Non-migrant Households Research Articles

Migration as a Catalyst of Change: The Impact of Indian Labour Migration to the GCC

The idea of emigration as a method of subsistence has long gained traction in India. Emigration and remittances have been praised as financial sources for the transformation of communities and households. Due to its historical links to international migration and its position as one of India's top labor exporting states, Kerala is an especially intriguing state that has been one of the most significant source regions for Indian temporary workers, primarily to the GCC (Gulf Cooperative Council) countries. Kerala is home to almost 2.1 million migrants, and 36% of the state's net state product comes from their contributions. This study looks at empirical data from the socioeconomic discourses surrounding Gulf migration with respect to the emigrants, their households, and the place from where they migrated in order to comprehend how migrant houses differ from non-migrant households. The study covers empirical research on the reasons behind migration, mobility trends, and the issue of using migration as a strategy to lower state unemployment. The paper goes on to discuss the significance of emigration in the socioeconomic transformations of the state.

Poverty among migrant, mixed, and non-migrant households: the role of non-teleworkability and single-earnership in Germany

ABSTRACT Migrant and mixed households have higher poverty than non-migrant households. This is partly because single-earner two-adult households are more prevalent in migrant and mixed households and because such households have different job characteristics. One crucial job characteristic is teleworkability. Whether or not individuals can work from home has become a dividing factor in the labour market. While much research has focused on how teleworkability affects poverty in the majority population, less attention has been devoted to migrant and mixed two-adult households. Using the German Microcensus (2019), we construct work arrangements based on the number of earners in the household and their job‘s teleworkability to predict poverty for non-migrant (N = 49,507), mixed (N = 6,818), and migrant households (N = 8,922). Descriptive statistics show that, in Germany, migrant and mixed households have more single-earner and non-teleworkable work arrangements. Results from logistic regressions report higher poverty for non-teleworkable and single-earner work arrangements, putting mixed and migrant households at an increased disadvantage. Furthermore, we find that migrant (and mixed) households not only have a higher prevalence of high-poverty work arrangements but also higher poverty than non-migrant and mixed households within the same work arrangements.

Tiebout Sorting and Toxic Releases

Combining detailed county-to-county migration data with Toxics Release Inventory data, and fine-scale PM2.5\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox{PM}_{2.5}$$\\end{document} concentration levels, we investigate the relationship between internal migration, income of migrant and non-migrant households and county-level differences in environmental quality. We show that households moving to “cleaner” counties are relatively “richer”—a result consistent with a sorting by income in the spirit of Tiebout (1956). An implication of this finding is that internal migration could contribute to the persistence of disparities in pollution exposure at the county-level.

Income and Expenditure Patterns Among Migrant and Non-Migrant Fisherfolk Households in Malappuram District, Kerala, India

This study examines the income and expenditure patterns among migrant and non-migrant fisherfolk households in Malappuram District, Kerala. Based on a sample of 375 households, with 172 migrants and 203 non-migrants surveyed between August 2023 and December 2023. Malappuram district which is located in the southern Indian state of Kerala, is known for its Kerala model of development and foremost position in the marine fisheries sector. Employing statistical tools such as chi-square, independent sample t-tests, and multiple linear regression, the study analyses how migration affects the income and expenditure patterns of the marine fisherfolk community. The chi-square results reveal significant disparities in occupational choices influenced by migration. The independent sample t-test indicates a statistically significant difference in mean income between migrant and non-migrant households. The multiple linear regression model examines the influence of migration status on expenditure alongside other explanatory variables, revealing that migration status and income significantly predict expenditure, while family size and age do not. These results, taken together, offer a sophisticated picture of how migration affects the income and spending habits of the Malappuram district's fishing community. Several policy suggestions can be made in light of these findings to reduce inequalities and improve the standard of living for households headed by migrant and non-migrant fishermen. Migrant fishermen can increase their income levels and have more career options by implementing focused skill development and training programs. The community can be empowered and long-term benefits can be ensured by supporting education and awareness programs that emphasize sustainable fishing practices and financial literacy.

