Non-member Farmers Research Articles

Farming realities: An in-depth exploration of constraints encountered by both member and non-member farmers of FPO constraints encountered by farmers of FPO

Farming realities: An in-depth exploration of constraints encountered by both member and non-member farmers of FPO constraints encountered by farmers of FPO

Examining the Power of Accumulation: A Case Study of the Lavera Project by Ambala Farmers Producer Company Limited in Haryana, India

The concept behind Farmer Producer Organizations is that farmers, who are the producers of Agricultural products, can form groups and register themselves under the Indian Companies Act. 1956. The aim is to enhance farmer's income, capacity building, and competitiveness and increase their advantage in emerging market opportunities. A case study was conducted in the Ambala District of Haryana to examine the role of farmer-producer organizations in enhancing farmers socio economic status. Studying the management and governance system of F.P.C. and assessing the impact of F.P.C. on members was the objective of the case study. Personal interviews and group discussion methods were used for data collection and secondary data from directors for gathering information on the F.P.C. Project Lavera Ambala Farmer Producer Organization, which was established on Sep 02, 2015, for collecting, processing, and marketing milk and milk products. It covered nine Ambala villages and collected raw milk from members and non-member farmers at higher prices than other value chain actors. The study's result indicates that farmers who supply milk to F.P.C. get 9-13 rupees per lit higher price than others. It also provides bonuses to member farmers who are company shareholders, and their income from dairy farming is enhanced by 25-30 percent. Lavera has enhanced net returns for farmers, increased revenue through value addition, and fostered entrepreneurship in rural communities. Members of F.P.C. are highly satisfied with the services provided by F.P.C. and its performance in local areas.

Comparative Feasibility of Potato Farming By APKP Member and Non-Member Farmers in Purbalingga Regency

An association of potato farmers in Purbalingga Regency is known as APKP (Purbalingga Potato Farmers Association). APKP was founded in 2017 in Serang Village, Karangreja District, Purbalingga Regency, with a total of 30 potato farmers. With this study, we hope to find out how much money potato farmers in Serang Village, Karangreja District, and Purbalingga Regency make and whether it is even feasible. The study was carried out in the village of Serang in the Purbalingga Regency’s Karangreja District. Because there is an APKP organization in the area that has been actively managing work programs, site selection is done on purpose. The study was carried out between December 2021 and January 2022. Because there are more farmers who are APKP members than respondents, a census is used to determine the respondents. According to the findings, farmers who are APKP members make more money than farmers who are not members. Farmers who are APKP members have a higher R-C ratio for their potato farming operation than farmers who are not APKP members.

Adoption of Improved Poultry Technologies amongst Members of Poultry Producer Company and Non-member Women Farmers of Madhya Pradesh, India

Poultry Producer Company is collectivizing the smallholder poultry farmers and helps them to perform poultry farming scientifically and efficiently. The present study was conducted on women poultry farmers of Madhya Pradesh to study the impact of poultry producer company on the adoption of improved technologies of poultry farming amongst smallholder farmers. Ex-post facto research design was used in the study. Multistage sampling was done for the selection of respondents and a total of 140 members and 140 non-member women farmers were selected randomly for data collection. After the application of propensity score matching, 96 members and 96 non-members were found suitable for data analysis and interpretation of results. It was found that the majority of the members had high level of adoption of improved poultry technologies while majority of non-members had medium level of adoption of poultry technologies. The adoption quotient for member and non-member farmers was 83.75 and 37.92%, respectively. There was a significant difference in the overall adoption rate of members compared to non-members at 0.1% significance.

The role of agricultural extension workers’ competency in climate scenarios through farm services centers (FSCS) in improving the yield and performance of targeted farming community (A case study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

Pakistan is sensitive to climate change and has started billion tsunami trees project in forest and many other approaches in Agriculture Extension like privatization, decentralization, and public-private partnership which has received more attention for competencies of extension workers to educate farmers for longer summer to adjust for crop. Farm Services Centers (FSCs) motivate agriculture extension agents to enhance competency in present less precipitation for improving crops’ growth initiated in Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Member farmers of 400 from five districts named Swat, Dir Lower, Swabi, Mansehra and Dera Ismail Khan of province were selected for data collection. Findings revealed that land-hold size of majority (94%) was less than 100 acres registered with FSCs from five years while limited respondents got membership for more than 10 years. Agricultural extension agents were the main source of awareness and motivation followed by fellow farmers for FSC membership. Cultivator, land leveler, boom sprayer, mold board plough, and wheat, rice, maize and tomato were the most commonly provided inputs to member farmers to improve their competency for getting higher yield with by competent extension workers in present rise of temperature. A Significant increase in yield of major crops such as wheat, rice, maize, gram and tomato were observed before and after registration in FSCs. It is recommended that non-member farmers should be motivated for membership in FSCs as majority of member farmers increased yield of major crops after registration to observe climatic factors which affected all stages of crop growth along with lands suitable agriculturally with proper precipitation and temperature.

