Non-material Benefits Research Articles

INVESTMENT AND URBAN TOURISM INDUSTRY IN THE CITY OF CONSTANTINE

Global experiences have proven that tourism is one of the crucial economic sectors contributing significantly to the development process, owing to both material and non-material benefits it offers to host regions. Urban tourism, a contemporary type gaining momentum and support, has become increasingly popular in cities worldwide possessing essential tourism resources and attributes. This trend persists because urban tourism operates year-round, unaffected by seasonal or occasional variations. Tourism has evolved into a cornerstone of urban economies, leveraging local potentials to generate sustainable profits and bolstering economic growth. This strategic approach enables cities to assume multifaceted roles supporting development through the utilization of these capabilities. In this context, the concept of stimulating investment in Constantine's tourism sector, which encompasses all the elements necessary for urban tourism—including religious, heritage, and natural attractions—is pivotal. However, the oversight, lack of foresight, and absence of strategic development plans from local authorities have prevented this sector from fulfilling Constantine's esteemed position and potential. Consequently, this neglect has led to the squandering of a valuable economic asset that could otherwise bolster other sectors and drive the city's development. To what extent and through what means can a sustainable tourism industry be cultivated in Constantine by capitalizing on its tourism potential?

Coastal Cultural Ecosystem Services: A Bridge between the Natural Ecosystem and Social Ecosystem for Sustainable Development

Cultural Ecosystem Services (CESs), as non-material benefits and well-being provided by ecosystems to humans, possess the ability to bridge nature and human society and interpret their complex interrelationships. Coastal areas are regions with concentrated human activities, where coastal zones are often subject to human development, pollution, and degradation. Compared to other ecosystems, coastal ecosystems face greater pressures and threats, and the cultural services they provide are more vulnerable. Research on coastal ecosystem cultural services needs to consider ecosystem vulnerability and find ways to protect and restore ecosystem functions. Therefore, this paper explores the intrinsic logical system and feasibility of guiding natural resource management and enhancing human well-being through coastal CESs, discussing related research data acquisition, method analysis, and perceptual application. Based on this, this paper analyzes the development trends of coastal CESs in natural resource management and enhancing human well-being from aspects such as biodiversity, human–nature interaction processes, cultural heritage conservation, local economic development, and community management. Finally, it proposes advancing the in-depth research of coastal CESs from the perspectives of integrating multi-source data, interdisciplinary development, and incorporating CESs into policy making, providing theoretical support for the systematic study of rational resource utilization and sustainable ecosystem development.

Prototype Digital Twin: Recreation and biodiversity cultural ecosystem services

Digital twin approaches have the potential to revolutionise usage, planning and management of cultural ecosystem services i.e. the non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems, including recreation, tourism, intellectual development, spiritual enrichment, reflection and aesthetic experiences. Here, we outline our blueprint for a prototype digital twin (pDT) for cultural ecosystem services. The pDT consists of two modelling components; a recreation potential model to quantify the cultural ecosystem services of the physical landscape and species distribution models to quantify the biodiversity component. It is envisaged that the digital twin will be used primarily by two user types: 1. those who wanted to enjoy the area and potentially contribute to citizen science programmes and 2. people who want to inform or make evidence-based management decisions (land managers, policy-makers, researchers).

Research on parametric landscape design for urban biodiver-sity conservation

<p>Biodiversity has brought rich material products and non-material benefits to mankind, and is an important support for the sustainable development of human society. Although people realize the importance of improving biodiversity under the pressure of rapid disappearance of biodiversity, few people have fully explored the parametric design of biodiversity in urban landscapes. Therefore, this article briefly describes the development process of urban landscape biodiversity, taking examples of different types and different scales at home and abroad as examples, comparing its parameterized evaluation and design models, and analyzing the parametric design in the urban landscape and the biodiversity target organic ways and means of combination. On this basis, the approach of urban landscape design for biodiversity is explored, its development trend and main problems are prospected, and the corresponding enlightenment for the future development of urban biodiversity and practical reference are provided.</p>

СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИНВЕСТИРОВАНИЯ РЕАЛЬНОГО СЕКТОРА ЭКОНОМИКИ В РОССИИ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ

In all states that have embarked on the path of market economy, the interaction of banking and industrial capital occupies an important place. One of the main conditions for the development of a market economy is the interaction of the financial and real sectors of the economy. Improvement of the investment climate of the real sector of the economy, namely, increase of capital investments in the industrial sector is a complex task, the solution of which includes not only measures of market regulation, but also measures of state influence. The first among the prerequisites for economic growth of the Russian economy is an increase in investment in the real sector of the economy, which is the producing sector (various goods, services) and is responsible for providing the country with material and non-material benefits.

