Non-metallic Waste Research Articles

Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Tempat Sampah Otomotis di Kampung Pulosari

Waste management is a serious problem in densely populated environments. This research examines community service efforts aimed at overcoming waste management problems in Pulosari Village, Surabaya, through the application of the automatic trash can concept. By using survey, preparation, implementation and evaluation methods, this program was successful in installing automatic trash cans, holding outreach to the community, as well as providing assistance and evaluation on the use of these automatic trash cans. The automatic trash bin created is capable of detecting metal and non-metal waste and sorting it automatically. The results show a positive response from society towards this technological innovation, with increased awareness of the importance of keeping the environment clean. However, further evaluation is still needed to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of this program in the future. Therefore, this activity participates in efforts to create a cleaner, healthier and more sustainable environment in Pulosari Village and can be used as an example for other villages or villages in overcoming similar problems.

Garbage Segregation and Monitoring Using Low-Cost IoT System for Smart Waste Management

Waste management is one of the serious issues in maintaining the longevity of life. Managing waste in garbage bins not only requires a systematic garbage segregation policy but also a prevention and control mechanism for human behaviour. With the aid of the low-cost-budget Internet of Things (IoT) approach, managing garbage bins for municipal and town councils become practical, effective, and easy to be enforced. This study proposed a proof-of-concept prototype of a low-cost IoT approach using Raspberry Pi and cheap sensor modules to segregate waste into garbage bins with local alarming and remote notification systems. The systems are capable of detecting metal and non-metal waste so that segregation can be applied, and measuring waste levels in the garbage bin to prevent waste overflow. On top of that, the systems are also able to warn with loudness sound of a mistype waste scanned at the bin lid and send prompt notifications to the remote observer for further actions. The study results from a number of performance testing demonstrated the developed systems can accurately measure waste levels either to be empty, half-filled, or 80% filled when the ultrasonic ranging module sensor is placed 105° inside the bin. This is the best positioning we recommended when working with a bin of size 15 cm in height and 10 cm in width. Finally, we observed that the finest detection results were achieved when the movement of objects are scanned less than 2 cm, but not more than 4 cm away.

Analisis Sistem Pemantauan Pemisah Sampah Logam dan Non Logam berbasis Internet of Things

<p><em>Waste has become a serious problem, especially in big cities, not only in Indonesia but also around the world. Waste production continues to increase along with population growth, and changes in consumption patterns and people's lifestyles have increased the amount of waste, the type, and the diversity of waste characteristics. Waste bins are infrastructure available in every city park that makes it easier for park visitors to dispose of waste. make it easier for park visitors to dispose of waste. In some places, There are no bins based on the basic material of the waste, namely metal bins and non-metal bins that can be monitored in real-time. So a smart trash can is made that can sort metal or non-metal waste that can be monitored in real-time with the Internet of Things. The hardware used is Metal Proximity Sensor, Infrared Sensor, Servo Motor, Ultrasonic Sensor, MQ135 Gas Sensor, and ESP32 Microcontroller. The capacity in the trash can be monitored through the Blynk application, which will provide notification when the trash can is full. Based on the test results of the volume reading of the trash can, the success of the sensor to open and close is 99.26%. To sort non-metal waste and metal waste using proximity sensors with the results of testing the reading of waste objects obtained success in non-metal waste by 95% and metal waste by 100%.</em></p>

Realtime Filtering of Waste Separate Equipment in Irrigation Channels

There are still many people who are not aware of disposing of waste in its place, including littering, one of which is in irrigation canals which can clog the channels and the many types of waste that can be found. To reduce waste in irrigation canals, an automatic waste separator was made. This automatic waste separator aims to transport waste in irrigation canals using two stages of conveyors, namely conveyor 1 for conveying lines from under water and conveyor 2 for waste separation lines, after which the waste is separated. according to the category, namely by using an inductive proximity sensor for Metal Waste and will be separated by using a servo motor, for non-metallic waste will be allowed to run on conveyor 2 then the waste is put into a trash can which can be monitored by ultrasonic sensors to see the height of the contents of the bin the trash. Monitoring this garbage separator uses the NodeMCU ESP 8266 WIFI as a connector with the BLYNK application to see whether the contents of the trash can are full or not by the cleaning officer on duty then the full trash can will be replaced with an empty trash can with monitoring control via BLYNK.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AT GAS FIRED ELECTRIC POWERED PLANT: A CASE OF KARACHI, SINDH, PAKISTAN

