Non-military Use Research Articles

ATTACKS ON PASSENGER AIRCRAFTS WITH THE USE OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS. TYPOLOGY OF THE PERPETRATORS

The following article builds on two interconnected objectives. The first is to develop a more detailed description of the perpetrators of the attacks on passenger aircrafts with the use of chemical warfare agents as well as analyze the psychological and social conditions conducive to such use. The analysis itself has been carried out based on the cases of non-military use of chemical warfare agents by individuals and non-state agencies recorded in the past. The second objective is to attempt to create an ideological and psychological model of a typical perpetrator of an attack, based on the analysis of their motivation and ideology, which is investigated as a psychological aspect by referring it to the Nietzschean concept of ressentiment.

DRONET: Multi-Tasking Framework for Real-Time Industrial Facility Aerial Surveillance and Safety

The security of key and critical infrastructures is crucial for uninterrupted industrial process flow needed in strategic management as these facilities are major targets of invaders. The emergence of non-military use of drones especially for logistics comes with the challenge of redefining the anti-drone approach in determining a drone’s harmful status in the airspace based on certain metrics before countering it. In this work, a vision-based multi-tasking anti-drone framework is proposed to detect drones, identifies the airborne objects, determines its harmful status through perceived threat analysis, and checks its proximity in real-time prior to taking an action. The model is validated using manually generated 5460 drone samples from six (6) drone models under sunny, cloudy, and evening scenarios and 1709 airborne objects samples of seven (7) classes under different environments, scenarios (blur, scales, low illumination), and heights. The proposed model was compared with seven (7) other object detection models in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, F1-score, latency, throughput, reliability, and efficiency. The simulation result reveals that, overall, the proposed model achieved superior multi-drone detection accuracy of 99.6%, attached object identification of sensitivity of 99.80%, and F1-score of 99.69%, with minimal error, low latency, and less computational complexity needed for effective industrial facility aerial surveillance. A benchmark dataset is also provided for subsequent performance evaluation of other object detection models.

Return of the Inconsistent Application of the ‘Essential Security Interest’ Clause in Investment Treaty Arbitration: CC/Devas v India and Deutsche Telekom v India

Abstract Investment treaty arbitration is currently undergoing a backlash, precipitated in large measure by the problem of inconsistency in investment awards. Inconsistent reasoning and decisions have proved particularly problematic when different shareholders of an affected company pursue claims for reflective loss before different tribunals concerning the same dispute. This article examines two recent investment treaty cases—CC/Devas v India and Deutsche Telekom v India—that are a critical example of this very real problem. The first part of this article assesses the inconsistent interpretation and application of essential security interest clauses in those cases. As this article shows, the disagreement between the tribunals is explained by contradictory assessments of the same facts. The second part critically evaluates the impact of the two cases on the development of the precise criteria for successfully invoking an essential security interest clause. Such clauses comprise two elements: (i) the existence of such an interest; and (ii) the nexus between the interest and the measure adopted. These elements have hitherto been subject to inconsistent interpretations, leaving the exact contours of such clauses unclear. This article uncovers which security interests can qualify as ‘essential’ interests, focusing particularly on the question whether such an interest encompasses protection of strategic resources for military and non-military use. It also examines the meaning of the nexus requirement of ‘necessary’, and explores the difference(s) between the nexus requirements of ‘directed to’ and ‘necessary’.

What Does Strategic Partnerships with ASEAN Mean for Japan’s Foreign Aid?

This article examines the implications of Japan’s strategic partnerships with Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member-countries on its foreign aid policy. Although there were previous attempts at aligning the broad goals of Japan’s aid policy with security and defence objectives, it argues that these partnerships have increasingly led to the emergence of a securitized aid. This is because strategic partnership, as a new form of security practice in the Asia-Pacific, extends the scope of Japan’s regional cooperation to the fields of defence and security. The overall extent of Japan’s aid securitization is still minimal but prominent in terms of the aid discourse, pattern of allotments or choice of recipients and institutional structures. Despite the adoption of new development cooperation charter in 2015, the use of Japan’s ODA is still confined to non-military use which limits Tokyo’s desire to deepen its security cooperation with ASEAN partner-countries.

Countering UAVs – the Mover of Research in Military Technology

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are massively seeping into a wide range of human activities. Along with other remotely controlled or automatic devices, they have entered many aspects of human activities and industry. While the majority of researchers have been working on the construction, deployment and non-military use of UAVs, the protection against UAVs remained on the edge of their interest. Nowadays, the situation is rapidly changing. The risk of misuse of UAVs by criminals, guerrillas or terrorists has compelled authorities, scientists and defence industry to face this threat. Organisations have launched crucial infrastructure defence programs to cope with UAV threat. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop disciplines improving the air space surveillance and UAVs elimination techniques. The substantial aspects of the UAVs detection and elimination were analysed, being supported by a number of conferences, workshops and journals articles. The contribution of the study in the Counter–UAV area consists particularly in generalisation and evaluation of the main technical issues. The aim of this paper is to emphasise the importance of developing new scientific fields for countering UAVs, and hence it is directed firstly on the scientific audience.