A study on resource use efficiency and economic returns for tapioca in case of member and non-member farmers of FPOs in Karur district of Tamil Nadu

A study on resource use efficiency and economic returns for tapioca in case of member and non-member farmers of FPOs in Karur district of Tamil Nadu

Constraints Perceived by the Members and Non-members towards Functioning of FPO-AKPCL in Kannauj District of Uttar Pradesh

Collectivization of primary producers, minimal and marginal into farmer’s producer organizations has emerged as one of the most successful ways to tackle the many challenges of agriculture. Most importantly, FPO improved the access of farmers towards investments, technology and inputs, and markets. This study was conducted in the Kannauj district of Uttar Pradesh. Total seven FPOs were functioning in Kannauj district. Out of seven, one FPO, namely Ausher Kissan Producer Company Limited (AKPCL) was selected purposively because of its functional superiority over others. Data were collected by using a well-structured interview schedule. A total of 20 members and 40 non-member farmers were randomly sampled in the functional area of FPO-AKPCL to delineate the constraints faced by them. The results revealed that inadequate storage facilities, shortage of transportation facilities, lack of grading and packaging skills, revelry among members to achieve key positions in the organization, and challenging each other for key positions in the group were the significant constraints faced by the member farmers. Lack of well-developed storage facilities, lack of well-developed processing facilities, lack of awareness about grading and packaging, high cost of labor, and price fluctuation every year were the major constraints faced by the member as well as non-member farmers of FPO. It can be concluded that by removing above hurdles’, many help enable farmers’ access to the markets through FPOs, both as buyers and sellers, thereby improving farmers’ income.

A Comparative Economic Analysis of Farmer Producer Company’s Member Farmers to the Non-member Farmers

The study intended to compare the economics of potato production for both FPC and non-FPC farmers of the study area. The per hectare cost of potato production was calculated as Rs. 181312.96 for FPC farmers and Rs.195293.22 for non-FPC farmers on an overall farm basis. For both FPC and non-FPC farms, the total cost of production per hectare increased with the increase in the size of the farms. The overall productivity of potato was found higher in the case of FPC farmers (235.82 quintals/ha) as compared to non-FPC farmers (215.54 quintals/ha). In the case of FPC farmers, the productivity of small farmers was recorded as highest (248 quintals/ha), and it was lowest in the large farmer's category. In the case of non-FPC farmers, the highest productivity was found in medium farmers (226.05 quintals/ha) and the lowest in large farmers (215.54 quintals/ha). The price received per quintal of potato was more in FPC farmers (? 1400) as compared to non-FPC farmers (? 1250). The overall gross income per hectare was ? 330166.66 and 261895.80 for FPC and non-FPC farmers, respectively. The returns per rupee of FPC farmers were found to be higher (1.82) as compared to non-FPC farmers (1.38).

PERAN KOPERASI PERTANIAN (KOPTAN) MITRA SUBUR DALAM PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN DAN KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI PADI DI KECAMATAN GUNUNG SUGIH KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TENGAH

The purposes of this research are to compare income of rice farming members and nonmembers of Mitra Subur Agricultural Cooperative, analyze the economic benefits received by members from the cooperative, the contribution of the cooperative economic benefits to members household income, the distribution of members and nonmembers household income, and compare the level of welfare of cooperative members and nonmembers. This research uses a case study method at Agricultural Cooperative of Mitra Subur subdistrict Gunung Sugih, the Central Lampung district and the number of respondents is sixty people that consist of members and nonmembers. Data of this research were collected in February – March 2018 and analyzed descriptively. The reseach results showed that the rice farming income of members and nonmembers of Mitra Subur Agricultural Cooperative in season one was significantly different, while in season two was not significantly different. The economic benefits of cooperative received by members was still considered low and the distribution of remaining business proceeds had not been carried out fairly. The contribution of the cooperative economic benefits to household income of rice farmers members was still relatively low. Additional income from activities outside of the rice farming resulted in higher income inequality of nonmember farmers, while the income inequality of member farmers was lower. Rice farmer members and nonmembers were in the prosperous category, but the welfare level of non members was higher than that of member farmers.Key words: cooperative, income, member, nonmember

Impact of Farmers’ Associations on Household Income: Evidence from Tea Farms in Vietnam

