Non-institutional Factors Research Articles

Non-Institutional Factors That Contribute to the Green Building Premium

Non-Institutional Factors That Contribute to the Green Building Premium

Abstract TMP24: Thrombolytics With ≤30 Minutes Door-to-Needle Time in Acute Ischemic Stroke: How Fast is Too Fast?

Introduction: Current Phase III of the American Heart Association Target Initiative aims to achieve secondary goals of door to-needle-times within 30 minutes in ≥50% of acute ischemic stroke patients. We sought to evaluate the influence of non-institutional factors (namely presenting patient characteristics) on administration times, safety, and feasibility of thrombolytics within ≤30 minutes of presentation. Method: A single center, retrospective study from March 2018 to March 2023 was conducted yielding 179 patients who received IV thrombolytic for suspected acute ischemic stroke. Patients were dichotomized into those treated within 30 minutes and >30 minutes. A univariate analysis using Chi-squared test of proportions (or Fisher exact when appropriate) was used to compare the patient characteristics on presentation and a multivariate logistic regression was utilized to explore independent predictors. Results: Of a total of 176 patients (after excluding patients with missing data), 60% (n=105) were ≤30 minutes. Age, gender, past medical history, last known well time and admission modified ranking score did not influence thrombolytic administration time (table 1). However, a presenting NIH stroke score of >4 was associated with a 2.5 OR (1.19-5.23) (p=0.0151) of achieving < 30min times. Although a higher rate of intracerebral hemorrhage was noted in the >30 minutes group, this was not statistically significant (11% vs 6.6%; p=0.283). Conclusion: In our study, acute thrombolytic within 30 minutes was feasible, safe, and only influenced by higher NIHSS. Institutional processes remain the mainstay of achieving this target.

Gender Equality and the Risk Assessment of Corporate Financialization: An Analysis of the Increase in the Proportion of Female Executives

This paper empirically investigates the impact of the proportion of female executives on the financialization of enterprises using a sample of listed companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2009-2018. Previous studies tend to conclude that female executives are risk averse, preventing firms from participating in high-risk financial investments. However, the results of this paper show that there is a positive relationship between the proportion of female executives and the degree of corporate financialization, with an increase of 1 percent in the proportion of female executives leading to an increase of 3.8 percent in the degree of corporate financialization. Further tests show that gender inequality is a possible mechanism influencing female executives’ financial investment preferences in the unique gender culture context of China. This paper expands the research on the impact of non-institutional factors on corporate financialization, and also points out that unilaterally pursuing an increase in the proportion of female executives does not reduce the risk of corporate financialization, and that only an overall increase in the proportion of female executives can reduce the risk of corporate financialization. Improving gender equality at the social level can fundamentally reflect women’s risk aversion characteristics and encourage enterprises to make more stable investment decisions.

Autoritarinių lyderių užsienio politikos pokyčiai: Uzbekistano užsienio politikos po Šaltojo karo pabaigos analizė

The growing study of foreign policy change offers various explanations of change and continuity in foreign policy. By focusing on the actors of foreign policy decision-making, past scholarship has mainly concentrated on the role of institutional and noninstitutional factors in foreign policy change. However, decentralized decision-making is more relevant to democratic regimes than authoritarian regimes. Despite the abundance of case studies on foreign policy making in nondemocracies, advancements in the conceptual understanding of foreign policy change in authoritarian regimes are still needed. Addressing Uzbekistan’s foreign policy, this article proposes an advanced framework to explain why and how foreign policy change takes place under authoritarian leaders. A leader’s perception of the external environment is argued to be a decisive factor inducing authoritarian leaders to (re)consider their regime survival strategy. Concern with regime survival, in turn, shapes foreign policy goals which are manifested in distinctive foreign policy behavior of a leader. Ultimately, the behavior of a leader translates into certain foreign policy outcomes.

