Non-participant Observation Research Articles

Interaksi Sosial Anak Down Syndrome di Flexi School Banda Aceh

Down syndrome is one of the children with special needs, where the child has an intellectual level that is low or below average. This study aims to find out, provide an overview, and explain about the forms of social interaction carried out by a child with special needs with Down syndrome with teachers and friends in school. This is done in order to provide a true view and picture of the social behavior that appears from children with Down syndrome, where it has not been widely known by educators and the public. This research is a qualitative research with case study method, this research uses purposive sampling technique. This study uses one subject with certain characteristics. Data collection techniques used are: non-participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis techniques include: (1) data reduction (2) data presentation, and (3) conclusion drawing. The results of data collection conducted from March 2024, found that there are four forms of behavior that appear classified in social behavior and forms of behavior classified as asocial behavior. The intended social behaviors are friendly behavior, sympathetic behavior, cooperative behavior, and competitive behavior. Existing asocial behaviors consist of resistance behavior and attack behavior.

Behind the Privative Space Obstruction. Investigating Visual Perception Privacy, Downtown Algiers’ Mass Housing

The present paper brings forth visual perception privacy issue in mass housing in Algiers. Considering a correlation between obstruction rates and visual perception privacy, the case study was selected to measure dwellers’ satisfaction according to Altman’s theoretical framework. A qualitative method was adopted and a semi-guided interview was conducted with 28 downtown mass housing residents in Algiers. On the other hand, to understand outsiders’ perspective regarding downtown dwellings’ perception, the qualitative method was supplemented by a survey involving 94 participants. Both methodological tools were structured according to previous non-participatory observation. Finally, the investigated area appears as being double-scaled: on an urban scale visual perception privacy measurement, people are satisfied, while on the residential scale, dissatisfaction prevails. From outsiders’ perspective, dynamic motions combined to street furniture create a visual protective shield between dwellers and unfamiliar outsiders, as the later perceive environment on a cognitive dimension, while familiar outsiders perceive it on an affective-emotional symbolic dimension.

Exploring Forms and Practices of Menstruation in the Changing Social System: A Study of Suryabinayak-05, Katunje, Bhaktapur

Menstruation forms and practices with restriction have a long history not only in a single culture and region but in various religions and cultures may vary according to the level of their cultural norms, values and superstitions. The aim of the study is to explore the forms of practices of menstruation in the changing Nepali society. The qualitative data were collected from the Suryabinayak-05, Katunje, Bhaktapur district. All total 10 potential research participants were selected for in-depth interview along with non-participant observation in the field. The study indicates that the women from Brahmin and Chhetri community affiliated to Hindu religion are practicing almost all forms of discrimination due to menstruation. Stay in a separate room, eating in a separate room, bathing in separate bathroom, be away from social activities and not participate in religious activities. This discrimination should be addressed through awareness programs in the community.

Language Competence in The Digital Disruption Era: A Psycholinguistic Case Study of 2-Year-Old

Abstract: The research aims to identify and describe competencies related to language acquisition of 2-year-old children in the digital disruption era. This research is based on the phenomenon of the times that triggered the digital disruption era to affect children's language acquisition. This research focused on a case study of a 2-year-old child's language acquisition at the phonological and morphosyntactic levels. This research design is descriptive qualitative with a theoretical approach, psycholinguistics. The subject and data source was a 2-year-old boy with the initials DBS. The data collection technique was conducted using participant and non-participant observation techniques, while the data analysis technique included condensation, display, and conclusion/verification. The research results showed: (1) DBS phonology acquisition competence consists of 9 vowel phonemes with minimal vocalic system dominance, 18 consonant phonemes including trill sounds with minimal consonantal system dominance, two diphthongs from national and foreign languages phoneme, one foreign language cluster phoneme which is replacing with the closest mother tongue phoneme; (2) DBS morphosyntactic acquisition competence is dominated by word function in the form of subject, word role in the form of actor, and word category in the form of the noun. In conclusion, the language acquisition competence of two-year-old children in the digital disruption era is quite varied from the previous era, in line with the acquisition of Javanese, Indonesian, English, and Malay lexicons.Keywords: Digital Disruption, Language Competence, Psycholinguistic, Two-Year-Old Child

Feasibility and acceptability of measuring positivity resonance in nurse-patient telehealth videoconferencing visits: A mixed-methods observational study.

