Nonionic Surface Active Agents Research Articles

Shape controlled ZIF-8 crystals for carbonic anhydrase immobilization to boost CO2 uptake into aqueous MDEA solution

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively studied as candidate materials for enzyme immobilization over recent years. In this work, carbonic anhydrase was immobilized in ZIFs by “in situ” immobilization method. The growth state of ZIF-8 was adjusted by adjusting the ratio of Zn2+and 2-Hmim to obtain crystals with different morphologies (cubic-, dodecahedral- and leaf-shape). In addition, different surfactants (cationic surface-active agent, an-ionic surfactant, and non-ionic surface-active agent) were added as “shape-inducing agents” to further regulate the crystal shapes, thus affecting the activity of enzyme immobilization in ZIFs. Through CO2 absorption test, it was found that the thick leaf-shaped CA/ZIF-L-(PVP) induced by PVP had a higher relative activity (150%) than other shapes (cubic, dodecahedral, “burr puzzle” shape, “interpenetration leaves” shape, etc.) of immobilized enzymes. In addition, CA/ZIF-L-(PVP) exhibited excellent reusability and stability, which maintained a relative activity of 131% after 5 cycles, and remained approximately 99% relative activity after 15 days at 40 °C in MDEA solution.

A review on niosomes as novel drug delivary system

Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is encapsulated in a vesicle. Vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic surface active agents and hence the name niosomes. It can be used as carrier of amphiphilic and lipophilic drug. Niosomes are biodegradable, biocompatible nonimmunogenic and exhibit flexibility in their structural characterization. Niosomes have great drug delivery potential for targeted delivery of anti-cancer, anti-infective agents and various diseases. Technologies modify drug release profile, absorption, distribution and elimination for the benefit of: Improving product efficacy and safety, Patient convenience and compliance.

A Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoniosomal Topical gel of Paclitaxel for skin cancer

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world and one of the major public health problems. Despite the great advances in cancer therapy, the incidence and mortality rates of cancer remain high. Therefore, the goal for more efficient and less toxic cancer treatment strategies is still at the forefront of current research. Despite these efforts, cancer drug research remains a remarkably challenging field, and therapeutic innovations have not yet achieved expected clinical results. However, the physiopathology of the disease is now better understood, and the discovery of novel molecular targets has refreshed the expectations of developing improved treatments. Paclitaxel (PCT) is a chemotherapeutic agent used as a first-line treatment for a wide range of cancers, such as lung, ovarian, breast, prostate, head, and neck cancers, and AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Currently, the marketed forms of Paclitaxel are intravenous formulations. Oral administration of Paclitaxel is unfortunately hampered due to its low bioavailability. This is explained by its low aqueous solubility, low permeability, high affinity for cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein. As another approach, drug carrier systems are extensively studied to enhance oral Paclitaxel bioavailability and reduce side effects. The niosomes provides several important advantages over conventional drug therapy. Structurally, niosomes are similar to liposomes, in that they are also made up of a bilayer. However, the bilayer in the case of niosomes is made up of non-ionic surface-active agents rather than phospholipids as seen in case of liposomes. Niosome nanoparticles are among these drug delivery systems, which have numerous applications in drug delivery and targeting. Niosomes are frequently used for loading drugs serving different purposes (e.g., anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial agents). The aim of this review is to evaluate the extent of nanotherapeutics used in anti-cancer activity.

Non-ionic Surfactants as a P-Glycoprotein(P-gp) Efflux Inhibitor for Optimal Drug Delivery-A Concise Outlook.

