Non-matching Conditions Research Articles

Matching vs. Mismatching Signals of External Human-Machine Interface and Vehicle Kinematics: An Examination of Pedestrian Crossing Behavior and Trust, Safety, and Affective Ratings in Interactions with Differently Sized Automated Vehicles

Highly automated vehicles (HAVs) will soon be introduced into mixed urban traffic. Pedestrians might have an idea of HAVs. Nevertheless, they probably have never interacted with them before. Moreover, pedestrians will not be able to communicate with HAVs like they are used to with manual vehicles. External human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) are possible design solutions for HAVs to ensure safe interaction with other road users. Light-based eHMIs positively affected pedestrians’ trust ratings, perceived safety, and willingness to cross. However, previous studies often neglected the effect of vehicle size, although larger-sized HAVs could be potentially perceived as the more significant threat. Additionally, the relationship between vehicle kinematics and eHMIs for differently sized HAVs remains an underexplored research topic. This study investigated the effects of vehicle size (small vs. large), eHMI state (dynamic eHMI vs. static eHMI vs. no eHMI), and vehicle kinematics (yielding vs. non-yielding) on pedestrian crossing behavior and their subjective assessment. In virtual reality, we created a shared space traffic scenario, in which the eHMI and vehicle kinematics matched or did not match. For yielding conditions, the results showed that participants felt more aroused with larger HAVs than with smaller HAVs. Moreover, pedestrians initiated their crossing significantly earlier when both vehicle sizes had a dynamic eHMI compared to a static eHMI vs. no eHMI. Additionally, pedestrians evaluated a dynamic eHMI with higher trust ratings, higher perceived safety, and more positive affective reactions. The results manifested that the use of dynamic eHMIs can effectively enhance pedestrian-vehicle communication with a large and a small HAV. For non-matching conditions, the participants tended to rely on the vehicle kinematics for both vehicle sizes. Overall, the study highlighted the potential of eHMIs for pedestrian interactions with HAVs of varying sizes when they are well-coordinated with the vehicle kinematics, aiming to enhance safety and efficiency in mixed-traffic environments.

Adaptive Droop based Control Strategy for DC Microgrid Including Multiple Batteries Energy Storage Systems

In a microgrid architecture that includes energy storage systems based on parallel batteries, the inequalities in the batteries’ state of charge may cause inconsistency in the residual capacity of each battery. As a consequence, the battery cells may be degraded owing to overcharging or deep discharging. This paper presents an optimized load-sharing approach-based droop control strategy for parallel batteries operating in a DC microgrid. The main aim of the proposed control approach is to include the real battery capacity, which may be affected during its lifecycle, in the control algorithm in order to prevent non-matching conditions. As a result, proportional power-sharing will be allowed according to the actual capacity. In addition, all the SoCs will be equalized and the parallel batteries, present in the system, will operate equally in terms of SoC when delivering or absorbing power. Hence, the batteries lifecycle will be extended while power-sharing is performed in the best way. To this end, the identification of the actual battery capacity has been carried out using a metaheuristic optimization algorithm called Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA). Each battery output is controlled by bidirectional DC/DC converters that ensure the charging and discharging process. The control approach has been evaluated under different scenarios such as similar and different capacities and a sudden disconnection of a battery. The obtained results prove the ability of the proposed control strategy to ensure proportional power-sharing while handling the inconsistency of residual energy between battery cells and improve the battery state of health.

Theoretical and Empirical Verification of Electrical Impedance Matching Method for High-Power Transducers

In our prior study, a systematic approach was used to devise Langevin transducers for high-power applications where the energy efficiency was not considered in the design criteria. In this paper, the impedance matching methods are thus proposed to evaluate what matching topology is appropriate for their use. Both the series inductor scheme and low pass filter composed of a series inductor and shunt capacitor are examined as matching circuits. According to MATLAB simulation, the resonance frequency is seen at 36.79 kHz due to a series L circuit, and its associated impedance is reduced by 70.45% from that of its non-matching condition. The measured resonance frequency is 36.77 kHz and the corresponding impedance is decreased by 59.52%. Furthermore, the acoustic pressure is measured to determine the effect of the matching circuit on the transducer’s actual behavior. The transducer with a series L circuit shows more efficient matching results, 2.28 kPa of positive acoustic pressure is emitted without matching and 3.35 kPa is emitted with a series L element, respectively. As a result, this study demonstrates how to evaluate the influence of matching circuits by using our customized approach rather than commercial SPICE programs, as well as how to experimentally verify the acoustic behavior of high-power Langevin transducers.