Maintaining International Peace and Security by Regulating Military Use of Outer Space

Outer space is the new battle ground and states are investing heavily to achieve military supremacy in space. There is no provision in any space treaty that explains what constitutes space and whether the celestial bodies are included in space or not. It is widely accepted that the moon and other celestial bodies should be used for the collective benefit of mankind and that no state should exploit space and celestial bodies to derive benefit by putting at risk the peace and security of other states. Thus, while the treaty regime calls for ‘peaceful use’ of space only, there is a conflict of interpretation regarding the phrase which is often limited to ‘non-military use’ or ‘non-aggressive use’. In consequence of these lacunas in space-related treaty regimes – which should be removed to save it from subsequent weaponization – space has been used for military purposes for over fifty years by employing technology to locate and target enemies. The first step is to precisely define what constitutes space weapon, followed by adoption of non-binding code of conduct. However, ultimately, there is need for adoption of complete, equitable and verifiable ban on space weapons that are either already placed or will be placed in near future in space to attack humans and assets on space or earth, or are placed on earth to attack assets in space.

Japan, Ballistic Missile Defence and remilitarisation

Japan's future trajectory in security policy and the extent of deviation from the post-war course of a constrained military stance have been the source of constant academic and policy debate. Japanese policy-makers have maintained that national security policy has shown no fundamental deviation, and that this can be benchmarked against a range of constant anti-militaristic principles. The advent of BMD, however, poses significant questions over whether Japan is continuing to follow a similar security trajectory. This article examines how BMD has challenged four key anti-militaristic principles—the non-exercise of collective self-defence, the non-military use of space, the ban on the export of weapons technology, and strict civilian control of the military—and uses this assessment to judge how BMD is driving remilitarisation. It concludes that BMD's impact is highly significant in transgressing these anti-militaristic principles and is thus indicating a more remilitarised security path for Japan developing now and in the future.

Radiation and Borders: Chernobyl as a National and Transnational Site of Memory

Abstract The public debate about the consequences of Chernobyl is of particular political relevance because each interpretation of the event also involves a judgment about the danger of low-level radiation exposure. Thus, statements about Chernobyl and its aftermath are also claims about what it should teach us about the nonmilitary use of nuclear energy. Commemorations of Chernobyl, such as those that occur on its anniversary, are therefore inherently political: the forms of language and the “facts” used to talk about it are an attempt to influence public perceptions about the risks connected with this type of electricity production. Furthermore, the narratives created by various participants in the Chernobyl debate demonstrate how different the perceptions of risk really are. This essay starts with an overview of the accident and its evaluation. It subsequently examines different forms of remembering Chernobyl, from both a national and transnational perspective. It discusses national and transnational carriers of memories such as literature and photography, and elaborates on the implications of the contesting narratives interpreting Chernobyl in “apocalyptic” versus “radiophobic” ways. Furthermore, the essay sheds light on the implications of Chernobyl as a national site of memory in Germany, France, and Belarus. The comparative perspective reveals the importance of underlying structures such as national (nuclear) politics, elite and expert culture, environmentalism, and the role of individual agency. These factors condition the emergence of a specific narrative of the accident within a specific discursive field, and, furthermore, determine the meaning attributed to “Chernobyl” in a given national context setting. The essay concludes with some reflections on the future of Chernobyl as a site of memory and the reshaping of the Chernobyl discourse through Fukushima.

SENSOR NETWORK DATA FUSION METHODS

Sensor network data fusion is widely used in warfare, in areas such as automatic target recognition, battlefield surveillance, automatic vehicle control, multiple target surveillance, etc. Non-military use example are: medical equipment status monitoring, intelligent home. The paper describes sensor networks topologies, sensor network advantages against the isolated sensors, most common network topologies, their advantages and disadvantages.

Welfare and Warfare: Contrasting Scenarios of Mobile Communication

This paper illustrates the potential of communication technologies for institutional change, which can be found in the history of warfare, but could also become important for the future of welfare. Ethical, political and economic arguments are presented to assess existing and potential developments in warfare and welfare aiming at a more convivial and supportive society. After a sketch of various modes of historical warfare which became possible by - then - new information and communication technologies the paper reflects emerging problems contemporary defence strategies face. The citizens will become reluctant to pay for the high costs of military services if no real results can be seen. From the point of view of opportunity costs the defence budget is challenged by alternative, non-military use. As a long-term solution a war-preventing strategy is proposed which also allows using more financial means for the welfare system. But in fact the situation is not that simple. Even if more financial means would be available the welfare system is entering a state of crisis. Like in warfare information and communication technologies can be used to transform institutions and organisational forms, while the main intention of the welfare system remains in place. Examples are given how to restructure specific functions of the traditional welfare state. They are based on small groups (Targeted Intelligence Networks - TINs) linked to modern communication technology. TINs could give back responsibility to the citizen the welfare state has taken away from her/him in the past, and there is hope to strengthen the bonds of solidarity and reduce societal alienation.

Estimates of numbers of civilians treated with nasopharyngeal radium irradiation in the United States.