This paper aims to provide an overview of current solid waste management practices at gas fired powered plant in Karachi, Pakistan. During the annual maintenance activities at gas powered plant it is obvious that different type of waste is generated such as metal waste including, aluminum, copper, iron and other metals, electronic waste, non-metal waste such as cotton rags, wood, paper, hand gloves and other miscellaneous waste. Three gas powered plants located in Karachi were surveyed and interviews were conducted to comprehend the existing practices of solid waste management there. Waste disposal and storage scraps yard of the selected power plants were also visited to study the process of waste segregation, reuse and recycling and final disposal. The results of this study indicate that highest amount of solid waste generated form selected power plants includes the heavy metals; aluminum, copper and iron comprising about 15% each. Cotton rags/ gloves, rubber and plastic make 11%, 6% and 4% respectively of the total waste stream. Study indicate that out of the total waste generated, approximately 70% is being disposed to scrap yard which is the source of revenue collection and remaining 30% is being lost as it is not being collected, segregated, and disposed as per the current practice of gas-powered plants. Study also finds that the waste that is currently not being disposed properly, can result in revenue increase of almost 27% (metal waste), 0.63% (cotton rags/hand gloves) and almost 4% (miscellaneous waste).

Imaging of Transmetallation and Chelation Phenomena Involving Radiological Contrast Agents in Mineral-Rich Fruits.

Exogenous heavy metals or non-metallic waste products, for example lanthanide or iodinated contrast media for radiological procedures, may interfere with the biochemical pools in patients and in common food sources, creating an excess buildup of exogenous compounds which may reach toxic levels. Although the mechanisms are unknown, our experiments were designed to test if this toxicity can be attributed to “transmetallation” or “chelation” reactions freeing up lanthanides or chelated transition metals in acidic fruits used as phantoms representing the biologically active and mineral-rich carbohydrate matrix. The rapid breakdown of stable contrast agents have been reported at a lower pH. The interaction of such agents with native metals was examined by direct imaging of contrast infused fresh apples and sweet potatoes using low energy X-rays (40–44 kVp) and by magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 and 3T. The stability of the exogenous agents seemed to depend on endogenous counterions and biometals in these fruits. Proton spin echo MR intensity is sensitive to paramagnetic minerals and low energy X-ray photons are sensitively absorbed by photoelectric effects in all abundant minerals and were compared before and after the infusion of radiologic contrasts. Endogenous iron and manganese are believed to accumulate due to interactions with exogenous iodine and gadolinium in and around the infusion spots. X-ray imaging had lower sensitivity (detection limit approximately 1 part in 104), while MRI sensitivity was two orders of magnitude higher (approximately 1 part in 106), but only for paramagnetic minerals like Mn and Fe in our samples. MRI evidence of such a release of metal ions from the native pool implicates transmetallation and chelation reactions that were triggered by infused contrast agents. Since Fe and Mn play significant roles in the function of metalloenzymes, our results suggest that transmetallation and chelation could be a plausible mechanism for contrast induced toxicity in vivo.

The technology-environment relationship revisited: Evidence from the impact of prefabrication on reducing construction waste

The impact of technology on the environment in the context of improving the economy is highly valued. However, the large-scale, industry-specific investigation of technology as a means of nurturing sustainability and cleaner production methods has remained in short supply. Based on nationwide data concerning 412 construction projects located in mainland China, this research addresses the various impacts of environment-related technologies by quantitatively assessing differences in construction waste discharge between production modes that use and those that do not use prefabrication. The results show that at the current level of technology utilization, the total waste generation rate of prefabricated building projects is 25.85% less than that of nonprefabricated projects, while prefabrication can work effectively to reduce most types of construction waste (inorganic nonmetallic waste, organic waste, metallic waste, and composite waste), with the exception of hazardous waste. It is further found that the effectiveness of increasing prefabrication rates would be rather limited for waste reduction if the technological level remained unchanged. These findings are robust in the context of providing practical policy implications for China's promotion of prefabrication in the construction industry, and they serve as theoretical evidence for environmental improvement due to prefabrication adoption.