New theories and politics for working class organizing in the gig and precarious world of work

The emergence of labour conflicts across different sectors of the gig and precarious economy is challenging established industrial relations (IR) frameworks and some of its political implications. Despite its analytical merits, Kelly’s union-centred mobilization theory appears insufficient to explain these mobilizations, characterized by informal networks and self-organization. Evidence from the sectors of logistics and cloudwork, where processes of digitalization have been rampant in recent years, shows that there is a need to build a more processual account of worker mobilizations in which non-institutional factors play a major role. Drawing on the European social movement tradition, in this article the authors consider two factors, supportive communities and political activism traditions, as key to understanding critical cases of mobilization in the gig economy and renewing IR theories of collective action through a class-based approach.

Неинституциональные факторы формирования доверия населения к финансовым институтам в Российской Федерации

In the current conditions of heterogeneity and dynamics of the external environment, a person separately develops a certain degree of trust in it, which forms the strategy of his behavior. The degree of trust depends on institutional and non-institutional factors. The characteristics of these factors determine their significance in relation to the subjects of local or global interaction. In this article, we consider aspects of increasing the level of public confidence in financial institutions in the Russian Federation from the standpoint of the importance of non-institutional factors in developing the competitive advantages of financial institutions in the new reality. The study is based on the use of methods of structural and comparative analysis, rationale and interpretation, observation, formalization, expert assessments. In the course of the work, the analysis of scientific literature was carried out, the opinions of practitioners were studied, and the practical activities of individual financial institutions were studied. It was revealed that non-institutional factors of public confidence in financial institutions can be divided into general, presented in detail in the scientific literature (age, education, social status, type of activity, etc.), and specific, considered by researchers indirectly. Specific ones are presented by two groups of factors: considered in the scientific literature without regard to financial institutions (emotional intelligence, manipulative media content, etc.) and not considered by researchers, but designated by experts and taken into account by financial institutions (formation of an ecosystem, inclusive design, adherence to the principles of ESG, loyalty to the client environment, etc.). Within the framework of the developed classification, a substantiation of the prospects for the impact of the indicated factors in various horizons of planning the activity of financial institutions is given.

한국 대통령제에서 포퓰리스트 리더십과 정당법제의 상호형성

Although 35 years have passed since the democratic transition, there are several institutional and non-institutional factors demonstrating that Korean democracy has not sufficiently matured or consolidated. Among others, it is noteworthy to pay special attention to the problematic party politics and its formation process combined with the imperial presidential system.
 Against the background of premodern political culture endowing the president with a prerogative power, Korean political leaders tend to take authoritarian charismatic leadership as their political style, instead of rationally institutionalized leadership. The presidents and political leaders have shown authoritarian populist leadership during the authoritarian regime, and delegative populist leadership in the post-democratization era. They dominated state affairs and party politics, forming a monopolistic and factional party system.
 This article focuses on the problem of party politics featuring pre-modern party system and populist leadership clung to the old customs of personalized and factional politics in Korea, by emphasizing that both have been supported and strengthened through the party regulation since 1945. The finding is that in the Korean presidential system, party regulation and populist leadership have mutually influenced and are closely intertwined, resulting in malfunctioning party politics and democracy.

Women in government: the limits and challenges of a representative bureaucracy for Afghanistan (2001–2021)

ABSTRACT This article analyses the limits and challenges of positive discrimination policies in the Afghan government (2001–2021). One of the primary objectives of the international community after the fall of the Taliban in 2001 was to bring Afghan women back into public service. The government adopted international and national policy frameworks in this direction, notably positive discrimination policies such as quotas. It set an objective of 30% female participation in civil service by 2020. To analyze these policies’ effectiveness and identify the challenges faced, we analyzed official documents setting the stage for a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews with female civil servants and women’s rights activists. The study shows that the Afghan government failed to meet its objective. This was due to both institutional and non-institutional factors. These factors included the pervasiveness of sexual violence, discrimination, and corruption, and the impact of a traditional and patriarchal culture. These findings contribute to a better understanding of past policies. The article has important lessons for the study of mechanisms to promote women in government more widely.