To investigate the feasibility and acceptability of the training process, procedures, measures and recruitment strategies necessary for a future investigation to test the reliability and validity of using positivity resonance measures in health care encounters. Although the measurement of positivity resonance is promising, and non-participant observation is considered effective, their approaches to studying nurse-patient relationships have not been fully explored. A mixed-methods observational study. Video recordings of 30 nurse-patient dyads completing telehealth video visit encounters were edited and coded using behavioural indicators of positivity resonance. A post-visit survey gathered data on the participants' perceptions of positivity resonance and the study procedures. The research team completed memos and procedural logs to provide narrative data on the study's training, coding, recruitment and operational procedures. The study included 33 persons with cancer and 13 oncology nurses engaging in telehealth video visit encounters at an academic oncology ambulatory care center located in the southeastern United States. Study procedures were found to be feasible and acceptable to participants. An adequate sample of participants (N = 46) were enrolled and retained in the study. Interrater reliability, as evidenced by Cohen's weighted kappa, ranged from .575 to .752 and interclass correlation coefficients >.8 were attainable within a reasonable amount of time and with adequate training. Behavioural indicators of positivity resonance were observed in all telehealth visits and reported by the participants in the perceived positivity resonance survey. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist guided reporting. Designing research around the concept of positivity resonance is an innovative and feasible approach to exploring how rapport is cultivated within nurse-patient relationships. Measuring positivity resonance may hold promise for exploring patient and nurse outcomes including trust, responsiveness, health-related behaviours, well-being, resilience and satisfaction. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist guided the reporting of results to ensure that adequate details of the study were provided to ensure an accurate and complete report. Planning of the research design and study procedures was done in consultation with nurse clinicians with experience with telehealth and managers responsible within the practice setting where the study was conducted. This ensured the study procedures were ethical, safe, secure and did not create unnecessary burden to the study participants. The study included collecting data from nurse and patient participants about the acceptability of the study procedures.

Unveiling Power Dynamics: Diversity Interpretations, Management Practices, and Inclusion Perceptions in the Workplace

The current diversity management literature highlights a lack of empirical investigations into nuanced diversity characteristics within specific contexts, with a predominant focus on the USA, Europe, and Asia. This article addresses these gaps by exploring the intricate relationship between interpretations of workforce diversity dimensions and ensuing diversity management practices, shaping perceptions of inclusion or exclusion. Workplace diversity is viewed subjectively, influenced by contextual factors like industry and location. A case study was conducted in June 2022 within a Japanese automotive company, gathering qualitative data through techniques such as semi-structured in-depth interviews and non-participant observations were made during two guided visits. AtlasTi was utilized for the analysis of results. Findings reveal that socio-economic differences' interpretation is swayed by power imbalances in labor relationships. Diversity management practices aligned with the dominant group exacerbate inequality among demographic groups, establishing metaphorical «glass ceilings» for minorities and fostering exclusion perceptions. Considering the case study’s limitations, the research contributes to the diversity management discourse, prompting a reevaluation of practices to mitigate unintentional inequality perpetuation in the workplace.

Translanguaging in multilingual elementary classrooms in the Philippines

AbstractThis article attempts to describe the translanguaging practices of third‐grade teachers and learners during English language teaching and learning, as well as the patterns and purposes the practices seek to achieve. Using nonparticipatory classroom observations, the study found that the participants produced at least three patterns where three languages were involved, and these patterns seem to allow learners to maximize their linguistic resources in discussions, in accomplishing assessment mechanisms and in keeping them on track for better understanding. With this, the study recommends legitimizing the said practice as it is not only consistent with multilinguals’ use of languages but also pedagogically beneficial for learning another language such as English.