Matching pictures and signs: An ERP study of the effects of iconic structural alignment in American sign language

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to explore the effects of iconicity and structural visual alignment between a picture-prime and a sign-target in a picture-sign matching task in American Sign Language (ASL). Half the targets were iconic signs and were presented after a) a matching visually-aligned picture (e.g., the shape and location of the hands in the sign COW align with the depiction of a cow with visible horns), b) a matching visually-nonaligned picture (e.g., the cow's horns were not clearly shown), and c) a non-matching picture (e.g., a picture of a swing instead of a cow). The other half of the targets were filler signs. Trials in the matching condition were responded to faster than those in the non-matching condition and were associated with smaller N400 amplitudes in deaf ASL signers. These effects were also observed for hearing non-signers performing the same task with spoken-English targets. Trials where the picture-prime was aligned with the sign target were responded to faster than non-aligned trials and were associated with a reduced P3 amplitude rather than a reduced N400, suggesting that picture-sign alignment facilitated the decision process, rather than lexical access. These ERP and behavioral effects of alignment were found only for the ASL signers. The results indicate that iconicity effects on sign comprehension may reflect a task-dependent strategic use of iconicity, rather than facilitation of lexical access.

Developmental Differences in Subjective Recollection and Its Role in Decision Making.

We examined how subjective assessments of recollection guide decision making. Subjective recollection was dissociated from accuracy during a forced-choice recognition task. Distracters were either similar to targets (match condition) or to other studied, but untested items (nonmatch condition). We assessed 223 participants (112 males) across three experiments (137 White, 37 Asian-American, 7 African-American, 4 American-Indian, 32 mixed race, 6 undisclosed). In Experiment 1, 6- to 10-year-olds and adults (N = 119) were less accurate (d = 0.70), but more likely to claim subjective recollection and make memory selections in anticipation of a reward in the nonmatch condition (ds = 0.64-0.70). This pattern was eliminated in 6- to 7-year-olds when we limited the number of selections (Experiment 2, N = 52), but was replicated when we required the selections to be counted (Experiment 3, N = 52), underscoring the effects of decision complexity on children's self-reflections.

Task-specific modulation of PFC activity for matching-rule governed decision-making.

Storing information from incoming stimuli in working memory (WM) is essential for decision-making. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a key role to support this process. Previous studies have characterized different neuronal populations in the PFC for working memory judgements based on whether an originally presented stimulus matches a subsequently presented one (matching-rule decision-making). However, much remains to be understood about this mechanism at the population level of PFC neurons. Here, we hypothesized differences in processing of feature vs. spatial WM within the PFC during a matching-rule decision-making task. To test this hypothesis, the modulation of neural activity within the PFC during two types of decision-making tasks (spatial WM and feature WM) in comparison to a passive fixation task was determined. We discovered that neural population-level activity within the PFC is different for the match vs. non-match condition exclusively in the case of the feature-specific decision-making task. For this task, the non-match condition exhibited a greater firing rate and lower trial-to-trial variability in spike count compared to the feature-match condition. Furthermore, the feature-match condition exhibited lower variability compared to the spatial-match condition. This was accompanied by a faster behavioral response time for the feature-match compared to the spatial-match WM task. We attribute this lower across-trial spiking variability and behavioral response time to a higher task-relevant attentional level in the feature WM compared to the spatial WM task. The findings support our hypothesis for task-specific differences in the processing of feature vs. spatial WM within the PFC. This also confirms the general conclusion that PFC neurons play an important role during the process of matching-rule governed decision-making.

An action-observation/motor-imagery based approach to differentiate disorders of consciousness: what is beneath the tip of the iceberg?