Significant research efforts have been devoted to unraveling the mystery of P-glycoprotein(P-gp) in drug delivery applications. The efflux membrane transporter P-gp is widely distributed in the body and accountable for restricting drug absorption and bioavailability. For these reasons, it is the primary cause of developing multidrug resistance (MDR) in most drug delivery applications. Therefore, P-gp inhibitors must be explored to address MDR and the low bioavailability of therapeutic substrates. Several experimental models in kinetics and dynamic studies identified the sensitivity of drug molecules and excipients as a P-gp inhibitor. In this review, we aimed to emphasize nonionic surface-active agents for effective reversal of P-gp inhibition. As it is inert, non-toxic, noncharged, and quickly reaching the cytosolic lipid membrane (the point of contact with P-gp efflux protein) enables it to be more efficient as P-gp inhibitors. Moreover, nonionic surfactant improves drug absorption and bioavailability through the various mechanism, involving (i) association of drug with surfactant improves solubilization, facilitating its cell penetration and absorption; (ii) weakening the lateral membrane packing density, facilitating the passive drug influx; and (iii) inhibition of the ATP binding cassette of transporter P-glycoprotein. The application of nonionic surfactant as P-gp inhibitors is well established and supported by various experiments. Altogether, herein, we have primarily focused on various nonionic surfactants and their development strategies to conquer the MDR-causing effects of P-gp efflux protein in drug delivery. Graphical Abstract.

Study of surface and rheological properties of clayless biopolymer drilling mud treated with M-1 surfactants

An important issue of improving the quality of the initial opening of the reservoir through the use of a system of drilling fluids treated with surfactant M-1. For high-quality disclosure, it is proposed to use clay-free biopolymer drilling mud. The main analyzed features of M-1 use as an additive to biopolymer drilling mud used in Ukrainian deposits. The formulation is substantiated and the study of clay-free biopolymer solution for primary opening of productive layers is carried out. Processed non-ionic surface active agent (surfactant) M-1 model biopolymer clayless drilling mud. With the use of oil (density 838 kg /m3) Kachanivsky oilfield conducted measuring the interfacial tension coefficient at the interface "mud filtrate – oil" stalagmometric metod by changes in the concentration range (% by weight) M-1 from 0 to 5. The influence of M-1 concentration on the interfacial tension coefficient at the interface of "oil – biopolymer drilling fluid filtrate" is shown and the critical concentration of micelle formation (CCM) of surfactant in the filtrate is found, the excess of which does not reduce the interfacial tension. It has been experimentally established that with increasing concentrations of M-1, the interfacial tension factor at the interface between the phases of "oil – filtrate of the drilling fluid" is sharply reduced, which leads to an increase in the formation fluid formation fluid. The rheological properties of drilling fluids with rotational viscometry are determined. Polynomial dependences of temperature influence on rheological properties without clay biopolymer drilling mud have been established.

Non-ionic Surface Active Agents as Additives toward a Universal Porogen System for Porous Polymer Monoliths.

The influence of the addition of various non-ionic surfactants to poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-based monolith formulations was studied. Eight non-ionic surfactants having different chemistries were chosen for this study. These surfactants were Brij L4, Span 80, IGEPAL CO-520, Tergitol 15S9, 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol ethoxylate, Tween 40, Triton X-405, and Tetronic 701. The chemical structures of these surfactants have a variety of functional groups and cover a wide range of molecular weights (360-3600 g/mol), viscosities (60-1500 cP), and hydrophilic-lipophilic balances (1.0-17.6). The formed polymers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, surface area measurement by the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method, elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared. Four formulations, involving the use of surfactants, resulted in permeable materials when prepared in 150 μm ID silica capillaries. The chromatographic performance of the resulting columns in reversed-phase mode was evaluated and compared using a mixture of alkyl benzenes as test analytes. The highest efficiency and methylene selectivity were observed when Tween 40 was included in the formulation, using decane/decanol/dodecanol as coporogens. This porogenic mixture was successfully used for preparation of monolithic columns from a selection of methacrylate- and styrene-based monomers, including butylmethacrylate, hydroxyethymethacrylate, laurylmethacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, bisphenol diacrylate, benzylmethacrylate, and N,N-dimethylacrylamide, as well as for divinylbenzene. These results show the applicability of this porogenic mixture for a variety of monolithic formulations, providing an approach for developing a universal porogen system.