Nasopharyngeal radium irradiation was used 35 to 50 years ago for treatment of hearing loss, chronic ear infections, asthma, and other conditions. I reviewed the medical literature for published articles on the nonmilitary use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation. Four years have minimum documented numbers of radium applicators in use (1946, 600; 1948, 1000; 1958, 2000; 1961, 2000). Two levels of physician use were assumed, a high estimate of 25 patients per week and a low estimate of 5 patients per week. It was assumed that physicians used the applicators 50 weeks per year. Typical treatments involved two applicators at a time (one for each nostril) for three sessions. Using a formula reflecting the number of applicators in use, the number of patients a physician would treat in a week, the number of weeks in a year an applicator would be used, and the number of applicators and sessions per patient, I then estimated the number of children who might have been treated. This estimate is that approximately 500,000 to 2.5 million persons might have been treated with nasopharyngeal radium. Because the lack of documentation for numerous parts of the equation required that I make a large number of assumptions, this estimate should be considered a rough approximation of the number of civilians treated.

Estimates of numbers of civilians treated with nasopharyngeal radium irradiation in the United States

Nasopharyngeal radium irradiation was used 35 to 50 years ago for treatment of hearing loss, chronic ear infections, asthma, and other conditions. I reviewed the medical literature for published articles on the nonmilitary use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation. Four years have minimum documented numbers of radium applicators in use (1946, 600; 1948, 1000; 1958, 2000; 1961, 2000). Two levels of physician use were assumed, a high estimate of 25 patients per week and a low estimate of 5 patients per week. It was assumed that physicians used the applicators 50 weeks per year. Typical treatments involved two applicators at a time (one for each nostril) for three sessions. Using a formula reflecting the number of applicators in use, the number of patients a physician would treat in a week, the number of weeks in a year an applicator would be used, and the number of applicators and sessions per patient, I then estimated the number of children who might have been treated. This estimate is that approximately 500,000 to 2.5 million persons might have been treated with nasopharyngeal radium. Because the lack of documentation for numerous parts of the equation required that I make a large number of assumptions, this estimate should be considered a rough approximation of the number of civilians treated. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;115:429-32.)

Brief: Touch the World Through Internet

Summary Internet is the world's largest computer network. Access to Internet allows users to communicate with colleagues around the world, to access vast software archives, to visit university and public libraries, to search on-line databases, to participate in lively discussions on thousands of topics, to receive electronic journals, and much more. This paper describes Internet and discusses its current and future uses, ways to obtain access, and some of the resources available. What Is Internet? Initial network activities began as a U.S. Dept. of Defense research project in the early 1970's. The ARPAnet project linked major defense installations with a computer network that was redundant enough to withstand missile attack. In the late 1980's, the U.S. National Science Foundation built a network, NFSNET; that was based on the original ARPAnet and that contained five regional supercomputing centers linked by high-speed communications. Through NFSNET, universities across the U.S. used these supercomputer centers to conduct research (mostly military). NFSNET did not preclude nonmilitary use of the network, which opened the resource to many individuals and institutions. By 1987, the volume of information traveling on the network overloaded the system. The network bandwidth was upgraded in 1987. During the late 1980's, hundreds of private and commercial networks worldwide were linked to the network, primarily for communication in the research arena. This network of networks became known as Internet. Because of the ease of access to and value of the resources available on the network, more and more individuals began using Internet. As interest increased, more resources were added, which, in turn, fueled further interest. This domino effect led to the explosive growth of lnternet today. Internet is the foundation of the "information superhighway" that has become the focus of media and U.S. government attention over the past few years.

Anthropometry and the Design of Products for Non-Military Use: Needs and Limitations

Generating a civilian anthropometric data base for use in the design of consumer products as well as all types of non-military products involves redefinition of end users of the products and also the end user of the data. A survey of the needs of designers and engineers will be summarized. Case examples are used to illustrate the lack of awareness of the availability of already existing data bases.

Expanded Application of Navy Navigation Satellite System in Marine and Air Navigation

The navy navigation satellite system is serving as a navigation reference to selected Fleet users. Other applications in naval warfare are being investigated, however, applications are correlated to first priority of meeting fleet requirements of FBM and CVA installations. Recent release of some types of receiver systems for non-military use provides new alternatives for those commercial interests with requirement for precise, worldwide, all weather navigation or position information. User equipment development and availability is examined as well as further applications to satisfy navigation and position requirements.

Peaceful Conflict: The Non-Military Use of the Military.

Peaceful Conflict: The Non-Military Use of the Military.

Book Review: Military and Scientific Affairs: Peaceful Conflict: The Non-Military Use of the Military

Book Review: Military and Scientific Affairs: Peaceful Conflict: The Non-Military Use of the Military

Peaceful Conflict: The Non-Military Use of the Military

Peaceful Conflict: The Non-Military Use of the Military

The Nonmilitary Use of the Latin American Military: A More Realistic Approach to Arms Control and Economic Development

The Nonmilitary use of the Latin American Military: A More Realistic Approach to Arms Control and Economic Development Edward B. Glick Edward B. Glick Washington Arms Control Office, The Bendix Corporation Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Background, Volume 8, Issue 3, November 1964, Pages 161–173, https://doi.org/10.2307/3013619 Published: 01 November 1964