The evaluation of motor imagery in persons with prolonged Disorders of Consciousness (pDOC) is a practical approach to differentiate between patients with Minimally Conscious State (MCS) and Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome (UWS) and to identify residual awareness even in individuals with UWS. Investigating the influence of motor observation on motor imagery could be helpful in this regard. In order to corroborate the clinical diagnosis and identify misdiagnosed individuals, we used EEG recordings, to assess the influence of the low-level perceptual and motoric mechanisms on motor observation on motor imagery, taking into account the role of the high-level cognitive mechanisms in patients with pDOC. We assessed the influence of motor observation of walking in first-person or third-person view (by a video provision) on motor imagery of walking in the first-person view on the visual N190 (expression of motor observation processing), the readiness potential (RP) (expressing motor preparation), and the P3 component (high-level cognitive processes) in a sample of 10 persons with MCS, 10 with UWS, and 10 healthy controls (CG). Specifically, the video showed a first-view or third-view walk down the street while the participants were asked to imagine a first-view walking down the street. CG showed greater N190 response (low-level sensorimotor processing) in the non-matching than in the matching condition. Conversely, the P3 and RP responses (high-level sensorimotor processing) were greater in the matching than in the non-matching condition. Remarkably, 6 out of 10 patients with MCS showed the preservation of both high- and low-level sensorimotor processing. One UWS patient showed responses similar to those six patients, suggesting a preservation of cognitively-mediated sensorimotor processing despite a detrimental motor preparation process. The remaining patients with MCS did not show diversified EEG responses, suggesting limited cognitive functioning. Our study suggests that identifying the low-level visual and high-level motor preparation processes in response to a simple influence of motor observation of motor imagery tasks potentially supports the clinical differential diagnosis of with MCS and UWS. This might help identify UWS patients which were misdiagnosed and who deserve more sophisticated diagnoses.

Categorical Auditory Working Memory in Crows.

SummaryThe ability to group sensory data into behaviorally meaningful classes and to maintain these perceptual categories active in working memory is key to intelligent behavior. Here, we show that carrion crows, highly vocal and cognitively advanced corvid songbirds, possess categorical auditory working memory. The crows were trained in a delayed match-to-category task that required them to flexibly match remembered sounds based on the upward or downward shift of the sounds' frequency modulation. After training, the crows instantaneously classified novel sounds into the correct auditory categories. The crows showed sharp category boundaries as a function of the relative frequency interval of the modulation. In addition, the crows generalized frequency-modulated sounds within a category and correctly classified novel sounds kept in working memory irrespective of other acoustic features of the sound. This suggests that crows can form and actively memorize auditory perceptual categories in the service of cognitive control of their goal-directed behaviors.

The influence of display-to-display feature changes on net cueing effects: Evidence for a contribution of object-file updating.

In spatial cueing, presenting a peripheral cue at the same position as a to-be-searched-for target (valid condition) facilitates search relative to a cue presented away from the target (invalid condition). It is assumed that this cueing effect reflects spatial attentional capture to the cued position that facilitates search in valid relative to invalid conditions. However, the effect is typically stronger for top-down matching cues that resemble the targets than for non-matching cues that are different from targets. One factor which could contribute to this effect is that in valid non-matching conditions, a cue-to-target colour difference could prompt an object-updating cost of the target that counteracts facilitative influences of attention capture by the valid cues (this has been shown especially in known-singleton search). We tested this prediction by introducing colour changes at target locations in valid and invalid conditions in feature search. This should compensate for selective updating costs in valid conditions and unmask the true capture effect of non-matching cues. In addition, in top-down matching conditions, colour changes at target positions in invalid conditions should increase the cueing effect, now by selective updating costs in addition to capture away from the targets in invalid conditions. Both predictions were borne out by the results, supporting a contribution of object-file updating to net cueing effects. However, we found little evidence for attentional capture by non-matching cues in feature search even when the selective cost by object-file updating in only valid conditions was compensated for.

Adaptive fuzzy control for uncertain nonlinear systems

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a survey of adaptive fuzzy for uncertain nonlinear systems is presented. The first part introduces adaptive fuzzy control emergence and some typical control methods for uncertain nonlinear systems with matching conditions (single-input single-output systems, multi-input multi-output systems). The last part presents the adaptive fuzzy state feedback and output-feedback control methods for uncertain nonlinear systems with non-matching conditions based on the backstepping technique, including strict-feedback systems, pure-feedback systems and non-strict-feedback systems.

