Nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii Equation Research Articles

A Method for the Dynamics of Vortices in a Bose-Einstein Condensate: Analytical Equations of the Trajectories of Phase Singularities

We present a method to study the dynamics of a quasi-two dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate which initially contains several vortices at arbitrary locations. The method allows one to find the analytical solution for the dynamics of the Bose-Einstein condensate in a homogeneous medium and in a parabolic trap, for the ideal non-interacting case. Secondly, the method allows one to obtain algebraic equations for the trajectories of the position of phase singularities present in the initial condensate along with time (the vortex lines). With these equations, one can predict quantities of interest, such as the time at which a vortex and an antivortex contained in the initial condensate will merge. For the homogeneous case, this method was introduced in the context of photonics. Here, we adapt it to the context of Bose-Einstein condensates, and we extend it to the trapped case for the first time. Also, we offer numerical simulations in the non-linear case, for repulsive and attractive interactions. We use a numerical split-step simulation of the non-linear Gross-Pitaevskii equation to determine how these trajectories and quantities of interest are changed by the interactions. We illustrate the method with several simple cases of interest, both in the homogeneous and parabolically trapped systems.

Arbitrary high-order exponential integrators conservative schemes for the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation

In this paper, we propose a family of high-order conservative schemes based on the exponential integrators technique and the symplectic Runge-Kutta method for solving the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation. By introducing generalized scalar auxiliary variable, the equation is equivalent to a new system with both mass and modified energy conservation laws. Then, a conservative semi-discrete exponential scheme is given by combining the symplectic Runge-Kutta method and the Lawson method in the time direction. Subsequently, we apply the Fourier pseudo-spectral method to approximate semi-discrete system in space and obtain the fully-discrete schemes that conserve the energy and mass. Numerical examples are presented to confirm the accuracy and conservation of the developed schemes.

Deeper properties of the nonlinear Phi-four and Gross-Pitaevskii equations arising mathematical physics

In this paper, the rational sine–cosine and rational sinh–cosh methods are applied in extracting some properties of nonlinear Phi-four and Gross–Pitaevskii equations. The singular periodic wave solutions, dark soliton solutions and hyperbolic function solutions are reported. The solitary waves are observed from the traveling waves under the values of the parameters. Modulation instability analysis is also observed in various simulations. We also plot to observe the wave distributions of parameters of stability in 2D and 3D visuals via package program.

Time-reversible and norm-conserving high-order integrators for the nonlinear time-dependent Schrödinger equation: Application to local control theory.

The explicit split-operator algorithm has been extensively used for solving not only linear but also nonlinear time-dependent Schrödinger equations. When applied to the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation, the method remains time-reversible, norm-conserving, and retains its second-order accuracy in the time step. However, this algorithm is not suitable for all types of nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Indeed, we demonstrate that local control theory, a technique for the quantum control of a molecular state, translates into a nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a more general nonlinearity, for which the explicit split-operator algorithm loses time reversibility and efficiency (because it only has first-order accuracy). Similarly, the trapezoidal rule (the Crank-Nicolson method), while time-reversible, does not conserve the norm of the state propagated by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation. To overcome these issues, we present high-order geometric integrators suitable for general time-dependent nonlinear Schrödinger equations and also applicable to nonseparable Hamiltonians. These integrators, based on the symmetric compositions of the implicit midpoint method, are both norm-conserving and time-reversible. The geometric properties of the integrators are proven analytically and demonstrated numerically on the local control of a two-dimensional model of retinal. For highly accurate calculations, the higher-order integrators are more efficient. For example, for a wavefunction error of 10-9, using the eighth-order algorithm yields a 48-fold speedup over the second-order implicit midpoint method and trapezoidal rule, and a 400 000-fold speedup over the explicit split-operator algorithm.

Vector matter waves in two-component Bose-Einstein condensates with spatially modulated nonlinearities

We demonstrate three-dimensional (3D) vector solitary waves in the coupled (3 + 1)-D nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equations with variable nonlinearity coefficients. The analysis is carried out in spherical coordinates, providing novel localized solutions that depend on three modal numbers, l, m, and n. Using the similarity transformation (ST) method in 3D, vector solitary waves are built with the help of a combination of harmonic and trapping potentials, including multipole solutions and necklace rings. In general, the solutions found are stable for low values of the modal numbers; for values larger than 2, the solutions are found to be unstable. Variable nonlinearity allows the utilization of soliton management methods.

Non-autonomous multi-rogue waves for spin-1 coupled nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation and management by external potentials

We investigate non-autonomous multi-rogue wave solutions in a three-component(spin-1) coupled nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii(GP) equation with varying dispersions, higher nonlinearities, gain/loss and external potentials. The similarity transformation allows us to relate certain class of multi-rogue wave solutions of the spin-1 coupled nonlinear GP equation to the solutions of integrable coupled nonlinear Schrödinger(CNLS) equation. We study the effect of time-dependent quadratic potential on the profile and dynamic of non-autonomous rogue waves. With certain requirement on the backgrounds, some non-autonomous multi-rogue wave solutions exhibit the different shapes with two peaks and dip in bright-dark rogue waves. Then, the managements with external potential and dynamic behaviors of these solutions are investigated analytically. The results could be of interest in such diverse fields as Bose-Einstein condensates, nonlinear fibers and super-fluids.