Development of highly porous calcium phosphate bone cements applying nonionic surface active agents

A novel way of obtaining highly porous cements is foaming them with the use of nonionic surface active agents (surfactants). In this study, foamed calcium phosphate cements (fCPCs) intended for in situ use were fabricated by a surfactant-assisted foaming process. Three different surface active agents, Tween 20, Tween 80 and Tetronic 90R4, were used. The amount of surfactant, based on its critical micelle concentration and cytotoxicity as well as foaming method, was determined. It has been established that in order to avoid cytotoxic effects the concentration of all applied surfactants in the cement liquid phases should not exceed 1.25 g L−1. It was found that Tetronic 90R4 had the lowest cytotoxicity whereas Tween 20 had the highest. The influence of the type of surfactant used in the fabrication process of bioactive macroporous cement on the physicochemical and biological properties of fCPCs was studied. The obtained materials reached higher than 50 vol% open porosity and possessed compressive strength which corresponds to the values for cancellous bone. The highest porosity and compressive strength was found for the material with the addition of Tween 80. In vitro investigations proved the chemical stability and high bioactive potential of the examined materials.

Ir-Ni based mono and bimetallic nanocrystals: synthesis, characterization and effect of cationic, anionic, and non-ionic stabilizers

Nickel based bimetallic nanocrystals, iridium-nickel play an imperative role in catalysis, electrocatalysis, and magnetic applications. In the present work Ir-Ni bimetallic nanoalloys were synthesized by modified polyol reduction method with different cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surface active agents like CTAB, SDS, TSC, and PVP. The non-ionic surface active agent PVP produced a better effect on nanoparticle size than cationic and anionic surfactants. The synthesized bimetallic nanocrystals were characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and HRTEM techniques. XRD and FTIR verify the nature of synthesized bimetallic nanocrystals and the interaction between stabilizers and nanoparticles. HRTEM studies reveal that the PVP stabilized Ir-Ni (3:1) and Ir-Ni (1:1) bimetallic nanocrystals are small in size and less dispersed. Particle size range of these nanoparticles is from (1.77-2.36) nm. FESEM images show that nanoparticles are in quasi spherical shape. EDX analysis indicates that the resultant particles are core shell structure with Ni core and Ir shell.

Niosomes: Potential Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery

Niosomes are novel vesicular drug delivery systems, where the solution is surrounded by non-ionic surfactant vesicles. The niosomes offer different benefits over the traditional drug delivery system. Niosomes are structurally similar to liposomes, as they also consist of a bilayer. In the case of niosomes, the bilayer consists of non-ionic surface-active agents instead of phospholipids, as seen in liposomes. Niosomes are much more stable during the process of formulation and storage, as compared to liposomes. Niosomes may resolve the issues of insolubility, volatility, poor bioavailability, and rapid drug degradation. It has been discovered in recent years that, these vesicles can enhance drug bioavailability and can act as a new strategy to deliver many conventional therapeutic agents, such as, protein drugs, and gene materials. It is also easy to prepare and scale up this novel delivery system with low production costs. The delivery of drugs via niosomal formulations may be relevant to several pharmacological agents for their activity against different diseases. The present review provides an overview about the advantages and disadvantages, fabrication techniques, types, characterization technique, and different applications of niosomes.

Formulation and Evaluation of Asenapine Maleate Loaded Niosomes for the Treatment of Schizophrenia