Improvement of the essence of the category «economic benefit» and its accounting, as a basis for determining the income and expenses of enterprises and ways of their optimization

The categories «income» and «expenses» were considered in the context of NP(S)BO 1, emphasizing the lack of a clear definition of the term «economic benefits». The need to specify it for unambiguous application of accounting standards is indicated. The proposed definition of economic benefit: «it is any benefit that an economic entity receives from its activity, which can be expressed as received money, various benefits (material, immaterial, social), etc.». This definition emphasizes the expediency of taking into account not only material, but also non-material benefits received by the enterprise. This corresponds to the modern realities of business, in which intangible assets play an increasingly important role. A classification of economic benefits has been developed according to various characteristics, namely: according to the form of expression (potential and actual), according to the time aspect of occurrence (short-term and long-term), according to the possibility of measurement in monetary units (objective and subjective). Based on the proposed classification of types of economic benefits, it is recommended to introduce additional sub-accounts to the Chart of Accounts No. 291 for accounting of economic benefits. This will make it possible to more reliably determine the moment of receiving economic benefits, which affects the reliability of determining the company’s income and expenses. Economic benefit is the ultimate goal of the enterprise, and income and expenses are its main components. Therefore, optimizing the amounts of income and expenses is an important task that allows the enterprise to increase its profitability, as well as other forms of economic benefit, such as increasing the market value of the enterprise, increasing competitiveness, improving the quality of products or services, etc. The «Economic Navigator» model for optimizing the amounts of income and expenses of enterprises is proposed for use. The model is based on a developed algorithm of actions, which includes specific strategies to improve the financial performance of enterprises and is relevant for all enterprises, regardless of their size, but may be more useful for micro and small enterprises, which usually have limited resources and a smaller number personnel for analysis and development of optimization strategies. The success of the model application depends on many factors, such as the quality and completeness of the performed analysis, the choice of the right optimization strategies and the implementation of the planned measures. However, even if the company cannot fully implement all the recommendations of the model, it can still help it achieve certain results in the field of revenue and cost optimization.

Mapping cultural ecosystem services of the urban riverscapes: the case of the Vistula River in Warsaw, Poland

Urban green and blue spaces play a key role in strengthening human-nature bonds as they offer a variety of opportunities to directly contact nature. They are robust providers of cultural ecosystem services (CES), non-material benefits arising from the interaction between people and nature. Recreation in green and blue spaces beneficially contributes to the well-being of urban dwellers in multiple ways, and the character of these contributions depends both on spaces’ features and visitors’ characteristics. The flow of CES related to the recreational use of urban parks and forests have been widely studied; however, much less attention has been paid to urban riverscapes. This study aimed to fill this gap by assessing benefits associated with the recreational use of urban rivers, and determining drivers that affect these experiences. Using the case of Vistula River in Warsaw, Poland, a citywide PPGIS survey was conducted to map several types of recreation-related benefits. Binomial logistic regression models were built to explain positive contributions to well-being as a function of attributes of visitors, spatiotemporal preferences of visits, and preferred activities. Survey participants highly assessed urban riverscape benefits, with the general tendency of highest scores to be clustered in the city core. Benefits vary in terms of drivers they are affected, with three main insights: (1) intellectual and emotional attachment to the riverscape is built through the long-term process of repetitive visits; (2) the devotion to nature is based on direct experiences, and strongly associated with sports; (3) on-water recreation underpins both emotional attachment to the river and social interactions. The results bring spatially explicit information on people’s attitudes towards the urban river, and underscore the complexity of links between people and the riverscape. The knowledge on spatiotemporal patterns and drivers affecting riverscape-related benefits may support the sustainable planning and management of nature-based recreation in cities.

Implementasi Akuntansi dalam Perspektif Pedagang Suku Jawa

This study aims to find out how Javanese traders practice accounting in managing their business. The application of accounting referred to in this study is budgeting, recording and determining the selling price of merchandise. This research was conducted at Pohjejer Market using qualitative methods with a phenomenological approach. The results of the study show that Javanese traders in Pohjejer Market do not apply budgeting and record-keeping accounting. Apart from that, in its application it is still influenced by the local wisdom of Javanese culture, such as determining the selling price which not only provides material benefits but also non-material benefits. This research has implications for Javanese traders who sell in traditional markets so that they can record business funds systematically. With systematic recording, traders can make decisions for the progress of their business.