Farmers’ associations play an important role to help members increase their access to supports of information, capital, and technology; bring benefits to members; and partly promote production, enhance productivity, and increase income. This paper systematizes the theoretical foundation and empirical evidence on income difference between the member and non-member farmers and identifies factors that affect their decisions to join associations. By comparing specific characteristics between the member and non-member farmers, the paper examines the impact of joining farmers’ associations on the income of tea farmers in Vietnam by using the data from the survey of 742 farms. In our sample, 376 respondents are members and 366 non-members of associations in the four largest tea-producing areas, which cover 30 provinces in Vietnam. The paper uses OLS regression model to identify the factors that influence the decision of tea farms to join farmers’ organizations and tobit model to assess more detailed impacts of membership on income. The findings show that the farmers, who are members of an association, are more helpful in the ability to access better market services and more tea prices, and are more likely to earn a higher average income than those are non-members. Moreover, their memberships result in an increase of 0.166 unit of income. The research results also show that other factors, including labor, tea price, share of tea sold, farmer age, tea area, ability to access extension services, and credit services, affect the farmer’s income.

Strategic Management of Cocoa Marketing in The Plea Puli Multipurpose Cooperative in East Nusa Tenggara

Cacao plays an important role in the Indonesian economy. One of the business entities engaged in cocoa commodity business activities is the Plea Puli Multipurpose Cooperative (KSU). The low number of cocoa purchases at the KSU Plea Puli is caused by various factors. One of them is competition with other cocoa buyers. Related to efforts to increase cocoa marketing, it is necessary to first know about the cocoa supply chain to the KSU Plea Puli. The purpose of this study is to analyze the cocoa supply chain to the KSU Plea Puli and strategies that can be implemented in increasing cocoa marketing. The study was conducted at KSU Plea Puli in East Nusa Tenggara. The main research instrument is a questionnaire. The determination of respondents to determine the cocoa supply chain to the KSU Plea Puli was conducted on member farmers using the Slovin formula and non-member farmers using quota sampling techniques. The number of respondents in this study were 60 people. The determination of informants to find out the cocoa supply chain to the KSU Plea Puli and the informants determining internal and external strategic factors was done purposively. The results showed that in the cocoa supply chain to the KSU Plea Puli, there were three types of flows managed, namely material, financial and information flows. The parties involved consisted of member farmers and not members and the KSU Plea Puli themselves. In addition, there are various activities carried out such as cocoa production and marketing by farmers and cocoa marketing operations by KSU Plea Puli. The results also show that 12 alternative strategies are possible to support efforts to increase cocoa marketing by increasing the number of purchases. Strategy priority based on the highest-ranking with a score of 5.75 that is giving special authority to managers to carry out cocoa marketing operations. The management is expected to be able to implement the results of the strategic management of cocoa marketing in the KSU Plea Puli with the priority of the strategy being to give special authority to the manager to carry out cocoa marketing operations. The existence of the Commodity Product Processing and Marketing Unit (UPPH) at the KSU Plea Puli needs to be maintained and developed. Farmers are expected to adopt good agricultural practices by implementing PsPSP which consists of frequent harvesting, pruning, sanitation, fertilization and soil, and plant health and pest and disease control. In addition, farmers are also encouraged to always maintain the quality of cocoa beans.
 Keywords: strategic management, supply chain, cocoa

Profit Efficiency of Women Dairy Farmers in Begusarai District of Bihar

The present study was undertaken to find out the profit efficiency of Women Dairy Co-operative Society (WDCS) member and non-member dairy farming households of Begusarai district of Biharusing a translog stochastic profit frontier and inefficiency model. The primary data was collected from 80 each members and non-member women dairy farmers using a semi-structured interview schedule. The results showed that the profit efficiency in the case of members (89.99 percent) was higher than non-members (87.97 percent). The mean efficiency in the case of member and non-member farmers was 71.76 and 60.77 percent, respectively which means that 28.24 and 39.23 percent of profit can be increased by improving technical and allocative efficiencies. The major determinants of profit inefficiency were found to be the age of the women dairy farmer, training received by them, farming experience, herd size, herds composition etc. Thus, training should be provided on dairy farming practices and the adoption of more crossbred in the herd should be increased in order to improve profit efficiency. It was concluded that WDCS played a very important role is changing the overall dairy sector in rural India.