Obedience to the symbol of authority: Experimental evidence on the symbolic source of legitimate authority

The performance of government activities, including law enforcement and regulation, depends on whether citizens perceive them as legitimate. Although substantial studies have explored the institutional sources of legitimacy, how non-institutional factors affect perceived legitimacy remains unclear. Human societies have a long history of employing symbolic icons to enhance the legitimacy of a given authority. This study reports a laboratory experiment of public goods that investigates whether (and to what extent) symbolic factors enhance perceived legitimacy. In the contexts of various incentive schemes and transparency levels, an “authority” in each group decides whether to target a “citizen” for punishment after observing the contributions of “citizens,” and untargeted citizens then choose to support or hinder the authority. A symbolic scepter is issued to the authority in the treated group, whereas this symbol is absent in the control group. The experimental results suggest that the political symbol significantly enhances the authority's legitimacy regardless of the payment scheme and information transparency. A further analysis shows that the political symbol is not associated with the authority's choices regarding enforcement. Rather, the symbol's effect on perceived legitimacy is primarily driven by the citizens' side—that is, the increasing intrinsic tendency to support authority.

Spatiotemporal Reconstruction of Water Deities Beliefs in the Pearl River Delta Applying Historical GIS

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the most typical regions in China, where people commonly believe in Nanhaishen 南海神 (the South Sea God), Tianfei 天妃 (the Heavenly Concubine), Beidi 北帝 (the Northern Emperor) and other Water Deities. This paper investigates 40 local chronicles from 9 counties in the region. It has digitized, quantified, and analyzed the temple records of the Water Deities and used the Geographic Information System (GIS) to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of the local beliefs. The results show the consistency and difference in the spatiotemporal evolution of the local beliefs of Water Deities. The consistency reflects that their original centers were all around the city of Canton and its west, namely Foshan 佛山 and Jiujiang 九江, which were in the jurisdiction of Nanhai County 南海縣, showing a similar tendency to move from the center to the periphery. The difference in the evolution is that they had apiece characteristics in distribution patterns and transmission paths. The blossoming, propagation, and consolidation of the beliefs were influenced by multi-factors such as defending against flood disasters, transportation and commercial development, the integration of national sacrifices and folk beliefs, and the connection of the beliefs with regional security. Overall, Water Deities’ status in people’s minds continued to deepen, and their supernatural powers were perceived as increasingly outstanding. It reflects people of the traditional regional society and their spiritual orientation to the material world, which was affected by institutional and non-institutional factors.

Internal circulation in China: Analyzing market segmentation and integration using big data for truck traffic flow

For many years, China has emphasized establishing a unified domestic market. However, market segmentation still exists across regions. Using big data for truck traffic flow, this study constructs city-pair economic linkages in China in 2018 and analyzes the effects of administrative forces as well as noninstitutional factors, such as geographic barriers and cultural differences. Geographic barriers and cultural differences weaken intercity economic connections. However, after controlling for these two factors, stronger connections are still observed between cities in the same province. Provincial administrative forces are responsible for the remaining border effects. Furthermore, they can reduce the negative effects of noninstitutional factors on economic connections and are therefore conducive to market integration and internal circulation. The results also hold for city clusters and for different samples. To take advantage of economies of scale in a national unified market, the existing market segmentation resulting from institutional factors needs to be further eliminated.

A scoping review of adopter attributes, motivations, and barriers of solar home systems adoption: Lessons for sub-Saharan Africa

The diffusion of solar home systems in sub-Saharan Africa would reduce the prevalent energy poverty in the region. However, the adoption of solar home systems faces significant barriers that have hampered the adoption process. This paper presents a scoping review that investigates non-institutional factors influencing the SHS diffusion process. The study searched three databases, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science, for conference papers and journal articles that focused on barriers and motivations for adopting solar home systems. The search produced 116 records. After applying the exclusion criteria, 14 papers were included in the thematic analysis. The analysis revealed that affordability and inadequate information on solar home systems are significant barriers to adoption. The analysis further showed that solar home system adopters, typically highly skilled and educated high-income individuals, are motivated by the peer effect, energy security and independence, monetary saving and desire to protect the environment. Finally, the findings suggest that government intervention is essential for the widespread diffusion of solar home systems in sub-Saharan Africa.