The Meaning of Badung Traditional Market Traders Accounting Practices in Tri Hita Karana Cultural Value

Purpose — this study aims to explore and understand the meaning behind how to practice accounting, which is internalized in the daily lives of traders in the Badung-Bali Traditional Market through the cultural values of Tri Hita Karana. Design/methodology/approach — the researcher used a qualitative-interpretive paradigm with an ethnomethodological approach to achieve the research objectives. Data collection uses three methods, namely in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. Data analysis used Garfinkel's (1967) analysis phase, namely indexicality analysis, reflexivity analysis, and action-contextual analysis, as well as the process of presenting common sense knowledge of social structure. Findings — the results of this study indicate that there are simple posts made in the imagination of traditional market traders according to the needs that are considered essential to them. In addition to the necessities of life, traditional market traders are aware of debts that must be paid due to purchasing their merchandise from suppliers. Practical implications — The use of Tri Hita Karana culture not only creates the meaning of accounting practice as an activity loaded with holistic tolerance, care, and interconnection among traditional market participants, but also the spiritual value inherent in the daily trading activities of traditional market traders Originality/value — the accounting practices carried out by traditional market traders do not only generate profits (money-material) but also non-material benefits, which emphasize the values of harmony and interconnection of traders with their surroundings, both in the relationship between traders and buyers. (seen in the practice of “nulungin” or helping each other and “ngemaang karting” or discount), the relationship between traders and the environment in which they work (because a clean environment is the "payuk jakan" i.e., main source of income of the traders), and the relationship between traders and the existence of God, which is seen as not a separate thing in their daily livelihood (see from mebanten or praying and offerings activities).

A systematic review of cultural ecosystem services of blue carbon ecosystems: Trends, gaps, and challenges in Asia and beyond

Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs) have reached international prominence for their role in global climate change mitigation while delivering other essential ecosystem services. Among these, cultural ecosystem services (CES) of BCEs, which are the non-material benefits that contribute to human well-being, are often under represented and unexplored due to challenges in identifying and valuing intangible benefits. Reflecting these challenges, a systematic review was conducted to analyze the state of research on CES of BCEs. Specifically, we identified the abundance of CES research, geographic distribution of studies, CES frameworks and methodologies used, and CES categories and their frequency. The results show that CES studies focusing on BCEs vary and are dependent on specific BCEs; for example, CES related to mangroves are more well-represented than in saltmarshes and seagrasses. The global distribution of studies displayed a high occurrence in Asia, with fewer studies in other regions. Furthermore, we observed that values related to physical experiences are more commonly addressed than those related to intrinsic values. Despite the progress in CES typologies and assessments, there are knowledge gaps that potentially reflect the under-investigation and limited understanding of CES in BCEs, which are valued based on people’s perceptions and the characteristics of the habitat. Additionally, there is an opportunity for CES to be integrated into restoration and climate mitigation strategies.

Why reconnect to nature in times of crisis? Ecosystem contributions to the resilience and well‐being of people going back to the land in Greece

Abstract Multiple crises, including climate change, ecosystem degradation, economic, political and social upheavals, severely impact people's well‐being. Ecosystem services (or nature's contributions to people) play a key role during crisis that needs to be further elucidated. Most research focusses on the material benefits that ecosystems provide in times of crisis, paying less attention to intertwined intangible, nonmaterial dimensions. Yet, these intangible ecosystem benefits are often crucial for people's resilience and well‐being in times of need. We examine the role that nature plays for resilience and well‐being in times of crisis through a case study of Greece's back‐to‐the‐land movement during the European economic crisis. We conducted semistructured interviews with 76 households that had gone back‐to‐the‐land to understand why people sought to reconnect to nature and what their experiences were. Our results show that reconnecting to nature provided material ecosystem benefits such as food and income often from previously undervalued ecosystems (e.g. abandoned orchards) as well as nonmaterial ecosystem benefits such as mental health, feelings of safety, calm and independence that helped people cope with the crisis and adapt and transform to new socio‐ecological contexts. Participants reported that reconnecting to nature also changed their relational values. People mentioned gaining new perspectives, meanings and relationships with others and the natural world. While the crisis significantly affected people's material well‐being, reconnecting with nature helped people cope with crisis but also prompted a profound reevaluation of what constitutes a good life, leading to changes in their subjective and relational well‐being. This enhanced their capacity to act and plan for the future (their agency). Overall, our research emphasizes how reconnecting to nature and its multidimensional ecosystem benefits during crises can have transformative effects on individuals' resilience, well‐being and their relationships with the environment. Our research shows that not only material benefits of ecosystem services need to be valued but also intangible, nonmaterial benefits that affect material, subjective and relational dimensions of well‐being and resilience. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Boundary of ecosystem services: Guiding future development and application of the ecosystem service concepts