Abstract: Background: Niosomes are the non-ionic surface-active agent primarily based vesicles. The Key obstacle of Asenapine maleate have oral bioavailability (<2%) and extensive first pass effect. Objectives: The objective key of the existing work was to formulate Asenapine maleate loaded niosomes using quality by design and rectify it with some evaluation parameters to increase bioavailability, to lead better therapeutic effect and to minimize the side effects. Methods: Formulation of niosomes was done by three methods organic solvent injection method. Factorial design (32) experiments are significantly used to screen and to observe the effect of independent variables cholesterol and span 60 (X1, X2) on dependent variables particle size and entrapment efficiency (Y1, Y2). Results: The results revealed optimized formulation ASP-niosome A2 amongst other formulations which was found lowest particle size 84 ± 5 nm and highest % EE 70 ± 2.0%. In-vitro drug release of optimized noisome was found 68 ± 1.20 % at the end of 8 hr and zeta potential was -17.53mV which stabilized the niosomal suspension. Characterization by SEM not only indicated the spherical shape of the niosomes but also confirmed the formation of vesicle. Locomotor activity was found to be significant in in-vivo pharmacodynamic study. Pharmacokinetic study carried out and it showed Cmax and t1/2 of 16.12ng/mL and 37.18 hr which is better than reported parameters for drug. Conclusion: Thus, concluded that Asenapine maleate loaded niosomes having effective anti-psychotic activity with increased bioavailability could be prepared successfully by organic solvent injection method using span 60 and cholesterol. Key words: IJPER, Citation profile, Scientometrics, Pharmaceutics, Journal evaluation.

Influence of Selected Surfactants on Physicochemical Properties of Calcium Phosphate Bone Cements.

The influence of the three nonionic surface active agents such as Tween 20, Tween 80, and Tetronic 90R4 on hydrolysis, setting reaction, microstructure, and mechanical properties of alpha tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) based materials was determined. The study revealed that the addition of any of the surfactants mentioned above slightly prolonged the setting time of the tested cements (up to 5 min). On the other hand, it was found that surfactants influence the long-term hydrolysis reaction. The addition of surfactants also affected the microstructure of the final materials, especially after incubation in a simulated body fluid. Surface active agents also had an impact on mechanical behavior of the obtained cements. Sorbitan esters, Tween 20 and Tween 80, decreased compressive strength in comparison to the reference material (6.56 ± 1.59 MPa) to 3.54 ± 1.18 and 3.68 ± 1.03 MPa, respectively. Interestingly, Tetronic 90R4, never used before as an additive to calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) caused a 2-fold increase of this value (up to 13.28 ± 1.59 MPa). All the developed materials exhibited bioactivity in vitro. The obtained results shed new light on surfactants as CPCs additives. They should not only be considered as foaming agent or binders, but also they deserve more attention as modifiers affecting the physicochemical properties of α-TCP based materials.

Solubility Enhancement of Simvastatin through Surfactant Addition for Development of Hydrophobic Drug-Loaded Gelatin Hydrogel

This study aims to synthesize simvastatin hydrogel as drug delivery system with surfactant addition for improving solubility of simvastatin. Surfactants used in the study were the zwitterionic amino acid of arginine and nonionic surface-active agent of polysorbate 80. The solubility study was conducted by pouring of an excess mass of simvastatin into the solution of a surfactant in a conical flask. The sample was shaken up to 72 h in a mechanical water bath shaker at a varied temperature of 25, 40, and 50 °C. The amount of drug dissolved in solution was analyzed by UV/Visible spectrophotometer at 238 nm. The results showed that the simvastatin solubility is profoundly influenced by the surfactant type, surfactant concentration, and temperature. Polysorbate 80 exhibited as a better surfactant than arginine and an enhancement up to 1400 times, in respect of without any addition of a surfactant, was observed. Based on the solubility study, simvastatin-loaded gelatin hydrogel composite was formulated and the characterization (FTIR and SEM) showed the successful impregnation. The hydrogel microparticles of featured swelling indexes in the range of 2–6 for every patch and presented a sustained release profile.