Quantum speed limit and optimal control of many-boson dynamics

We extend the concept of quantum speed limit -- the minimal time needed to perform a driven evolution -- to complex interacting many-body systems. We investigate a prototypical many-body system, a bosonic Josephson junction, at increasing levels of complexity: (a) within the two-mode approximation {corresponding to} a nonlinear two-level system, (b) at the mean-field level by solving the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation in a double well potential, and (c) at an exact many-body level by solving the time-dependent many-body Schr\"odinger equation. We propose a control protocol to transfer atoms from the ground state of a well to the ground state of the neighbouring well. Furthermore, we show that the detrimental effects of the inter-particle repulsion can be eliminated by means of a compensating control pulse, yielding, quite surprisingly, an enhancement of the transfer speed because of the particle interaction -- in contrast to the self-trapping scenario. Finally, we perform numerical optimisations of both the nonlinear and the (exact) many-body quantum dynamics in order to further enhance the transfer efficiency close to the quantum speed limit.

Quasiparticles Described by the Gross–Pitaevskii Equation in the Semiclassical Approximation

Semiclassical asymptotics of the two-dimensional nonlocal Gross-Pitaevskii equation are constructed. The dynamics of the initial state, being a superposition of two wave packets, is investigated. The discrepancy of the obtained solution is investigated. The constructed asymptotic solutions are interpreted as a description of the interaction of two quasiparticles in the semiclassical approximation. A system of equations for the quasiparticle dynamics is obtained. The nonlocal Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) is a nonlinear integrodifferential equation of the Hartree type that is used as a method for solving multiparticle problems in quantum mechanics. Both the local and the nonlocal Gross-Pitaevskii equations have found application in physics in models of the Bose-Einstein condensate (1). The nonlocal GPE is free of the restriction to interactions of contact type between the particles of the condensate at the price of replacing the local cubic-nonlinear term in the GPE by a nonlinear integral term, which creates definite difficulties for finding solutions of this equation by analytical methods. The semiclassical approximation is an effective tool for constructing analytical solutions of the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation (2-8). In this case the asymptotic solutions are constructed with respect to a formal small parameter that is proportional to the Planck constant  . Among the asymptotic solutions of the nonlocal GPE, localized semiclassical wave packets are of special interest. These wave packets are called semiclassical soliton-like solutions (9, 10). Belov et al. (6) noted that the condition under which the semiclassical wave packets of the nonlinear GPE do not spread out coincides with the conditions for the existence of solitons of the corresponding local GPE. Examples were given in (4, 11) of self-similar soliton-like solutions of the nonlocal GPE. It is characteristic of solitons that their dynamics is similar to the dynamics of classical particles. In the present paper, we investigate the two-dimensional dynamics of localized semiclassical wave packets of the nonlocal GPE that can be considered as wave functions of two interacting quasiparticles. We have performed an analysis of the discrepancy of the obtained asymptotic solution. A system of ordinary differential equations (a Hamilton-Ehrenfest system) has been obtained that describes the dynamics of the quasiparticles as centers of mass of these wave packets.

Supersymmetric Model of a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a 𝓟𝓣-Symmetric Double-delta Trap

The most important properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate subject to balanced gain and loss can be modelled by a Gross-Pitaevskii equation with an external $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric double-delta potential. We study its linear variant with a supersymmetric extension. It is shown that both in the $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric as well as in the $\mathcal{PT}$-broken phase arbitrary stationary states can be removed in a supersymmetric partner potential without changing the energy eigenvalues of the other state. The characteristic structure of the singular delta potential in the supersymmetry formalism is discussed, and the applicability of the formalism to the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation is analysed. In the latter case the formalism could be used to remove $\mathcal{PT}$-broken states introducing an instability to the stationary $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric states.

Stable knots in the trapped Bose-Einstein condensates

The knot of the spin-texture is studied within the two-component Bose-Einstein condensates which are described by the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equations. We start from the noninteracting equations including an axisymmetric harmonic trap to obtain an exact solution, which exhibits a nontrivial topological structure. The spin-texture is a knot with an integral Hopf invariant. The stability of the knot is verified by numerically evolving the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equations along imaginary time.

STABILITY OF BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES IN A PT-SYMMETRIC DOUBLE-δ POTENTIAL CLOSE TO BRANCH POINTS

A Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a double-well potential, where atoms are incoupled to one side and extracted from the other, can in the mean-field limit be described by the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with a <em>PT</em> symmetric external potential. If the strength of the in- and outcoupling is increased two <em>PT</em> broken states bifurcate from the <em>PT</em> symmetric ground state. At this bifurcation point a stability change of the ground state is expected. However, it is observed that this stability change does not occur exactly at the bifurcation but at a slightly different strength of the in-/outcoupling effect. We investigate a Bose-Einstein condensate in a <em>PT</em> symmetric double-δ potential and calculate the stationary states. The ground state’s stability is analysed by means of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations and it is shown that the difference in the strength of the in-/outcoupling between the bifurcation and the stability change can be completely explained by the norm-dependency of the nonlinear term in the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

Half-knot in the spinor condensates

We present an exact solution to the stationary coupled nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equations which govern the motion of the spinor Bose-Einstein condensates. The solitonic solution is a twisted half-skyrmion in the three-dimension (3D) space. By making a map from and the Cartesian coordinates to the toroidal coordinates, we demonstrate it is a linked half-unknot with a fractional Hopf charge.