Ecosystem Services (ESs) are either material or non-material benefits humans receive from ecosystems. Definitions, classifications, and typologies of ESs can vary to address different research and policy purposes. However, a boundary that distinguishes ESs from other ecosystem-related benefits (e.g., industrial products that consume raw materials, fossil fuels that used to be a part of ecosystems) is needed to avoid the risk of using ESs as an all-encompassing metaphor that captures any benefit. The boundary also maintains a common ground for communication and comparison of ESs across studies. To guide future development and application of the ES concepts, we suggest five criteria. ESs are (1) primary contributions of ecosystems, (2) flows assessed during a period or per time unit (not stock existing at a time point), (3) renewable (having the potential to be reproduced with a conceivable timeframe relevant to human use), (4) affected by biotic parts of ecosystems to occur. ESs include both biotic and some abiotic flows (e.g., water provisioning) but exclude abiotic flows (e.g., wind and solar energy) whose occurrence is unaffected by ecosystem functions, processes, or characteristics; and (5) inclusive to the benefits humans actually and potentially receive from ecosystems. These criteria link ESs with conservation of life-supporting and culturally important ecosystems, recognize use, option, and non-use values of ESs, and highlight ESs’ sustainability.

Inequity in nature’s contributions to people in Ōtautahi/ Christchurch: A low-density post-earthquake city

Nature’s contributions to people (NCP) include the regulating, material, and non-material benefits of urban vegetation that improve well-being. It is increasingly important to plan cities that provide multiple types of NCP equitably to all residents of the city. However, due to historical legacies and planning policies, it is common for the most socially and economically vulnerable urban residents to suffer reduced access to the benefits of urban ecosystems. Previous studies of urban NCP have drawn attention to inequity in one or several types of NCP, but few have analysed a broad range. Here we analysed inequity in nine diverse forms of urban NCP across an index of economic and social vulnerability designed specifically to characterise vulnerability to environmental pressures. Furthermore, we used spatial analysis to map co-variance in vulnerability and a composite indicator of urban NCP, thus highlighting priority regions for future investments in green infrastructure. We applied this approach to the city of Christchurch/ Ōtautahi in Aotearoa/ New Zealand, which provides a valuable case study due to its multicultural population and recent history of widespread damage and regeneration following the 2011 earthquake. Overall, the distribution of urban NCP is inequitable to the disadvantage of more vulnerable residents. Residents of more vulnerable neighbourhoods experienced reduced provision of carbon stock, runoff retention, air quality enhancement, shade, educational green space, public outdoor space accessibility, private green space, and bird biodiversity contributions. Conversely, more vulnerable neighbourhoods had greater provision of erosion mitigation (although negligible in magnitude). The wide range of indicators used and assessed in response to vulnerability, coupled with an assessment of the type of vegetation cover (i.e. grass, tall trees) provides greater insights into how inequities in urban NCP can be addressed in future redevelopment.

INTEGRATED APPROACH AS A METHODOLOGICAL BASIS BUILDING A SOCIAL PACKAGE IN A BUSINESS COMPANY

The article defines the essence of the social package, its structure, approaches to its formation and importance for strengthening the motivation of employees. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the organizational and economic mechanism for determining the integrated approach to building a social package were substantiated, and scientific and applied recommendations for the introduction of an effective employee motivation tool were developed. The social package is defined as a set of financial, material and non-material benefits that raise the standard of living and are provided by the enterprise to the employee in addition to the basic salary in order to encourage labor activity. Four stages of the formation of the social package are distinguished, which replaced each other. Approaches to the definition of the term “social package” in modern literature are defined. A critical analysis of approaches to determining the essence and components of the social package made it possible to single out the commonality of positions regarding the composition of the social package, namely: it should include both the basic social guarantees provided for by the legislation on labor and social security (basic component) and additional material benefits, providing which are carried out by the employer on his own initiative (motivational). The components of the social package are highlighted: mandatory, competitive and compensatory. The most expedient approach to the formation of a social package has been designed.