The Role of Fashion in Crime Symbolism in Ghana, West Africa

ABSTRACT This study delves into the intricate interplay between fashion and deviance, focusing on Ghana, West Africa to address the gap in understanding how clothing choices can serve as symbolic conduits for deviant behavior in Ghana. We adopted a qualitative approach, utilizing ethnographic research design to explore the complex relationship between clothing, symbolism, and deviant behavior in the Ghanaian cultural context. We conducted semi-structured interviews with three categories of participants: 10 deviant or criminal individuals from Nsawam prisons and in the communities through non-participant observation, 8 community members, and 2 law enforcement officers. We employed purposive sampling method to ensure that participants had relevant expertise and firsthand knowledge related to clothing symbolism in deviant subcultures. The study findings mainly revealed that clothes convey identities and codes subtly and is a potent emblem of group connection. The intricate dynamics surrounding the stigmatization and labeling of clothing symbolism have an impact on people’s self-esteem and interaction with law enforcement. To develop guidelines and training programs for law enforcement officers and community members on concrete methods of identifying and comprehending clothing symbolism within deviant and criminal subcultures, policy makers may form a collaborative task force consisting of law enforcement, community leaders, and cultural experts.

The Privacy Price of School Safety Stakeholders' Perceptions Towards the Use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) in Schools

CCTV surveillance cameras have played an influential role in safeguarding security, discipline, and a conducive learning environment in Nepali schools. However, as surveillance technology is gradually being installed and used, there is a growing concern about privacy violations. In this context, the article aims to explore the distinct perceptions and understanding of the key stakeholders, namely students, teachers and administrators, regarding using CCTV surveillance technology in their natural setting. This article especially seeks the stakeholders’ perceptions on the impact of surveillance technology on students and teachers about their privacy rights. To meet the objective, I have employed a qualitative study that follows the interpretivists’ research paradigm. I have purposively selected five respondents from each school, incorporating three students and two teaching faculties cum administrative persons. I employed semi-structured interviews at three secondary schools from inner Terai of Nawalpur district. Moreover, I utilized non-participant observation, field notes and google-form as a tool to gather content-rich data and verify the information accumulated through semi-structured interviews, regarding their lived and subjective perceptions about using CCTVs. Findings indicate effectively managing and mitigating various risk factors within schools’ premises, and cultivating a culture of shared responsibilities among students and teachers for building a conducive learning culture in schools. It is also found that surveillance technology in Nepali schools nurtures suspicion among stakeholders, along with acknowledging the importance of comprehensive policy, and students’ privacy concerns to ensure a safe and friendly learning culture.

Pola Komunikasi Dakwah Kelompok dalam Grup Regional Komunitas “Ruang Edit”

This research aims to find out how group communication patterns in the regional group of the Ruang Edit community can build member attachment to each other. The method in this research uses a case study qualitative method using B.Aubrey Fisher's Decision Emergence theory and Group Development Bruce Tuckman's approach. The data collection techniques used in this research are non-participant observation in the Jabodetabek and Jateng Regional groups, semi-structured interviews with founders, regional admins, and active members as informants, and documentation taken in the form of photographs of activities and other forms of writing. The result of this study is that each indicator of Decision Emergence theory produces various kinds and forms of communication patterns. The orientation phase uses secondary, one-way, and two-way communication patterns. The conflict phase uses linear and two-way communication patterns. The emergence phase uses circular and two-way communication patterns. The reinforcement phase uses circular, two-way, and multidirectional communication patterns. Keywords: Da’wah Communication pattern, Community, Ruang Edit

Process evaluation of a complex, multilevel, multicomponent scheme for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in Tamil Nadu, India: A mixed-methods protocol

BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in India, necessitating development of multilevel and multicomponent interventions. Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam (MTM) is a complex multilevel, multicomponent intervention developed and implemented by the south Indian State of Tamil Nadu. The scheme aims to deliver services for preventing and controlling diabetes, and hypertension at doorstep. This paper describes the protocol for planning and conducting the process evaluation of the MTM scheme. Methods and analysisThe process evaluation uses mixed methods (secondary data analysis, key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, conceptual content analysis of documents, facility-based survey and non-participant observation) to evaluate the implementation of the MTM scheme. The broad evaluation questions addressed the fidelity, contexts, mechanisms of impact and challenges encountered by the scheme using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) framework. The specific evaluation questions addressed selected inputs and processes identified as critical to implementation by the stakeholders. The CFIR framework will guide the thematic analysis of the qualitative interviews to explore the adaptations and deviations introduced during implementation in various contexts. The quantitative data on the indicators developed for the specific evaluation questions will be cleaned and descriptively analysed.

Barriers to routine screening for intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Nigeria

BackgroundThe benefits of routine screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) among pregnant women include early identification, prompt management, referral of IPV victims, and creating awareness about IPV. Despite these benefits, the practice of routine screening of IPV remains limited in midwifery settings in low-income countries. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe midwives’ perspectives of the barriers in conducting routine screening of IPV for pregnant women in northern Nigeria. MethodsA case study qualitative descriptive design was used to collect data from ten midwives in the antenatal clinic of a tertiary hospital. Non-participant observation and individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews were used as data collection methods. Thematic data analysis was carried out using Yin's five stage analytical cycle. FindingsThree themes, with related subthemes, emerged from the data: (i) The theme of “Internal” barriers to IPV screening has four subthemes; midwives' personal discomfort in asking IPV- related questions, perceived mistrust of midwives by pregnant women, midwives' own perceptions of IPV as a personal matter, and midwives’ lack of skills to screen for IPV. (ii) “External” barriers to IPV screening subsumes three subthemes: antenatal card related barriers, workload related barriers, and protocol barriers. (iii) “Structural” barriers to IPV screening have two subthemes: lack of space for privacy and lack of resources for managing pregnant women who have experienced IPV. ConclusionKnowing the barriers to midwives’ screening practices is important because it may help in the development of contextually relevant and acceptable screening guidelines for midwives in Nigeria. Education and training of midwives will eliminate the internal barriers while the external barriers will need the intervention of hospital authorities and government to eliminate their effects on screening.

PENGARUH PDB, DEFISIT ANGGARAN, CADANGAN DEVISA, SUKU BUNGA LUAR NEGERI TERHADAP UTANG LUAR NEGERI INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the effect of GDP, budget deficit, foreign exchange reserves, and foreign interest rates simultaneously and partially on Indonesia's foreign debt and to determine the dominant variables affecting Indonesia's foreign debt. This research was conducted in Indonesia with 18 years of observation in the period 2003-2020. The data used is secondary data, the data collection method is non-participant observation. The analytical technique used in this research are descriptive analysis technique and multiple linear analysis. The results of the study found that simultaneously the variables of GDP, budget deficit, foreign exchange reserves, and foreign interest rates had a significant effect on Indonesia's foreign debt. Partially, GDP and foreign exchange reserves have a negative and significant effect, while the budget deficit and foreign interest rates have a positive and significant effect on Indonesia's foreign debt. The budget deficit variable has a dominant effect on Indonesia's foreign debt.

Trust in healthcare: methodological and conceptual insights from mixed-method research in Lao People’s Democratic Republic

BackgroundGlobal health foregrounds trust as a key requirement for the achievement of international health initiatives, but it remains an elusive concept that is often mobilised without consideration of its dimensions,...