Country performance during the Covid-19 pandemic: externalities, coordination, and the role of institutions

The Covid-19 pandemic is one of the most powerful examples of negative externalities in local communities, entire countries and across the globe, calling for the coordination of policies at all levels. We focus on the role played by institutions at the country level in fighting the spread of Covid-19 by making policy coordination more difficult or, on the contrary, more effective. Specifically, we consider the type of political regimes, political fragmentation, and decentralization settings, after controlling for several non-institutional factors. We assemble several data sources with the most recent available information on Covid-19 performance for up to 113 countries around the world. Our main results, which are robust to alternative specifications, show that having either democracies or autocracies does not represent a crucial issue for successfully addressing the pandemic. Most significantly, we find that countries with centralized political parties, which fundamentally allow for better coordination at the national level, perform significantly better than those with decentralized political parties. Although federal countries do appear to have had consistently greater difficulties than unitary countries, a finding that fits well with the role of coordination, overall, the role played by fiscal and administrative decentralization is not robust, but this latter is a result conditioned by the lack of data availability.

Institutional and Non-Institutional Determinants of Volatile Non-Systematic Discretionary Spending: A Panel Data Analysis

Volatility in discretionary public spending has diverse implications for overall economic performance. This study investigates institutional and non-institutional factors of non-systematic discretionary public spending. The study considers a panel of 55 economies for a period of 1990-2019 and applies GMM estimation technique. The findings suggest that in aggregated sample, institutional determinants significantly reduce volatility in non-systematic discretionary public spending; nevertheless, non-institutional determinants promote such spending volatility. Additionally, disaggregated analysis suggests an inverse situation in developing economies.

Constitutional rigidity: The Mexican experiment

Abstract The constitutional amendment mechanism of the Mexican Constitution of 1857 (reproduced in the Constitution of 1917) and Article V of the US Constitution are very similar in design. Both require a two-thirds majority of each of the houses of a bicameral Congress and ratification by the states (half of the state legislatures in Mexico and three-fourths in the United States). Both articles were the result of an experiment aiming at striking the right balance between rigidity and flexibility. Yet, while characterized by similar levels of formal rigidity, these experiments have had the exact opposite effect. While the US Constitution has been described as one of the world’s most rigid and has only been amended twenty-seven times, the Mexican Constitution of 1917 has gone through over 700 amendments. Why are the amendment rates so divergent? This article argues that Mexico’s amendment practice offers an opportunity to deepen our knowledge about how non-institutional factors condition the way amendment provisions work and, thus, to dispel the idea that amendment difficulty is institutionally determined. In particular, there are at least three lessons that may be drawn from the Mexican case: (i) constitutional scholarship needs to shift its attention to political parties and party systems; (ii) unwritten rules influencing the behavior of party members need further study; and (iii) we must carefully look at the agency of constitutional decision-makers, specifically regarding the choices they make among different means to advance their interests and agendas.

The Political Control of Public Sport Organizations : Factors and Operation Methods

The study was aimed at identifying political control factors and how they work in public sport organizations. Through this, we ultimately want to understand the overall political control situation of public sport organizations and lay the foundation for the organization to operate and develop more efficiently. Results from this study are as follows. The results were divided into demographic characteristics, the political control factors and how it works in public sport organizations. Demographic characteristics derived gender, age, department, position, and service years for 10 people. Next is the political control factors and how it works in public sport organizations. The political control factors of public sport organizations are divided into institutional and non-institutional factors. Among the institutional factors were legislation and company regulation, finance, evaluation, audit, and regulation, non-institutional factors such as stakeholders(the person in charge, the head of an organization), circumstances. This political control factors have been shown to operate in a compliance and management manner.

Non-institutional Factors in Shaping Rural Elections and Governance in China: a Pragmatist Perspective

What type of micro individual factors may affect rural elections and governance in China? What may affect the dynamics of power politics in rural China? Based on intensive field interviews with rural residents, our research finds a gap between what good governance requires and what fair, competitive elections can provide in rural China. We argue that habits, social skills, and chaxu geju (差序格局) are causal factors that determine the roles and action orientation of elites in rural China, correspondingly shaping the dynamics of power politics in rural areas. Rural elections select the elites who are candidates to govern the countryside; however, the habits, skills, and chaxu geju of rural elites are crucial but neglected factors that can significantly affect the outcome of rural governance. This new theoretical framework which we call a pragmatist theory of agency and power politics is derived from Western pragmatist theory and Chinese indigenous theory. This approach of merging Western theories and Chinese indigenous theories has substantial potential to provide insights into rural politics in contemporary China.