Experimental study of regur soil stabilization by using Non-metallic waste bottles

Soil is one of the most important materials used in a variety of construction projects including earthwork and earth dams. The regur soil reveals high elastic characteristics and exhibits low shear strength. The elastic characteristics are due to the presence of a mineral named montmorillonite. So many different approaches are made to improve the soil characteristics stratum. Shredding of plastic wastes in different proportions exhibits high shear strength which enhances the engineering properties of the regur soil, so it increases the soil stabilization. The regur soil sample was collected and investigated the properties such as free swell test, standard proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength. The non-metallic waste bottle has been shredded in to small pieces and it was replaced in the proportion of 0.25%, 0.5%. 0.75% and 1% by weight of soil. The laboratory tests are conducted to find the Geotechnical properties of the regur soil. By adding plastic wastes the behavior of the Engineering property is improved by conducting a California bearing ratio. From the investigation of this project, it is evident that the shear strength of the regur soil increase which ultimately increases its grade of usage for construction purposes.

Smart Waste Detection and Segregation

Waste is becoming a potential contributor to environmental pollution. The perk of waste management is significantly increasing with the growing population. This would have never been an issue if we would have segregated the waste at home, in the first place. This ignorance and indifference has led us to ‘SMART WASTE SEGREGATION SYSTEM'. The smart waste segregation system is built with an array of sensors. They are inductive proximity, IR and moisture sensors which will segregate the collected wastes into dry and wet waste. In this approach, first waste is sent in the conveyor belt through inductive proximity sensor that detects and segregates metallic waste which can be sent to scrap recasting units. Then the non-metallic waste is sent through IR sensor that separates plastic waste and finally moves through moisture sensor using which wet waste can be collected which are used for making manure or biogas and remaining miscellaneous waste like medical waste can be disposed or incinerated ethically. Waste management is essential to maintain an ecological balance, and this approach can make it time conservative and efficient.

Automatic Industrial Garbage Collection and Segregation Robot

Because of the economic development of industries, factories produce huge quantities of waste daily, of which some are reusable and some are non-usable. So, waste collection and segregation become relatively important for such industries. However, Bangladesh is far behind other countries in this arena. Since improper management of waste leads to considerable loss of industries, waste management becomes a big challenge for an industry in Bangladesh. The main objective of this project is to automate this waste management process with minimum human involvement to reduce the cost and save time. For this purpose, an automatic robot is built on an IoT platform using appropriate sensors, control units, and servo motors controlled by Arduino Uno. This robot collects the waste even from a nearly unreachable place and also, sorts them into metallic and non-metallic waste. We believe that the proposed robot is capable of meeting the strict requirement of low-cost as well as better performing units made by the local industries and hence, boost the use of waste management service of our country.

Estimation of construction waste generation based on an improved on-site measurement and SVM-based prediction model: A case of commercial buildings in China

Estimation of construction waste generation (CWG) at the field scale is a crucial but challenging task for effective construction waste management (CWM). Extant field-scale CWG modeling approaches have faced difficulties in obtaining accurate results due to a lack of detailed CWG data, and most of them fail to consider the complex relationship among predictive variables. This study attempts to tackle this issue by proposing a novel CWG modeling approach that integrates improved on-site measurement (IOM) and a support vector machine (SVM)-based prediction model. To achieve this goal, 206 ongoing commercial construction sites were investigated to obtain the predictor values and waste generation rates (WGRs) of five types of waste (i.e., inorganic nonmetallic waste, organic waste, metal waste, composite waste, and hazardous waste) generated at three construction stages (i.e., the understructure stage, superstructure stage, and finishing stage). The data were introduced to the SVM to develop the relationships between predictive variables and WGRs. An actual commercial building under construction was used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. The results showed that the superiority of the IOM can be used as a basis to implement robust CWG data collection. In addition, the SVM-based WGR prediction model (SWPM) can obtain more accurate prediction results (R2 = 86.87%) than the back-propagation neural network (R2 = 75.14%) and multiple linear regression (R2 = 61.93%).

Rancang Bangun Manajemen Pemilahan Sampah Logam Dan Non-Logam Otomatis

In general, sorting waste is still done manually by human hands. For example, it is still done manually by human hands to sort metal and non-metal waste from a pile of garbage. This results in less efficiency in terms of time and energy and also greatly impacts the health of oneself and others. With these conditions, one solution is to build a metal and non-metallic waste sorting system in the trash. The metal and non-metal waste sorting system that is made can sort metal and non-metal waste automatically because it is equipped with an inductive proximity sensor system which functions to detect metal waste plus a NodeMCU module which functions as a data sender of information on the weight capacity of the waste. With this automatic waste sorting system, waste can be sorted according to predetermined types of waste such as metal waste and non-metal waste.

