite Malaysia’s long-standing efforts to push for comprehensive reform. &nbsp

INDONESIA AS NON-PERMANENT MEMBER OF UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL, GUARDING THE PEACE AND STABILITY IN ASEAN

The overall objective underlying the establishment of the UN Security Council was to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war” (Preamble to the UN Charter) which used as the official campaign by the Indonesia Foreign Ministry, Indonesia stated itself as ‘A True Partner for World Peace’. By that, Indonesia expresses the gravity of its membership by aiming towards ascertaining collaborations between the regional organizations in maintaining stability in the regional area (ASEAN). Indonesia’s goals for bridging UNSC hegemony on the global level and bringing the stability of the ASEAN area is going to be effortful. The challenge of establishing the UN resolution as a legal instrument in municipal law becomes one of the biggest challenges. The two years of tenure also grow into a barrier toward Indonesian contributions. This study aims to analyze Indonesia role as the non-permanent member of UNSC globally and in the ASEAN Region. The final results were presented in a descriptive manner, which gives an overview of how Indonesia’s role in the UNSC, and how Indonesia’s aimed toward synergized ASEAN.