Male migration and its Impact on women in Kapilbastu

Although males are generally thought to be the ones who migrate internationally, women who were not migrants nonetheless suffer significant effects as a result of the migration of their male counterparts. Left behind women given second-class status in relation to men, this presents both a difficulty and an opportunity. Women who are more capable not only have more independence and overall well-being, but their improved abilities also have a favorable impact on the lives of friends and family. Women are capable of handling situations effectively when given the opportunity to assume responsibility for social, political, and economic facets of life. From this perspective, the primary objective of this study is to identify the variables influencing women's empowerment in Kapilbastu Municipality. Similarly, the secondary goal of the study is to determine how international migration affects the situation of women who are left behind in the study region. From the research region, 50 migrant households and 50 non-migrant households were chosen using purposive sampling method. As per the results of the study, male migration abroad has significantly contributed to their enhanced abilities and increased engagement in outdoor pursuits. They made a lot of wonderful friends, learned a lot about the outside world, experienced sharing, learned how to interact with people outside, and generally had a positive outlook on life as a result of their engagement in outdoor activities.

Standard of Living of Migrant and Non-Migrant Households in Kerala: a Comparative Study Based on Migration Survey 2018

Standard of Living of Migrant and Non-Migrant Households in Kerala: a Comparative Study Based on Migration Survey 2018

Migrant remittances and the adoption of information and communication technology

In this study, we demonstrate that migrant families adopt ICT more than non-migrant households, the diffusion is higher among the recipients of remittances resulting from the long-duration, long-distance international migration than the short-duration, short-distance migration, and that foreign remittance recipients adopt advanced technologies to a greater extent compared to domestic remittance-recipients. We empirically test these hypotheses by using data on 160,624 households from the 2019 to 20 round of the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey and employing an instrumental-variable strategy as well as generalized two-step Heckman and Augmented Inverse Probability Weighting estimators. We come up with evidence of the significant effects of remittances on ICT adoption. Households with at least one domestic or international migrant, on average have 0.27 per capita mobile ownership and 0.12 higher probability of having internet at home compared to non-recipient households. This effect is visible more among international-remittance than domestic-remittance-receiving households. ICT adoption also increases with the amount received. We find that remittances accelerate the adoption of smartphones and social media apps. Besides, while international remittances substantially increase the use of smartphones, internet and social media apps, domestic remittances mainly improve basic phone adoption. Remittances also help reduce the rural-urban and male-female digital divide.

Examining the Inter-Linkages of COVID-19, Agricultural Households and Nepal’s Political Economy

This study investigates the economic repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on Nepal's political economy and household economies, focusing on the agricultural sector and remittance dynamics. The primary objective is twofold: first, to analyze the pandemic's impact on Nepal's broader economic landscape using secondary literature, and second, to examine the consequences of outmigration on household economies through primary panel data from 2017 and 2020 surveys. The methodology involves employing a mix of secondary literature analysis and primary panel data from five districts, using OLS and random effects models to evaluate the effects on agricultural yield. The results indicate that the agricultural output of migrant households did not significantly increase post-pandemic, while non-migrant households experienced a notable rise in average agricultural yield. This suggests the resilience of traditional agricultural and food systems during shocks. The study underscores the importance of policies encouraging migrant households to leverage remittances for agricultural productivity and emphasizes the need for long-term strategies to enhance overall economic resilience in the face of global crises.

A comparison of migrant and non-migrant households’ choices on migration and coping mechanisms in the aftermath of cyclone Aila in Bangladesh