Critical assessment of renewable energy waste generation in OECD countries: Decommissioned PV panels

Rigorous deployment of photovoltaic panels has resulted in an exponential increase in the volume of discarded panels, which impose serious and crucial challenges to the management of end-of-life (EoL) PV modules. Most OECD countries have not yet taken considerable steps to tackle this growing challenge. This paper projected the PV waste stream from the year 2001 to the year 2058, based on the historical PV installation in OECD countries using Weibull function and implementation of two forecasting scenarios of early-loss and regular loss. The significance of the findings reveal that the cumulative volume of the waste is estimated to vary from 25 to 28.5 Million Tons (MT) breaking down to the major waste flow such as base and special metals (4.58 MT) and other metals (2.37 MT), followed by nonmetal waste (25.69 MT) including glass and EVA by 68% and 26% respectively. There are a few countries which meet the minimum annual PV waste of 20 Kilo Tons (KT) between 2026 and 2027 to establish the treatment business solely; however, few other countries do not meet the minimum waste generation level until 2032 and have to join other member countries to run a joined treatment program. The gross value creation of the recovered waste materials (Billion USD 36–42) disclosed a very promising vision that would be an attractive incentive to involve all parties. Finally, proactive policy and management strategy are required to create new economic avenues to prosper competitive markets on the recovered materials leading to environmental and economic sustainability.

Automated Trash Sorting Design Based Microcontroller Arduino Mega 2560 with LCD Display and Sound Notification

Waste has been a long serious problem in everyday life. Until now there has been no appropriate way of handling waste problems. The purpose of this research is to create a system of automatic waste sorting with a special design that can ultimately help government programs to create a clean and healthy environment. This research discusses the method of developing waste selection using sensors. There are two types of sensors used, namely inductive proximity sensor and capacitive proximity sensor. The system of the tool created is successful and can run according to the wishes, and works in accordance with its function, which is able to sort metal and non-metallic waste (wet and dry) one by one the type of waste that is inserted, with the size of the determined waste more than 5 cm. The system of this tool can only work, if the inductive proximity sensor is 0-8 mm and the capacitive proximity sensor is 0-12 mm from the object (waste). Percentage of success gained for the sorting of non-metallic waste (dry) is 100%, non-metallic garbage sorting (wet) is 80% and metal garbage sorting is 100% with testing using 2 waste objects tested 5 times for each place of waste sorting. Another test using 2 waste objects with different materials, i.e. metal and non-metal, that further from the test can be concluded that the signal of the inductive proximity sensors and the capacitive proximity sensors will capture and the closest object.

Water Distribution in Reconstructed Soil of Nonmetal Mines and the Ecological Effect in Xinjiang, China

Because of the arid climate and fragile ecological environment in Xinjiang, China, land reclamation should be carried out after mining. The core of land reclamation is the water content of the surface covering soil. In this paper, the law of water distribution in reclamation reconstructed soil of nonmetal mines in Xinjiang was studied. In order to obtain the law of water distribution in reconstructed soil, we set up an observation system of the neutron probe and tensiometer. The neutron probe was used to monitor the soil water content. The tensiometers were used to obtain the matrix potential of soil for verifying the water distribution in reconstructed soil. Volumetric water content and matrix potential of reconstructed soil during 1‐year period of management and irrigation were obtained by long‐term monitoring. After one year’s field in situ test, 2424 sets of neutron probe data and 1368 sets of tensiometer data were obtained. By studying the above parameters, we summarized the law of water distribution in reconstructed soil of variable thickness and degree of compaction with nonmetallic waste rock filling. The results showed that covering soil was helpful to retain water content. Whether the soil was compacted or uncompacted, the soil water content at the depth of 10 cm was less than that at other depth of reconstructed soil because it was greatly affected by meteorological factors. The water content of reconstructed soil at 30 cm depth was greater than that at other depths. Under the influence of factors such as the thickness and compaction of the soil, the response time of soil water content and matrix potential to each irrigation infiltration was different. According to the characteristics of reclamation‐vegetation such as alfalfa growth in Xinjiang, the thickness of surface reconstructed soil should be not less than 50 cm. Over time, soil that was compacted once was better for the vegetation. The research results could provide a reference for the land reclamation of nonmetallic mines in Xinjiang, China.