Cultivating Diversity: Multicultural Representation in Collection Development at Tumbuh 2 Elementary School, Yogyakarta

SD Tumbuh 2 prioritizes multiculturalism, necessitating the integration of multicultural values throughout its curriculum, school environment, and library resources. In terms of library services, the development of library collections is fundamental, necessitating the school's diligent engagement in collection development activities to ensure their proper curation and enhancement. Hence, it is imperative to address how multicultural values are infused into the collection development process within the library of SD Tumbuh 2. This research aims to explore the manifestation of multiculturalism values within the collection development practices at Tumbuh 2 Elementary School Library in Yogyakarta. Employing a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, the study focuses on the Tumbuh 2 Elementary School Library as the subject, examining how multiculturalism values are represented in its collection development practices. The research employs a combination of data collection techniques, including non-participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. Data analysis follows Miles and Huberman's model, comprising reduction, data display, and verification stages to ensure comprehensive examination and validation of findings.The findings of this study reveal that the collection development practices at Tumbuh 2 Elementary School in Yogyakarta effectively reflect multiculturalism values. These findings underscore the school's commitment to fostering an environment that aligns with its vision and mission, demonstrating a coherent approach to promoting diversity and inclusivity within its educational framework. The portrayal of multiculturalism values in the collection development practices at the library reflects an ethos of inclusivity, characterized by openness and a commitment to fostering dialogue. Furthermore, it embodies humanistic principles, tolerance, democratic ideals emphasizing justice, and egalitarianism, thereby promoting equality within the school community.

Analisis Hasil Asesmen Diagnostiksebagai Dasar Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi Di Sekolah Dasar

Students have different characteristics and a diversity of learning needs. Educators need to map students' learning needs according to students' learning abilities, interests and learning talents. Cognitive and non-cognitive diagnostic assessments make it easier for teachers to map students' learning needs through tests or expanded questionnaires. Diagnostic assessments are carried out with the aim of reviewing students' initial abilities in learning readiness. So it can be a solution in applying differentiated learning. The purpose of this observation is to analyze the number of diagnostic assessments as a benchmark for differentiated learning for Pancasila Education subjects in class IV. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. This data was collected using non-participatory observation from carrying out cognitive diagnostic assessment tests. Data analysis techniques use the Milles and Huberman models, including value reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Research in class IV A. The results of the research show that educators have mapped groups based on students' learning readiness using cognitive diagnostic assessment tests. Groupings are made from developing, and advanced groups. Content differentiated learning can be applied to provide learning material based on proficiency level so that students' learning needs are met.

Pengaruh Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility, Profitabilitas, Leverage, dan Ukuran Perusahaan terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

The aim of this research is to obtain empirical evidence on how corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure, profitability, leverage, and firm size influence firm value. Firm value is an indicator that shows company performance through stock price movements. This study was conducted on SRI-KEHATI indexed companies during the 2020-2022 period. The data collection method uses non-participant observation. The sampling method uses non-probability sampling with purposive technique. The collected data was analyzed using multiple linear regression. The research results show that CSR disclosure has no influence on firm value, profitability and leverage have a positive influence on firm value, and firm size has a negative influence on firm value

Peran Single Parent dalam Membentuk Karakter Religius Anak

Single parents often encounter obstacles in educating children at home. Usually due to lack of knowledge and time because they have to work. This study aims to describe the single parent method in shaping the character of religious children in Karduluk Village, Sumenep and it’s implications. This research uses a qualitative approach with a type of field research. Collecting data using interviews and non-participant observation. The data analysis technique consists of 3 stages, namely data condensation, data display, and conclusion/verification. The research findings show that: first, the role of single parents in shaping the religious character of children in Karduluk Village, Sumenep is carried out through 3 synergistic approaches, namely the advice approach, the exemplary approach, and the habituation approach; second, the role of single parents in shaping the religious character of children in Karduluk village, Sumenep has implications for 3 main aspects, namely the aspect of faith in the form of increasing confidence in children in the existence of Allah SWT; aspects of worship in the form of children's religious behavior that can be seen from their daily lives both in terms of mahdhah worship and ghairu mahdhah worship; and moral aspects in the form of children's attitudes and behavior that reflect religious values ​​and teachings.