This research focuses on understanding the complex impact of Cyclone Aila on migration decisions, particularly regarding the motivations that compel specific vulnerable populations to remain in their current locations despite severe consequences. It conducts a comparative analysis of migration choices, adaptive strategies and capacities of migrant and non-migrant populations in Bangladesh after the 2009 Cyclone Aila, focusing on the severely affected districts of Satkhira and Khulna. To achieve this, a comprehensive survey of 284 households was conducted, including 130 migrant and 154 non-migrant households. The research utilized statistical techniques, such as frequency distribution, chi-squared tests, and multinomial logistic regression, along with qualitative insights gathered through in-depth interviews and analyzed using NVivo software to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the coping capacities of these households. The findings indicate that the severity of the cyclone experience significantly impacted migration choices, with non-migrant households displaying a firm attachment to their original location because of better economic opportunities, emotional bonds, vibrant social networks, and a higher tolerance for adversity. Migrants are attracted to locales, providing better living conditions, safety, and access to healthcare and education. This research also revealed differences in the adaptive strategies adopted by migrants and non-migrants. Migrants have more options for housing, agriculture, livestock management, food security, health and sanitation, and employment. Most migrant households (47.7%) had high adaptive capacities across various domains, such as food security, housing and shelter, crop production, livestock and poultry rearing, health and sanitation, and livelihood prospects. Non-migrant households had much lower percentages of high adaptive capacity, ranging from 5.3 percent to 9.7 percent. These findings suggest that migration can improve adaptive capacity, especially when responding to weather events, such as Cyclone Aila. Therefore, it is important to create targeted support measures that cater to the unique needs of both migrant and non-migrant households to promote resilience and improve wellbeing during the post-crisis period.

Multidimensional poverty and the variables that contribute to it in the Gurage Zone of Ethiopia: Using rural-urban migration as a decomposition parameter

BACKGROUND: Poverty alleviation is a critical issue for national and international development goals. Data on different poverty-reduction measures are eagerly sought by policymakers. Analytical data on the role of migration in poverty alleviation is one of them. OBJECTIVES: This study is designed to investigate the prevalence of multidimensional poverty and its determinants in connection to rural-urban migration. METHODS: Primary data was collected from 384 randomly selected rural households and analyzed using econometric models. RESULTS: Non-migrant and migrant-sending households had adjusted headcount ratios of 19.8% and 10.5%, respectively. Poor living conditions were identified in 43.5% of non-migrant households and 25.6% of migrant-sending households, respectively. Non-migrant households and migrant-sending households contributed 70.5% and 29.5%, respectively, to the entire sample’s adjusted headcount ratio. According to the findings, household size, the number of migrants per household, the education level of the household head and livestock ownership all has a significant effect on households’ multidimensional poverty. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that rural-urban migration helps poverty reduction in the region. Therefore, proper consideration should be given to maximizing the benefit of migration on the long-term reduction of multidimensional poverty through productive remittance investment and assisting households to improve their productive capacity.

Impact of COVID-19 on health disparities between migrant and non-migrant households: the case of Dearborn, Michigan

ABSTRACT Objectives: Studies on immigration have shown that cultural changes can positively or negatively affect psychological, behavioral, and physical outcomes when different cultures settle into a new host community or country. The majority of research done in the United States and North America has focused on these changes for larger immigrant and minority groups such as Hispanics/Latinos and Asians. However, in the United States, there is a sub-group of immigrants that is largely understudied, resulting in misunderstood data on mental and physical health: Arab Americans. This study assesses mental health disparities between immigrant and non-immigrant populations, before and after COVID-19 restrictions, in Dearborn, MI, a city that has one of the largest concentrations of Arab immigrants in the nation. Design: Using an online survey instrument, this study assessed mental health disparities before and since COVID-19 restrictions, and stressors induced since the pandemic for immigrants and non-immigrants in Dearborn, MI. Results: Through inferential statistics and logistic regressions, results indicate that immigrants are less likely to have healthcare coverage, have lower annual incomes, lower educational attainment, and experience continuously higher mental health issues before the pandemic than non-immigrants faced during the pandemic. Conclusion: This study reinforces that the Arab-American immigrant population is a disadvantaged sub-group and faces considerable stress and mental health concerns as an acculturating population. This stress gets exacerbated when a worldwide event such as the COVID-19 pandemic strikes. Oversight of this population’s health issues results in the inability to receive appropriate social services and healthcare that is vital to address this community’s concerns.