Controlling condensate collapse and expansion with an optical Feshbach resonance.

We demonstrate control of the collapse and expansion of an (88)Sr Bose-Einstein condensate using an optical Feshbach resonance near the (1)S(0)-(3)P(1) intercombination transition at 689 nm. Significant changes in dynamics are caused by modifications of scattering length by up to ± 10a(bg), where the background scattering length of (88)Sr is a(bg) = -2a(0) (1a(0) = 0.053 nm). Changes in scattering length are monitored through changes in the size of the condensate after a time-of-flight measurement. Because the background scattering length is close to zero, blue detuning of the optical Feshbach resonance laser with respect to a photoassociative resonance leads to increased interaction energy and a faster condensate expansion, whereas red detuning triggers a collapse of the condensate. The results are modeled with the time-dependent nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

Modulation of breathers in the three-dimensional nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation

In this paper we present analytical breather solutions of the three-dimensional nonlinear generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We use an Ansatz to reduce the three-dimensional equation with space- and time-dependent coefficients into a one-dimensional equation with constant coefficients. The key point is to show that both the space- and time-dependent coefficients of the nonlinear equation can contribute to modulate the breather excitations. We briefly discuss the experimental feasibility of the results in Bose-Einstein condensates.

Measuring the phase of a Bose-Einstein condensate

The phase of the mean-field wave function of a Bose-Einstein condensate can be recovered from a time series of images. We adapt an iterative retrieval method that has been successful in linear electron and optical imaging systems to solve the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We address a number of issues related to the successful application of this method to the nonlinear system, including the retrieval of wave functions with nonzero net topological charge (i.e., containing vortices) and the effects of repulsive and attractive interactions in the condensate on the convergence properties of the method. Recovering the phase from the continuity-of-density equation is also investigated. An understanding of these issues is of importance for the practical implementation of phase retrieval to Bose-Einstein condensates.

Sharp threshold of global existence for non-linear Gross–Pitaevskii equation in ℝN

This paper is concerned with the non-linear Gross-Pitaevskii equation which describes the attractive Bose-Einstein condensate under a magnetic trap. By an intricate variational argument we derive out a sharp threshold of blowing up and global existence by applying the potential well argument and the concavity method. Furthermore, we answer the question: How small are the initial data, the global solutions of the Cauchy problem of the equation exist for p > 1 + 4 N?

Boundary of two mixed Bose-Einstein condensates

The boundary of two mixed Bose-Einstein condensates interacting repulsively was considered in the case of spatial separation at zero temperature. Analytical expressions for density distribution of condensates were obtained by solving two coupled nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equations in cases corresponding weak and strong separation. These expressions allow to consider excitation spectrum of a particle confined in the vicinity of the boundary as well as surface waves associated with surface tension.

Coherent oscillations between two weakly coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: Josephson effects,πoscillations, and macroscopic quantum self-trapping

We discuss the coherent atomic oscillations between two weakly coupled Bose-Einstein condensates. The weak link is provided by a laser barrier in a (possibly asymmetric) double-well trap or by Raman coupling between two condensates in different hyperfine levels. The boson Josephson junction (BJJ) dynamics is described by the two-mode nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation that is solved analytically in terms of elliptic functions. The BJJ, being a neutral, isolated system, allows the investigations of dynamical regimes for the phase difference across the junction and for the population imbalance that are not accessible with superconductor Josephson junctions (SJJ's). These include oscillations with either or both of the following properties: (i) the time-averaged value of the phase is equal to $\ensuremath{\pi} (\ensuremath{\pi}$-phase oscillations); (ii) the average population imbalance is nonzero, in states with macroscopic quantum self-trapping. The (nonsinusoidal) generalization of the SJJ ac and plasma oscillations and the Shapiro resonance can also be observed. We predict the collapse of experimental data (corresponding to different trap geometries and the total number of condensate atoms) onto a single universal curve for the inverse period of oscillations. Analogies with Josephson oscillations between two weakly coupled reservoirs of ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{-}B$ and the internal Josephson effect in ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{-}A$ are also discussed.

Breathing modes and hidden symmetry of trapped atoms in two dimensions

Atoms confined in a harmonic potential show universal oscillations in 2D. We point out the connection of these ''breathing'' modes to the presence of a hidden symmetry. The underlying symmetry SO(2,1), i.e. the two dimensional Lorentz group, allows pulsating solutions to be constructed for the interacting quantum system and for the corresponding nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We point out how this symmetry can be used as a probe for recently proposed experiments of trapped atoms in 2D.