DAMPAK PINJAMAN SARANA PRODUKSI TERNAK TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAHTANGGA PETERNAK SAPI PERAH DI LEMBANG

Most of the dairy cow farmers in Indonesia are members of the dairy cooperative who receive loan facilities for dairy cattle production and feed concentrates to be useful for increasing the productivity of dairy cows and milk as well as to increase national milk production. The purpose of this study was to identify the business of dairy farmers, and analyze the impact of loans for dairy cattle production facilities on production, income and household well-being of dairy farmers. The analytical method consisted of descriptive analysis and household economic model of dairy farmers in the form of simultaneous equations with sample households of 97 member farmers and 46 non-member farmers in Lembang, West Java. The results of the study show that the age of the farmer is in a productive age with a long experience of farming so that the opportunity for formal education is limited. The scale of ownership of small dairy cows with a low percentage of lactation cows resulting in low milk productivity. Ownership of dairy cattle influences the dairy cattle loan and the price of feed concentrate affects the loan of feed concentrate input. The impact of the cooperative giving loans on dairy cows is greater than giving loans on feed concentrates on increasing the income of dairy cow business and dairy farmer's household well-being.

Economic Contributions of Jima Ganati Farmers’ Cooperative Union to Farmers: The Case of Maize Producer Farmers

This article investigates the impact evaluation of Jima Ganati farmers’ cooperative union intervention in economic activities which is measured in terms of income and productivity as the best means to improve the living standard of farmers’ household.. For this, cross-sectional data were collected from 280 households purposively selected from five kebeles consisting of 204 member farmers and 76 non-member farmers. The analytical procedure has involved two stages: in the first stage, descriptive analyses were used to detect existence of difference in various outcome indicators between member farmers and non-member farmers. In the second stage, I applied a semi-parametric impact evaluation method of propensity score matching with some matching algorithms to estimate the impact of the intervention on various impact indicators. Combined use of these alternative estimation techniques has enabled us to arrive at consistent results. Our results show that member farmers scored statistically significant higher maize crop income test score than non-member farmers and they are also identified with statistically significant higher total productivity. Although the crop income and productivity test scores show significant changes, some constraints were identified in the economic contributions of the cooperative union to farmers and these include: high turnover of the union mangers, lack of skill in cooperative development, rent seeking behavior of the cooperative leaders, lack of transparency, Accordingly, a number of recommendations are suggested. Keywords : Propensity score matching; economic contribution; maize income; productivity; impact; cooperative union. DOI : 10.7176/JPID/49-01 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

Economic Contributions of Jima Ganati Farmers’ Cooperative Union to Farmers: The Case of Maize Producer Farmers

This article investigates the impact evaluation of Jima Ganati farmers’ cooperative union intervention in economic activities which is measured in terms of income and productivity as the best means to improve the living standard of farmers’ household. For this, cross-sectional data were collected from 280 households purposively selected from five kebeles consisting of 204 member farmers and 76 non-member farmers. The analytical procedure has involved two stages: in the first stage, descriptive analyses were used to detect existence of difference in various outcome indicators between member farmers and non-member farmers. In the second stage, I applied a semi-parametric impact evaluation method of propensity score matching with some matching algorithms to estimate the impact of the intervention on various impact indicators. Combined use of these alternative estimation techniques has enabled us to arrive at consistent results. Our results show that member farmers scored statistically significant higher maize crop income test score than non-member farmers and they are also identified with statistically significant higher total productivity. Although the crop income and productivity test scores show significant changes, some constraints were identifiedin the economic contributions of the cooperative union to farmersand theseinclude: high turnover of the union mangers, lack of skill in cooperative development, rent seeking behavior of the cooperative leaders, lack oftransparency, Accordingly, a number of recommendations are suggested.

Impact of Self-Help Group Formation on Social Indicators of Sustainability

Vegetable production has emerged as an important source of farm income from small farms in hilly states like Himachal Pradesh in India. Various researchers have studied agricultural sustainability taking into consideration three dimensions i.e. economic, environmental and social. Keeping in view the importance of the social sustainability which measures extent of social capability of farming system, present study was conducted in Himachal Pradesh to find out the ways to strengthen farm sustainability. Farm sustainability of self-help group member farmers and non-member farmers was studied and compared. Study revealed that the social sustainability of vegetable growers who were members of self-help groups was significantly higher when compared to non-member farmers.