Antimicrobial potentials and surface activities of novel di-Schiff base nonionic surfactants bearing unsaturated hydrophobic tails

A series of nonionic Schiff base surface active agents were prepared by the reaction between polyoxyethylene, glyoxalic acid and phenylene diamine. The compounds structures were described by means of micro-elemental analysis, infrared and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The surface activities of the synthesized nonionic surface active agents at the interface were defined using the measurements of surface and interfacial tension. The thermodynamic properties of these surface active agents during adsorption and micellization processes were calculated at 25 °C. The results showed that the increase in the polyoxyethylene chain length (nonionic chains) increases their adsorption tendencies at the interface. The biological activities of the different nonionic surface active agents were measured in terms of inhibition zone diameter and rationalized to their chemical structures and surface activities.

Rod-like NaV3O8 as cathode materials with high capacity and stability for sodium storage

In this study, NaV3O8 nanorods are successfully prepared using nonionic surface-active agents Pluronic-F127 as structure-directing agent. The as-prepared NaV3O8 nanorods calcinated at different temperatures are characterized by various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The NaV3O8 calcinated at 400 °C for 20 h shows appropriate sizes and uniform morphologies of the nanorods, 4–7 μm in length and 0.2–0.5 μm in diameter. The NaV3O8 nanorods as cathode materials for Na-ion batteries deliver high discharge capacity reaching up 110.4 mAh g−1 at current density of 120 mA g−1, as well as long lifespan by maintaining capacity of 162.1 mAh g−1 after 500 charge-discharge cycles. Also, a high reversible capacity of 83.9 mAh g−1 can be retained after 500 cycles at high rate of 2 A g−1. The obtained outstanding electrochemical performances are associated with the unique micro-nano structures, which does not only facilitate transport of Na+ ion, but also resist erosion from electrolytes. Overall, the results suggest the promise of NaV3O8 nanorods as cathode materials for high capacity, high power and long lifespan Na-ion batteries. This work may open an innovative route to discover diverse electrode materials with nanostructure for energy storage system.

Influence of Different Additives on the Clouding Nature and Thermodynamic Behavior of Tween 80 Solution in the Absence and Presence of the Amikacin Sulfate Drug

Herein, the cloud-point (CP) measurements of a nonionic surface-active agent named Tween 80 [poly(oxyethylene) (20) sorbitanmonooleate; Tw 80] were carried out in this study in the absence and attendance of an amikacin sulfate (AS) drug/(AS+ inorganic electrolyte (NaCl, NaNO3 and Na2SO4)). AS drug has been utilized to treat or prevent a wide range of bacterial infections. The measured values of CP in the aqueous phase for Tw 80 were observed in decreasing fashion with an increase in the concentration of surfactant. The obtained values of CP for Tw 80 solution were also noticed to decrease with increasing drug concentration. The determined CP values for (surfactant + drug) mixture were observed to decrease for the electrolytes’ participation with respect to their nonparticipation, and the presence of electrolytes (sodium salts) in declining CP measurement was recorded and followed the order NaCl > NaNO3 > Na2SO4. The ΔGc0 values are found to be positive that denotes the character of clouding is nonspontane...

Antioxidant responses and DNA damage in primary hepatocytes of Van fish (Alburnus tarichi, Güldenstadt 1814) exposed to nonylphenol or octylphenol

Alkylphenols, a nonionic surface-active agent group, such as nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) are important endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC). In this study, the dose- and time-dependent effects of NP and OP were investigated in the primary hepatocyte culture of Van Fish. In this study, samples were taken at different times and biochemical parameters were studied separately. The effects of the chemicals used on SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, MDA, and 8-OHdG were investigated in hepatocyte culture. The antioxidants SOD and CAT were observed to increase in all groups in the primary hepatocyte cultures at the 24th hour after NP and OP administration, whereas the GSH-Px level was observed to increase with OP at the 24th hour and with NP at the 48th hour. The MDA level was observed to reach its highest value for both chemicals in the 24th hour, and the 8-OHdG level was observed to increase toward the end of the follow-up time, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, different doses of NP and OP were found to induce an increase in the levels of antioxidants and the MDA level in Van Fish primary hepatocyte culture. DNA damage, on the other hand, may be considered to appear after longer-term exposure to NP and OP.