Early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s with event-related potentials and event-related desynchronization in N-back working memory tasks

Background and Objective: In this study we investigate whether or not event-related potentials (ERP) and/or event-related (de)synchronization (ERD/ERS) can be used to differentiate between 27 healthy elderly (HE), 21 subjects diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 15 mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Methods: Using 32-channel EEG recordings, we measured ERP responses to a three-level (N-back, N = 0,1,2) visual working memory task. We also performed ERD analysis over the same EEG data, dividing the full-band signal into the well-known delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands. Both ERP and ERD analyses were followed by cluster analysis with correction for multicomparisons whenever significant differences were found between groups. Results: Regarding ERP (full-band analysis), our findings have shown both patient groups (MCI and AD) with reduced P450 amplitude (compared to HE controls) in the execution of the non-match 1-back task at many scalp electrodes, chiefly at parietal and centro-parietal areas. However, no significant differences were found between MCI and AD in ERP analysis whatever was the task. As for sub-band analyses, ERD/ERS measures revealed that HE subjects elicited consistently greater alpha ERD responses than MCI and AD patients during the 1-back task in the match condition, with all differences located at frontal, central and occipital regions. Moreover, in the non-match condition, it was possible to distinguish between MCI and AD patients when they were performing the 0-back task, with MCI presenting more desynchronization than AD on the theta band at temporal and fronto-temporal areas. In summary, ERD analyses have revealed themselves more valuable than ERP, since they showed significant differences in all three group comparisons: HE vs. MCI, HE vs. AD, and MCI vs. AD. Conclusions: Based on these findings, we conclude that ERD responses to working memory (N-back) tasks could be useful not only for early MCI diagnosis or for improved AD diagnosis, but probably also for assessing the likelihood of MCI progression to AD, after further validated by a longitudinal study.

Neural correlates of audiovisual sensory integration.

The present study aimed to investigate the neural basis of information matching during sensory integration using a spatial-temporal matching task in healthy individuals. A total of 37 healthy participants were recruited to match spatial dots with an auditory tone sequence in a 3T GE Discovery MR750 scanner. In addition, they were examined with the sensory integration subscale of the Cambridge Neurological Inventory. We found that the bilateral occipital-parietal conjunction cortex and the precentral frontal gyrus were activated during the matching condition rather than in the nonmatching condition. Activation of the occipital-parietal conjunction cortex was associated with integration of information across visual and auditory modalities, whereas activation of the precentral frontal gyrus was associated with decision making of movements. In addition, activation of the left superior frontal gyrus was associated with scores on the sensory integration subscale of the Cambridge Neurological Inventory. These findings suggest that the bilateral occipital-parietal conjunction cortex is responsible for matching information input from multiple modalities during audiovisual sensory integration. (PsycINFO Database Record

Subjective experience guides betting decisions beyond accuracy: evidence from a metamemory illusion

ABSTRACTThe goal of this research was to test whether subjective memory experiences drive accuracy regulation decisions above and beyond objective memory indices. In four experiments (n = 115) subjective recollection (i.e., reporting “Remember” in the Remember-Know task) was dissociated from memory accuracy by manipulating retrieval during a two-alternative forced-choice recognition task: in the Match condition the distracter was a novel exemplar of the target (e.g., a studied and an unstudied toaster) and in the Non-match condition the distracter was a novel exemplar of another studied but untested item (e.g., a studied toaster and an unstudied birdhouse). Participants were more accurate on Match trials, but reported subjective recollection more frequently on Non-match trials. Critically, participants also bet more often on Non-match trials to the detriment of their score (Experiment 1). This pattern persisted when participants were additionally required to retrieve details about items (Experiment 2) and when confidence assessments were collected (Experiment 3). Finally, participants bet more on Non-match trials even when subjective judgments were not elicited, suggesting that the decision process does not require reporting on subjective experience (Experiment 4). These results indicate that subjective memory experiences guide decision-making independent of objective accuracy and thus are critical to accuracy regulation.