Economic analysis of mustard production by members of farmer producer organization in swai Madhopur District of Rajasthan

An attempt has been made to study the economic analysis of mustard production by members of farmer producer organization in Swai Madhopur district of Rajasthan State, India. The study was conducted in Chauth Mata Agro Producer Company Limited, Chauth ka Barwada blocks in Swai Madhopur district. Eighty farmers were selected randomly from ten villages from these blocks to collect the required information on the cost of cultivation and other aspects for the present study. The primary data were collected from the mustard producers through personal interview method with the help of wellprepared schedule and questionnaire for the production and post-harvest year for Rabi mustard 2017–18. The analysis of cost of cultivation was done as per Cost concept given by CACP. The average cost of cultivation of mustard of member and non-member of Farmer Producer Organization (FPO) were worked out as Rs. 43, 900/ha and Rs. 45, 195/ha, respectively. Input-output ratios of member and non-member farmers of FPO were worked out as 1: 1.29 and 1: 1.20, respectively. Out of average cost of cultivation, the operational cost was Rs. 29, 320/ha and Rs. 30, 595/ha, respectively and fixed cost was Rs. 14, 580/ha and Rs. 14, 600/ha, respectively of the total cost. The study suggested that urgent attention must be paid towards enhancing the productivity of mustard crop by providing improved and high yielding varieties, technology, irrigation, price support, policy and effective extension through formation of FPOs.

DAMPAK KEANGGOTAAN KELOMPOK LUMBUNG PANGAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PENDAPATAN USAHATANI PADI DI KABUPATEN TAKALAR

<span class="fontstyle0">This study aims to analyze the income of paddy farming in members and non-members of the community granary group, and to know the impact of the membership of the granary group on the income of paddy farming. This research was conducted in Bontoloe Village, Galesong Sub District, Takalar District, South Sulawesi Province. Sampling was done by two methods, first for sample of granary member using purposive sampling method, second fornon-member of granary using simple random sampling method. So the total sample in this study were 34 farmers. Data analysis used is the analysis of different test (t test) and multiple linear regression. The results showed that the income earned by farmer members of the granary group amounted to Rp 9,386,227.00, while the income earned by non-member farmers in the granary group was Rp 9,175,144.00. Differences in paddy production, revenue, and income levels between member farmers and non-members of the granary group based on t test proved not significantly different. Factors that significantly affect the income level of paddy farming are land area, paddy seed price, pesticide price, and labor wage. While the impact of membership of community granary group was not significant to the income of paddy farming. But simultaneously (land area, price of paddy seed, price of urea fertilizer, phonska fertilizer price, pesticide price, labor wage, dummy member) can affect paddy farming income of 84.99%.</span>

Farmers' producer organisation in reducing transactional costs: A study of Tamil Nadu Mango Growers Federation (TAMAFED)

The functional linkages of producers with different systems and within the system in the form of backward and forward linkages in production process involve the investments in the form of transactional costs. Farmers’ collective action for better production in the form of self help groups (SHGs), farmers’ interest groups (FIGs), marketing associations, producers associations, co-operatives etc. have contributed in maximizing the input-output ratio and ultimately increasing the benefit of producers. The present study was undertaken to find out the motivating factors to join association and the benefits accrued as a result of joining such producers’ federation namely TAMAFED (Tamil Nadu Mango Growers Federation) dealing with mango crop in Tamil Nadu state of India. A set of sixty member and sixty non-member farmers were selected from the six villages of the three districts of the state. The Logit analysis revealed that education, economic benefit and area under mango cultivation were the major determinants of motivation to join TAMAFED. As a measure of economic gain, transactional output cost due to sale of harvested produce was two and half times less for members compared to non-members. The comparative analysis shows that mean transactional input cost per hectare was found to be significantly lower for members than non-members. The members of TAMAFED gained social and economic benefits and the costs incurred on input and output transactions were quite low ultimately adding to the benefit. As such, it may be recommended that organization of farmers on commodity basis in the form of similar federations may be promoted for socio economic gain of the farmers.

English

Maize is one of the major five staple cereal crops in Ethiopia. High productivity and efficacy in its production is critical to improve food security, reduce the level of poverty and achieve or maintain agricultural growth. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 385 household heads and interviewed using a structured questionnaire during 2013/2014 production year. The study estimates, technical, allocative and economic efficiency using a parametric stochastic frontier production function (Cobb-Douglas). Inefficiency effects are modeled in a second stage applying a two-limit Tobit regression model. The results show that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiency score was found to be 62.3, 57.1 and 39%, respectively, indicating a substantial level of inefficiency in maize production. The result depicted that important factors that affected technical, allocative and economic efficiency are a number of family size, level of education, extension service, cooperative membership, farm size, livestock holding and use of mobile. Based on the findings the following recommendations are forwarded. The government should motivate and mobilize the youth in agricultural activities, invest in the provision of basic education and facilitate the necessary materials, strengthen the existing agricultural extension system, organize non-member farmers in cooperative association and due attention should be given to enhance the efficiency of farmers with large land holding size. Further, government and stakeholders should promote the expansion of mobile networking in the study area.   Key words: Efficiencies, parametric stochastic approach, two-limit Tobit model, Ethiopia.