An empirical study on waste generation rates at different stages of construction projects in China

Estimation of construction waste generation is critical to construction waste management decisions. However, current construction waste estimation methods have various limitations (e.g. small samples). To address those limitations, this research conducts an empirical study to evaluate the waste generation rate of different types of waste at different construction stages. In this study, construction waste from 148 new-built residential construction sites in China were sorted and weighted on site and their waste generation rates were estimated separately. The results indicated that the amount of inorganic nonmetallic waste with a generation rate of 16.59 kg m-2 was the highest among the five types of waste (i.e. inorganic nonmetallic waste, organic waste, metallic waste, composite waste, hazardous waste), while the waste generation rate for the underground construction stage, which was 27.57 kg m-2, was the highest among the three stages (i.e. underground stage, superstructure stage, finishing stage). Compared with previous data, the new waste generation rate proposed in this research can better estimate the actual waste generation situation in construction sites, which provides reliable information for proper decision-making. Furthermore, based on the result of the empirical study, some recommendations for construction waste reduction are proposed.

Smart and Inexpensive Implementation of GARBAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM for Smart Cities

With the growth in urbanization and consumption of resources the problem of trash and waste production has also gone up. This is becoming a cause of concern and especially in developing countries where there are no or very less efficient waste management systems in place. Due to the problem of littering and inefficient garbage disposal systems overflow of garbage is common which leads to air and land pollution. The systems currently in-place in developing countries are not efficient and garbage collection trucks have no way to get the real-time information of garbage cans and because of the wide span of a city many garbage cans remain empty and others don't get collected thus it leads to overflow. The goal of this project is to solve the problem of overflowing of garbage, littering, and inefficient garbage disposal systems with the help of device created using the Internet of Things (IoT) to provide efficient routes and trash separation, thus reducing the cost and increasing time efficiency. The device will also help in separating the metallic and non-metallic waste into separate bins, further considering the most filled garbage bins and providing an efficient route with their locations.

Heavy Weight Concretes Based On Technological Non-Metallic Production Wastes

The article presents the research results of heavy weight concretes based on nonmetallic production of technological wastes. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of stone screenings dusts of the quarries Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions were explored. The research uses a set of standard physicomechanical and chemical methods. The influence of the additive MC-PowerFlow 3100 and Centrament Air 202 on the properties of the concrete mix, the kinetics of the strength and frost resistance of concrete samples with granite and dolomite screenings was determined. It was found that the complex of additives promotes an increase in the degree of cement hydration and a decrease in the capillary porosity of concrete. The compositions of heavy weight concretes with strength quality B22,5 - B40 with granite crushed stone of Rezh quarry and dolomite Satka quarry as fine aggregate have been developed. A comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of heavy weight concretes with non-metallic wastes was carried out. The industrial approbation of the results was performed at the precast concrete factory of the Tyumen region.

Analyzing material flow and value added associated with non-metallic mineral wastes in Japan

This paper sheds light on the increase in generation of non-metallic mineral wastes and the decrease in demand for construction by investigating the material flow resulting from and the economic influence of changes in the supply and demand for wastes, focusing on the period from the near future to 2030. We predict the amount of final disposal of non-metallic mineral wastes and its influence on industries in the future under the assumption of two scenarios—zero emission and business-as-usual—using linear programming and input–output techniques developed for non-metallic mineral materials. We conclude that zero emission can be achieved at the cost of a 3.76% decrease in the value added of industries related to non-metallic mineral wastes. Otherwise, the final disposal might increase 13 times the size of 2005’s disposal. Considering the empirical results, we discuss an effective policy for non-metallic mineral waste management from the viewpoints of material flow and economic influence.

Characterization Of Non-Metallic Waste Material Reinforced Polymer Composites

Non-metallic waste has been a source of pollution everywhere. In this paper Neem wood particles and waste tyre rubber particles is taken as non-metallic waste. These particles (size 200 micron) were used as reinforcements for fabricating composites with thermosetting and thermoplastic polymer matrix. Epoxy resin was thermoset matrix and Polypropylene was thermoplastic matrix. Tensile and flexure strengths were evaluated and compared with both type of matrices. Neem wood particles reinforced epoxy composites were observed better than tyre particles reinforced epoxy composites in tensile modulus. Tensile strengths were reduced in both Neem and Tyre epoxy composites. Modulus of elasticity of Polypropylene reinforced with Neem and tyre particles composites were improved 400 times and tensile strength were improved 230 times more than Propylene. Water absorption was increasing with the filler content in both PP and resin based composites. But it was 0.5% by weight.