Spatial characterization of cultural ecosystem services in the Ishigaki Island of Japan: A comparison between residents and tourists

Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are non-material benefits that are indispensable for the health and well-being of communities. CES are often spatially explicit and fluctuate according to the knowledge, beliefs, and perception of users of the location. Therefore, understanding the spatial patterns of CES perceived by people from different backgrounds is important for decision-makers to carry out proactive landscape planning. In this study, we investigated the differences in the perception of CES between residents and tourists on Ishigaki Island, Japan. The study employed a Public Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS) approach to spatially present the respective perceptions of residents and tourists regarding six types of CES, namely recreational, therapeutic, educational, spiritual, aesthetic, and historic CES, that are recognized as key contributors to human health and well-being. For data collection, we employed a combination of household-level postal surveys and in-person questionnaire surveys targeting residents (n = 410) and tourists (n = 102), respectively. A series of statistical and spatial analyses was conducted on the survey results to understand the influence of the duration of residence and the frequency of visits in shaping the perceptions of CES, as well as the relationship between perceived CES and land-use types. This included the contribution of protected areas to the delivery of CES. The results showed that the average number of locations indicated by residents was significantly higher than that indicated by the tourists, resulting in density maps with distinct spatial patterns. In particular, the spatial pattern of CES identified by tourists was considerably simpler than that recognized by residents and centered on two popular tourist spots. As per the elements of landscapes and seascapes, the perception of “aesthetic,” “recreational,” “therapeutic,” and “educational” CES by residents was associated with “forest” and “sea” and that of “spiritual” and “historic” was associated with “forest” and “farmland.” In contrast, the CES perception of “recreational,” “educational,” “therapeutic,” “aesthetic,” and “historic” by tourists was associated with “sea” and “forest.” “Spiritual” CES was associated with “forest” and “sea.” Lastly, a higher proportion of “aesthetic” CES locations were identified within protected areas compared to outside the areas. Overall, our findings revealed that residents and tourists perceive and appreciate the numerous CES arising from landscapes and seascapes of the island differently. This indicates a possible trade-off resulting from land or sea developments to the benefit among stakeholders, for example, tourists. Hence, to sustain CES that underpin equitable health and well-being benefits, spatial planning should consider the different perceptions of stakeholders, particularly of residents and tourists, regarding CES types and locations.

Modelling cultural ecosystem services in agricultural dykelands and tidal wetlands to inform coastal infrastructure decisions: A social media data approach

Agricultural dykelands and tidal wetlands around Canada’s Bay of Fundy are experiencing increasingly severe impacts from sea level rise and climate change, leading to management challenges. Managers will have to decide which dykes to reinforce, which to realign or remove, and where to restore wetlands. These decisions will have important impacts on the ecosystem services provided by different landscapes and the beneficiaries who use them. Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are non-material benefits that play a significant role in human-nature relationships. Previous research in the region has indicated strong local dykeland attachments and CES but provided little insight about tidal wetland uses and values. Using the Kings County region as a study area, we identify CES provided by the area through text analysis of Instagram data and map the CES using the SolVES model combined with environmental data. Revealed differences in CES delivery from agricultural dykelands and tidal wetlands provide spatial insight for coastal planning. The results show that agricultural dykelands have a higher supply capacity for cultural heritage/diversity, education and knowledge systems and social relations and relational values; tidal wetlands have a higher supply capacity for sense of place and terroir. For aesthetics, inspiration and art, and recreation and tourism, the two landscapes are comparable in delivery. In the small proportion of the two landscapes where CES are modelled as being present they often overlap, demonstrating multifunctionality, with an average of 1.4 services provided by a given area of agricultural dykelands and 2.6 services by tidal wetlands.

Beyond nature conservation? Perceived benefits and role of the ecosystem services framework in protected landscape areas in the Czech Republic

Protected areas safeguard species and habitats, but also provide ecosystem services (ES) and quite often simultaneously protect landscape character and associated cultural values. Exploratory qualitative research and interviews specifically have been rarely used to investigate benefits of protected areas and associated challenges in their delivery as perceived by their managers. There is also a lack of attention to the potential role of the ES framework in nature conservation decision-making in protected areas. We address the gaps by identifying: (1) perceived benefits (by their managers) that protected landscape areas provide; (2) challenges and trade-offs that protected landscape areas face in delivering these benefits; (3) role of the ES framework in protected landscape areas decision-making. We conducted a qualitative analysis of 20 semi-structured interviews with heads of Protected Landscape Areas Administrations in the Czech Republic. Cultural or non-material benefits were the most referenced group closely followed by regulating benefits. However, the single most frequently referenced benefit was Habitat creation and maintenance, emphasizing the role of protected landscape areas in protecting and managing habitats and ecosystems. The positive and negative themes showed a key role of various types of land-use management (esp. agriculture and forestry) and their enhancing or deteriorating effects on specific benefits (esp. Habitat creation and maintenance). All respondents perceived future implementation of the ES framework as a possible contribution to support goals of nature conservation and decision-making in protected landscape areas. This study provides empirical evidence for a strong societal role of protected landscape areas by safeguarding specific benefits and their essential role in nature conservation. The use of the ES framework sheds light on key benefits of protected landscape areas but also key challenges and trade-offs in delivering these benefits.