Single-Step In Situ Assembling Routes for the Shape Control of Polymer Nanoparticles.

Controlling shapes of polymer nanoparticles via single-step process is a challenge due to their amorphous chemical nature. Precise regulation of interfacial interactions, electrical charging and reaction dynamics during ongoing polymerization process provides an environment where uniform nucleation, growth and in situ assembling can be realized, and hence nanoparticles of complex shapes can be obtained. In this work, it is investigated how in situ assembling of the growing nanoparticles succeeds and specifically in different manners by using cationic, anionic, polyionic, and nonionic surface-active agents in a time-dependent blended form. Micelle of molecular surfactants leads the spheres, but long chained polyelectrolytes support in situ assembling of growing spheres to form the nonspherical polymer nanoparticles in order to minimize the surface energy of a system. Similarly, a nonionic polymer promotes the movement of growing species in solution and allows tunable aggregation-based growth which produces more complexed nanoparticles. Furthermore, the application of acid, base and salt solution also contribute specific effect where unexpected size and shape of nanoparticles can be obtained. Overall, the roles of limited polarizability, solvation power, mobility, ionic strength, pH, and microfluidics for the synthesis of various shape-controlled polymer nanoparticles are presented here.

Niosomes: A Novel Trend in Drug Delivery

Niosomes a novel trend in drug delivery in which medication is encapsulated in a vesicle and the vesicle made up of bilayer of non-ionic surface active agents and then it is named as niosomes. However niosomes are structurally similar to liposomes in having a bilayer, and the materials used to prepare niosomes make them more stable. After preparing the dispersion of niosomes unentrapped drug is separated by gel filtration or centrifugation. A method of invitro release rate study includes the use of dialysis tubing. niosomes are either unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles formed from synthetic non-ionic surfactants. Niosomal drug delivery applicable to many pharmacological agents for their action through various diseases. Hence niosomes have more penetrating capability than the previous preparations of emulsions.

Synthesis of an Efficiency Heterocyclic Systems, Surface Properties and Potential Pharmacological Interest.

Synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic derivatives with the related fused systems incorporating a long chain of a fatty compound was described via the reactions of 5-amino-N-octadecyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide 4 with appropriate reagents namely, enaminones, and β-diketones. Hydroxylation of the synthesized compounds using a number of moles of propylene oxide gave nonionic surface-active agents having a good solubility in water, easy to handle, good biodegradability and announced surface properties that revealed the importance of their applications in avoiding pollution problems, and making them safe for humans and the environment. The surface properties and antimicrobial activity of these compounds were investigated, which showed low toxicity, high efficiency in the surface and biological activities. Therefore, these compounds may be exhibit capable potential in industry applications and can be used in the manufacture of cosmetics, textiles, moderate emulsifiers, dyes, pesticides and drugs.

Surfactants: a real threat to the aquatic geoecosystems of lobelia lakes

Abstract Lobelia lakes are valuable elements of the natural environment. They are characterised by low trophy, mainly in-forest location and a high transparency of water. However, similarly to other surface waters, they are subjected to increasing anthropogenic pressures, a good indicator of which is the level of surfactants, also called surface-active agents (SAAs). The aim of the study was to evaluate the intensity of anthropogenic pressures in 13 selected lobelia lakes and 14 streams in the catchments of these lakes in Northern Poland, based on SAA concentrations in the waters of these water bodies. We collected one water sample from each of these water bodies and determined the concentrations of cationic, anionic and non-ionic SAAs. We then compared the results with data concerning the ways in which these catchments and water bodies are used. While ionic (cationic and anionic) SAAs were found to be present in all the 27 samples (with concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.51 mg dm−3), non-ionic SAAs were identified in 17 of 27 samples (from 0.00 to 2.43 mg dm−3) with three samples largely exceeding the maximum concentration values reported by other authors. We concluded that SAAs are a real threat to the aquatic geoecosystems of lobelia lakes and that the pressures of tourism and leisure have the greatest impact.