About the composition of self-relevance: Conjunctions not features are bound to the self.

Sui and colleagues (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38, 1105-1117, 2012) introduced a matching paradigm to investigate prioritized processing of instructed self-relevance. They arbitrarily assigned simple geometric shapes to the participant and two other persons. Subsequently, the task was to judge whether label-shape pairings matched or not. The authors found a remarkable self-prioritization effect, that is, for matching self-related trials verification was very fast and accurate in comparison to the non-matching conditions. We analyzed whether single features or feature conjunctions are tagged to the self. In particular, we assigned colored shapes to the labels and included partial-matching trials (i.e., trials in which only one feature matched the label, whereas the other feature did not match the label). If single features are tagged to the self, partial matches would result in interference, whereas they should elicit the same data pattern as non-matching trials if only feature conjunctions are tagged to the self. Our data suggest the latter; only feature conjunctions are tagged to the self and are processed in a prioritized manner. This result emphasizes the functionality of self-relevance as a selection mechanism.

Titles change the esthetic appreciations of paintings.

Esthetic experiences of artworks are influenced by contextualizing information such as titles. However, how titles contribute to positive esthetic experiences is still an open issue. Considering that fluency, as well as effortful elaborate processing, potentially influence esthetic experiences, we tested how three different title types—semantically matching (fluent), semantically non-matching (non-fluent), and an “untitled” condition (control)—affected experiences of abstract, semi-abstract, and representational art. While participants viewed title/artwork combinations we assessed facial electromygraphic (fEMG) recordings over M. corrugator supercilii and M. zygomaticus major muscle to capture subtle changes in emotional and cognitive processing, and asked for subjective liking and interest. Matching titles, but also the more effortful untitled condition, produced higher liking compared to non-fluently processed, non-matching titles especially in abstract art. These results were reflected in fEMG with stronger M. corrugator activations in the non-matching condition followed by the untitled condition. This implies high cognitive effort as well as negative emotions. Only in the matching condition, M. zygomaticus was more strongly activated indicating positive emotions due to fluency. Interest, however, was hardly affected. These results show that high levels of dis-fluency and cognitive effort reduce liking. However, fluency as well as moderate levels of effort contribute to more positive esthetic experiences.

TC Control of Web Winding System Based on Active Compensation

A new control approach for velocity and tension regulation is proposed in the web winding system. The TC control strategy is based on active compensation, which actively compensates for dynamic variations and unexpected disturbances. The simulation of a typical web winding system is applied to provide realism. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller in dealing with broad dynamic variations and non-matching parameters conditions.

Mixing efficiency in decaying stably stratified turbulence

Mixing efficiency in stratified flows is a measure of the proportion of turbulent kinetic energy that goes into increasing the potential energy of the fluid by irreversible mixing. In this research direct numerical simulations (DNS) and rapid distortion theory (RDT) cal- culations of transient turbulent mixing events are carried out in order to study this aspect of mixing. In particular, DNS and RDT of decaying, homogeneous, stably-stratified turbulence are used to determine the mixing efficiency as a function of the initial turbu- lence Richardson number Rit0 = (NL0/u0) 2 , where N is the buoyancy frequency and L0 and u0 are initial length and velocity scales of the turbulence. The results show that the mixing efficiency increases with increasing Rit0 for small Rit0, but for larger Rit0 the mixing efficiency becomes approximately constant. These results are com- pared with data from towed grid experiments. There is qualitative agreement between the DNS results and the available experimental data, but significant quantitative discrepancies. The grid turbulence experiments suggest a maximum mixing efficiency (at large Rit0 )o f about 6%, while the DNS and RDT results give about 30%. We con- sider two possible reasons for this discrepancy: Prandtl number effects and non-matching initial conditions. We conclude that the main source of the disagreement probably is due to inaccuracy in determining the initial turbulence energy input in the case of the grid turbulence experiments.