Integration of the Livelihood and Ecosystem Services Frameworks—A Case Study on Urban Agriculture in Mexico City

Abstract Strategies that demonstrate renewed potential to enhance both social and ecological systems are crucial in today’s era of rapid urbanization. However, the approaches used to understand the impacts of such strategies sometimes favor social over environmental theory, or the opposite, but do not always consider both equally. Our study addresses this disconnect by exploring the role of urban agriculture (UA) as an alleviation and land management strategy in Mexico City (MC), Mexico. Our integrated design combined the ecosystem services framework, which was primarily used to assess material and nonmaterial benefits MC residents obtain from UA spaces and its associated vegetation, and the livelihoods framework, which was used to evaluate the relationship between UA and societal impacts. We used a mixed-method approach to quantify the amount of food produced, assess crop diversity, assess six distinct ecological processes linked to UA, identify cultural benefits, and conduct an evaluation of contributions to livelihood capitals. Our study documented the role of UA in supporting ecological processes, connecting humans to nature, and providing a supplemental source of income. However, a multitude of unintended outcomes are identified, such as trade-offs between different ecological processes, constraints in promoting formal education beyond agroecological knowledge, and an inability to fully elevate families out of poverty. Our integrated approach demonstrated how the ecosystem services and livelihoods frameworks can be used simultaneously to provide thorough assessments of socioecological systems, identifying outcomes that could go unnoticed without an interdisciplinary lens.

Impact of massive development projects on ecosystem services in Mediterranean rural landscapes

Massive development projects bring with significant benefits at different scales, but generate impacts and alterations of ecosystem services at the local scale. Progress has been made in addressing these impacts, although knowledge gaps are still identified in relation to the appropriate scale of assessment and the consideration of cultural ecosystem services to the same degree as structural ones. Here, these gaps were addressed in a Mediterranean case study using appropriate methods (erosion modeling and Mann-Kendall phenological trend) to assess the structural impact on soil and vegetation, and a survey to examine the impact on the non-material benefits that people derive. The effect of drought has been deeply studied (land use dynamics and NDVI/NDWI monitoring) as a structural climatic factor not to be confused with the intrinsic impact of the project. It was found that severe erosion and the negative phenological trend are spatially associated with the project infrastructure. It was observed that the project has not been adequately accompanied by the preparation of indigenous people (education) to enable them to adapt to change and take profit from cultural ecosystem services. It was concluded that the project favored the places of activities at the expense of structural and cultural ecosystem services. Overall, despite the latter can give rise to opportunities for projects of international reach, these must go together with tangible and intangible benefits at the local scale, which can function as a lifting bridge for rooted and sustainable growth.

PENDIDIKAN KEMANDIRIAN MELALUI KEGIATAN EKONOMI DI PONDOK PESANTREN PERSPEKTIF PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

Muslims as the majority of Indonesian people, there are still many who are below the poverty line. When the number of unemployed in 2010 was recorded at 41.395 million, the largest number of unemployed was Muslims. Islamic boarding schools have been known for their independence, especially in terms of the economy. Kiai as managers as well as teaching staff in Islamic boarding schools are the main key to the success of independent education for students. This study aims to find an independent education system through economic activities in an ideal Islamic boarding school from the perspective of Islamic education. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a library research pattern and content analysis techniques. The conclusion of this research is that the spirit of independence of the students through economic activities must be internalized and animate every behavior of the students. The spirit of independence will have a positive influence on the aqidah, worship, etiquette, and social life of the students at large. In the case of aqidah, for example, the most profitable offer is to purify aqidah and stay away from shirk, because the biggest benefit is heaven. In economic activities, the students will choose business ethics that are in accordance with Islamic sharia from others, because the guarantee of big profits is in carrying out Islamic law. In addition to material benefits, you will also get non-material benefits in the form of muamalah piety and worship piety at the same time.Keywords: Education, independence, economy, Islamic boarding school