Value-ideological foundations of the development strategy of the modern state

The narrative presented in this article is in the plane of a very relevant sphere of interests within the framework of modern political science, this is the search for “keys” to effective public administration, which is increasingly experiencing crises today, not only in institutional, but also in non-institutional factors, in particular axiological. The question we try to answer is whether values and ideology play a role in the development strategy of a modern state, understood as the result of the key process of state policy and governance which is decision making, and in its implementation. Wherein we take as a starting point the fact that values and ideology are overlapping concepts: values is one of the components of ideology, and ideologies are aimed at forming, perhaps, even first of all, values in people. To find the answer to the posed question, we first of all conduct the detailed analysis of influence of values and ideology on state decision making (forming a state strategy), i.e. at each level of this process — “leadership subsystem”, “network associations of the elite”, representative authorities and executive authorities. Then we look at how values and ideology influence implementation of state decisions, which requires support of society. Having shown that mass consciousness most of all responds exactly to value parameters of a state strategy, we consider three ways of bringing align value bases of a state strategy and values of society. Then, having shown that when broadcasting from state to society, values are usually clothed in the form of one or another ideology, we consider why in modern public politics the role of ideology, in its classical sense, is noticeably decreasing, but in its modern, transformed understanding, on the contrary, it is increasing, which means that state today still has a powerful resource for obtaining public support for implementing its strategies. And finally, we demonstrate that qualities and weight ratio of the named above levels of forming state strategy determine not only meaning of values and ideology in this process, but also consideration of public values in it, as well as the real role of the ideology presented to society by a state.

Impacts of Cultural Diversity on Carbon Emission Effects: From the Perspective of Environmental Regulations.

Cultural diversity is an issue not considered too often in traditional research on the influencing factors of carbon emission reduction to give full play to the effective participation of micro subjects in environmental regulation and to achieve the carbon emission reduction target. Aiming at the cultural diversity of micro subjects, this paper introduces the provincial dynamic index of cultural diversity and, from the perspective of environmental regulation, combines environmental regulation types such as energy regulation, economic regulation, and administrative regulation, to empirically study the impact of cultural difference on carbon emission reduction. We found that cultural diversity had a significant negative impact on carbon emission effects, and there is a one-way Granger causality between the two. Cultural diversity and environmental regulations exerted a synergistic impact on carbon emission effects. Through specific mechanism tests, the intermediary effect of environmental regulations was confirmed. Cultural diversity influenced carbon emission effects through the mediation of environmental regulations. From the perspective of the refined characteristics of different regions, possible cultural diversity in the southern region and regional energy consumption characteristics significantly affected carbon emission effects. On the basis of the conclusions reached in this empirical research, we put forward the following policy suggestions: emphasis should be placed on the function of culture and other non-institutional factors in the practice of environmental regulations; bottom-up environmental protection incentives must be strengthened, and required expression channels should be perfected; the role of various environmental regulations must be given full play in the process of carbon emission reduction.

Migration history, hukou status, and urban household consumption

Under China’s household registration system, aka the hukou system, people have urban or rural hukou. Urban hukou generally provides more public service and welfare than rural hukou, and there is a barrier for getting an urban hukou unless one is endowed with urban hukou by birth. From 2014, China speeds up the hukou system reform. Rural-to-urban migrants can change their hukou status to urban through various channels and become the Nong-Zhuan-Fei. Meanwhile, public service covers a broader population than before. Existing literature attributes the suppressed consumption level of migrants to the constraints of the hukou system. However, noninstitutional factors are also crucial in explaining this phenomenon, considering the new laws and regulations of hukou system reform. We use Nong-Zhuan-Fei as a unique benchmark to identify the institutional and noninstitutional effects on household consumption. Urban hukou and its associated institutional restriction make Nong-Zhuan-Fei households consume (per capita) 2.4% more than “comparable” rural homes. The country life experience and consumption habits make both Nong-Zhuan-Fei and rural hukou city residents taking more conspicuous consumptions than native urban households. There is no significant difference in overall expenditures between Nong-Zhuan-Fei and native urban homes, but Nong-Zhuan-Fei households put more weights on conspicuous consumptions than pragmatic consumptions.