Student Leadership on Community Empowerment: Study on Zero Waste Program in Lamongan Regency, East Java

<p class="TableParagraph"><strong>This article is about the role of college students as leaders in activities relating to public interests and problems, particularly on issues of community empowerment in Indonesia, and especially in an activity called the Desa Mandiri Sampah in Kediren Village Lamongan Regency East Java Province. This article aims to examine the role of college students as leaders through several aspects, namely personality, abilities, behavior, relationships with the people they lead, and processes. This article uses qualitative research methods, involving interviews and non-participatory observation of a group of students involved in community empowerment activities. Personality can be seen in students' friendliness to the village community and their attention to the existing challenges and opportunities. Such attention can also be seen as ability. Ability is also seen in the application of their skill to organize project and of their knowledge about waste problems. Such knowledge can also be seen as the power that leaders use to bring changes, as well as relating to the aspect namely relationship between the leader and the people they lead. Behavior can be seen in increasing understanding and motivation, providing facilities for the village community, activating existing resources in the village, as well as implementing cooperation and coordination. The transformational process of leadership can be seen in this series of activities, that these college students, as initiators and implementers, have raised citizen awareness, shared knowledge and carried out solution activities, as well as embraced members of village community to take part actively.</strong></p><p class="TableParagraph"><strong> </strong></p><p class="TableParagraph"> </p>

Exploring the role of the pharmacist within the Hospital@Home team at a tertiary centre in England

Abstract Introduction Hospital@Home (H@H) is an emerging healthcare model providing hospital-level care within patients’ homes (1). Despite its global presence for three decades, H@H adoption remains limited in the United Kingdom. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted National Health Service (NHS) England to promote virtual wards, including H@H, as an innovative care alternative (2). Among the pivotal functions in H@H are prescribing, administering, or stopping medications, where pharmacists play a critical role, undertaking these tasks along with the multidisciplinary team (MDT). However, there has been little research that investigates pharmacists’ scope of practice in H@H. Aim To explore the role of the pharmacist within the H@H team at a tertiary centre in England. Methods A qualitive study was conducted using 1) online (via Microsoft Teams) or in-person audio-recorded semi-structured interviews with pharmacists working in the tertiary centre’s H@H team, and 2) non-participant observations of purposively sampled MDT H@H team meetings; heart failure, general care and antibiotic. Pharmacists’ collaboration with MDT members, tasks they performed and how the MDT made decisions were the focus of the observations. Interview transcripts and observation field notes were concurrently analysed inductively to generate key themes. All three H@H pharmacists were approached to take part in the study. All members of the respective MDTs were recruited to take part in the observations. All participants gave informed consent. Results All three H@H pharmacists participated in interviews. Six MDT meetings were observed, attended by doctors (n=7), nurses (n=8) and pharmacists (n=3). Interviews lasted approximately 45 minutes each and MDT meetings lasted 30-120 minutes. Four main themes were generated from the analysis: 1. Scope of practice extends beyond a “traditional” pharmacist. 2. Being open-minded to a changing scope of practice. 3. Active collaboration with MDT members underpins and expands role. 4. Is intentional about, and advocates for the provision of patient-centered care. Pharmacists’ varied scope of practice (e.g. participating/co-leading MDT meetings and conducting home visits) placed them in pivotal roles in patient care coordination, treatment planning, and decision-making. Pharmacists were open-minded and proactive in expanding the scope of H@H care, and their role. They continuously acquired new skills as they encounter and provide diverse care scenarios. Their specialised knowledge and skillsets were viewed by the MDT as an asset. Pharmacists were reflective practitioners, saw patients as complex individuals with specific needs to care for and advocated for their needs. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring the role of the H@H pharmacist in England, adding to the knowledge base in this emerging service delivery; pharmacists undertake non-traditional clinical roles in the team, work collaboratively with others to expand the service and their own skillset, to advocate for the need of patients. Although only three pharmacists were interviewed, this was the entire available sample. The study did not include home visit observations, which could provide insights into pharmacists’ interactions with patients in their homes. Future research can focus on complementing the findings of this study with in-depth exploration of the pharmacist’s role in H@H settings.