Migration, gender labor division and food insecurity in Tajikistan

In recent decades millions living in low-income countries like Tajikistan have migrated to support their livelihoods. This massive, predominantly male, out-migration has transformed the agricultural sector. On the one hand, household members with migrants who stay behind, usually female and children, might replace migrant member’s previous tasks, leading to the feminization of agriculture. On the other hand, remittances can increase migrant households’ income leading to a reduction in their work and increase in their food security as their purchasing power strengthens. We study the relationship between migration, food insecurity and gender labor division for two production systems in Tajikistan. Using propensity score matching with village fixed effects, we find non-migrant households are associated with having more months of food shortages and spending more days without eating food. In terms of the division of labor, women in migrant households were associated with being more involved in labor-intensive activities. Our results provide evidence that while migration is correlated with greater food security, the demand on women’s time and labour increases. This has important implications for designing gender-inclusive agricultural and irrigation training and extension programs, which are usually targeted at males. Gender-sensitive design will be vital for improving countries like Tajikistan’s food security, malnutrition, and water resource management.

The Role of Migration in Women Entrepreneurship and Empowerment: Evidence from Nigeria

The research examines the relationship between the migration of men and the empowerment of women who remain in the households. The study looks at Nigeria – a Sub-Saharan African country with the highest migration outflows and prevalent gender inequality. The core research question is to examine whether the migration of men affects the entrepreneurship and empowerment of Nigerian women. For the purpose of this study, private entrepreneurship will state the employment status of women from both migrant and non-migrant households while the amount of housework and degree of decision-making power will constitute empowerment. The data is obtained from Nigerian General Household Survey 2018-2019. The sample used in the current analysis consists of 12,199 women, 15 years and older. The Ordinary Least Squares model is applied to assess the changes men’s migration might bring to housework of women who remain in the household. Logit regression addresses the entrepreneurship and decision-making power of Nigerian women. Probit regression serves as a robustness check for Logit, and as a separate econometric model. The findings generally support the pre-experiment expectations: migration of men decreases the amount of housework of Nigerian women, encourages them to run businesses, but reduces their decision-making power.

The Impact of Migration on Vietnam Household Living Standards

This study is conducted to investigate the impact of migration on living standards of households with migrants in the context of Vietnam. Data were collected from the results of Vietnam Household Living Standards in the time series. Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition was employed to decompose the source of differences in income between households with migrants and households without migrants. The results show that households with migrants in the multiyear dataset had a higher income than nonmigrant households, and migration had different impacts on expenditure at different quantiles. By conducting quantile regression, migration had positive impacts on expenditures at the 10% and 50% quantile, but no impact at the 90% quantile. Based on the findings, some implications in policies for managers, such as appropriate policies for poor workers in order to improve their living standards, especially poor households in rural or mountainous areas, are proposed.

Policy Analysis of West Papua Provincial Government Regarding Welfare Disparities of Migrants and Non-Migrants

This study aimed to analyze the poverty factors of migrant and non-migrant households through socio-economic variables resulting from the West Papua Province government policy program. The research method used in this study was a quantitative research method using descriptive analysis depicted through diagrams. The data collection method used was secondary data collection derived from the results of the March 2020 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) conducted by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The results of the study showed that the implementation of West Papua Province government policies had not succeeded in changing the poverty level of the population even though it has the authority as the organizer of special autonomy. Special treatment for non-migrant residents had not been able to eliminate the disparity in the level of welfare between the migrant population. The majority of poor households in West Papua were affected by the age of the head of the household above 60 years, the number of household members more than four people, no health complaints, the education of the head of the household who is mostly below high school, working in the informal sector, living in rural areas and are non-migrant households.

International Migration and Aspirations among Young People: Who Desires to Migrate?

The dispatch of migrant workers from Indonesia is still quite high. Efforts to improve socio- economic status are still motivated by high rates of migration. Children left by migrant parents experience a greater emotional burden due to parenting issues. This study attempts to examine the aspirations of children and adolescents left by migrant parents based on data from the Child Health and Migrant Parents in South East Asia (CHAMPSEA) study. Analytical descriptive was used to describe children’s aspirations towards migrations on migrant and non-migrant households. This study found that children gave a bad perception when mothers had to migrate. Emotional closeness between children and mothers makes the children feel sad when being left by parents. However, once the children’s desire to migrate, especially in the ‘young adult’ group of children is precisely high. Having seen by sex, boys have a higher desire to migrate than women.