Binge Drinking Affects Attentional and Visual Working Memory Processing in Young University Students

Binge Drinking (BD) typically involves heavy drinking over a short time, followed by a period of abstinence, and is common among young people, especially university students. Animal studies have demonstrated that this type of alcohol consumption causes brain damage, especially in the nonmature brain. The aim of the present study was to determine how BD affects brain functioning in male and female university students, during the performance of a visual working memory task. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded, with an extensive set of 32 scalp electrodes, in 95 first-year university students (age range 18 to 20 years), comprising 42 binge drinkers (BD) and 53 controls, in a visual "identical pairs" continuous performance task. Principal components analysis was used to identify and analyze the N2 (negative waveform with a latency around 200 to 300 ms related to attentional processes) and P3 (positive waveform with a latency around 300 to 600 ms related to working memory processes) components of the ERPs. In the matching condition of the task, the N2 component in central and parietal regions was significantly larger in the BD than in the control group. In the control group, the P3 component was larger in the matching than in the nonmatching condition in the frontal, central, and parietal regions, whereas the BD group did not show any significant differences between conditions in any region. The results of this study confirm the presence of electrophysiological differences between young university student binge drinkers and controls during the execution of a visual task with a high working memory load. The larger N2 in the BD group suggests higher levels of attentional effort required by this group to perform the task adequately. The absence of any differences in the P3 component in the different conditions (matching and nonmatching stimuli) in the BD group suggests a deficiency in the electrophysiological differentiation between relevant and irrelevant information, which may reflect some impairment of working memory processes.

Relationship between perceptual and semantic levels of representation: An event-related potential study

An event-related potential study was conducted to make clear the relationships between perceptual and semantic levels of representation. Subjects judged the semantic relationship between a picture sample and a word match using the delayed match-to-sample paradigm. The experiment includes three types of matching trials, i.e., identical match trials, where the words had the same meanings as the pictures, categorical match trials where the words matched the pictures in category, and non-match trials where the words matched neither in identification nor in category with the pictures. The three conditions evoke significantly different N400-like and P300 ERP components. Specifically, for the N400-like negative responses, the averaged amplitude of the non-match condition is the largest and the most negative-going, that of the categorical match condition is less negative-going, and that of the identical match condition is the smallest among all three conditions. In addition, only the identical match condition evokes an early P300 component. As for the late P300 component, the averaged amplitude of the categorical match condition is more robust in the frontal brain areas. In contrast, ERPs of the non-match condition are stronger in the posterior brain areas. From 250 to 450 ms, the difference waves between the identical match and non-match conditions are located in the central areas, and the difference waves between categorical match and non-match conditions occur in the right frontal areas. Our results suggest that cross-form picture-word identical matching and categorical matching involve different underlying mechanisms. The existence of the early P300 component evokes by the identical match condition provides support for theories of template matching and facilitation model.

Event-related brain potentials uncover activation dynamics in the lexicon of multiplication facts

The present study was designed to ascertain whether the cortical dynamics underlying multiplication fact retrieval can be modulated as a function of arithmetic relatedness. To this end, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 22 participants engaged in a number-matching task. The task was to decide whether a single probe number had been shown as part of a previously presented pair of cue numbers. Probes in the non-matching condition (50% of total trials) were either the product of the cue numbers (strong cue-probe association), the multiple of either cue numbers (weak cue-probe association), or an arithmetically neutral number with respect to the cue numbers (no cue-probe association). Behavioral data showed a clear interference effect (LeFevre interference), in that performance in the non-matching condition was significantly better when the probe number was arithmetically neutral compared to when it was arithmetically related to the cue digits either strongly (i.e., through the product) or weakly (i.e., through its neighbor in the multiplication table). LeFevre interference was not statistically different in magnitude for the two arithmetically related conditions. In contrast, ERPs allowed us to dissociate cortical processing dynamics for these latter conditions: whereas initially (250–350 ms) both product and neighbor probes evoked a relatively more pronounced positivity compared to neutral probes, in a later interval (350–450 ms, N400-like component), neighbors critically diverged from products, showing relatively more negative values, similar to those of neutral probes. The observed dissociation in ERP measures is interpreted as evidence of activation spreading in the network of multiplication facts, with the short-lasting response elicited by neighbors likely reflecting activation dissipating over time because of a weaker association to the cue digits.