Object-centered interviews in mixed methods: Yielding the emotions of overseas migrant households in family financial socialization

This interdisciplinary methods paper talks about how families receiving overseas remittances discuss, decide and act about finance (what is called family financial socialization). Money matters yield delicate family dynamics, and families and their members hesitate to talk about money to others. Usual verbal interview methods may not be enough to surface emotions when remittance senders and receivers engage with each other surrounding family finances. On this score, visual methods provide opportunities to innovate mixed methods projects while trying to surface the lived experiences of people through visual stimuli. This paper shares the story of a mixed methods project —done in two rural municipalities in the Philippines— that implemented a visual method called object-centered interviews (OCIs). OCI participants (N ​= ​69) recruited for this study came from a household survey (N ​= ​443 migrant and 463 non-migrant households) done in research sites. In terms of data analysis, phenomenological reduction was employed to the OCI answers; major themes from the visual and verbal interview answers were then presented as a metaphorical visual display. “Cuts” of survey data and the major phenomenological themes were then integrated. The OCI as a visual method and an elicitation interview technique became useful in further understanding the behaviors and emotions of migrant families during family financial interactions. Psychologists, from various sub-fields, may find the use of objects during interviews helpful when research participants become verbally tight-lipped to narrate their lived experiences and emotions on ordinary and sensitive topics.

Migration, economic crisis and child growth in rural Guatemala: Insights from the Great Recession

Migration has been demonstrated by various studies to be closely linked to improvements in individual- and household-level outcomes. In this paper, rather than examining the effects of migration, we explore whether an economic shock in United States affected migrant households in rural Guatemala. Treating the Great Recession as a natural experiment affecting migrant and non-migrant households differently, we put the spotlight on the effect of the shock on child anthropometry, including longer-term indicators of height-for-age z-scores (HAZ). Panel data on children, and multiple children in households enable both double- and triple-difference estimation. In relative terms, migrant households fared much worse than non-migrant households over the period. Large advantages in child anthropometric status for the youngest children in migrant households in 2008, just prior to the crisis, were substantially diminished four years later. The findings underscore the possible fragility of the benefits of migration, particularly in the face of a substantial economic shock, and point to the potential importance of deepening social safety nets.

Migration, Rural–Urban Connectivity, and Food Remittances in Kenya

This paper draws on data from a representative city-wide household food security survey of Nairobi conducted in 2017 to examine the importance of food remitting to households in contemporary Nairobi. The first section of the paper provides an overview of the urbanization and rapid growth of Nairobi, which has led to growing socio-economic inequality, precarious livelihoods for the majority, and growing food insecurity, as context for the more detailed empirical analysis of food security and food remittances that follows. It is followed by a description of the survey methodology and sections analyzing the differences between migrant and non-migrant households in Nairobi. Attention then turns to the phenomenon of food remitting, showing that over 50% of surveyed households in the city had received food remittances in the previous year. The paper then uses multivariate logistic regression to identify the relationship between Nairobi household characteristics and the probability of receiving food remittances from rural areas. The findings suggest that there are exceptions to the standard migration and poverty-driven explanatory model of the drivers of rural–urban food remitting and that greater attention should be paid to other motivations for maintaining rural–urban connectivity in Africa.

School disruption of children in China: The influence of parents’ rural–urban migration

The massive rural-to-urban migration in China has caused widespread separate living arrangements for rural children and their parents. Meanwhile, some children join their migrant parents to live in urban areas. We examined the school disruption of children who were left behind by or migrated with their parent(s) in this paper. Using longitudinal data from the 2010–2014 China Family Panel Studies, we compared the hazards of school disruption between children of migrant parent(s) and children living with both of their parents in rural China. Propensity scores were calculated to control for the probability of having migrant parent(s) and the probability of being left behind for children with migrant parent(s). Findings show that parental migration, especially father-only migration and double-parents migration, raises children’s odds of school disruption in rural China. Remittances and the three-generation living arrangement demonstrate protective effects for children whose father migrates and children whose both parents migrate, respectively. Rural-to-urban migrant children overall are insignificantly different from rural children in non-migrant households. Migrant children show substantially lower risk of school disruption than do left-behind children. Unequal hazards between children of different migration statuses cannot be explained by their variation in guardian-child communication about school life. Findings suggest that the presence/absence of parents is more important than migration itself in affecting children’s school disruption.