Non-industrialized Communities Research Articles

Gut microbiomes of agropastoral children from the Adadle region of Ethiopia reflect their unique dietary habits

The composition and function of the intestinal microbiota are major determinants of human health and are strongly influenced by diet, antibiotic treatment, lifestyle and geography. Nevertheless, we currently have only little data on microbiomes of non-westernized communities. We assess the stool microbiota composition in 59 children aged 2–5 years from the Adadle district of Ethiopia, Somali Regional State. Here, milk and starch-rich food are predominant components of the local diet, where the inhabitants live a remote, traditional agropastoral lifestyle. Microbiota composition, function and the resistome were characterized by both 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing and compared to 1471 publicly available datasets from children living in traditional, transitional, and industrial communities with different subsistence strategies. Samples from the Adadle district are low in Bacteroidaceae, and Prevotellaceae, the main bacterial representatives in the feces of children living in industrialized and non-industrialized communities, respectively. In contrast, they had a higher relative abundance in Streptococcaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae. Further, genes involved in degradation pathways of lactose, d-galactose and simple carbohydrates were enriched. Overall, our study revealed a unique composition of the fecal microbiota of these agropastoral children, highlighting the need to further characterize the fecal bacterial composition of human populations living different lifestyles.

What We Do for Food

Food is essential for survival, but how humans obtain and manage it is regulated socially. The life of Neolithic and other non-industrial communities depended on environmental variations – temperature patterns and precipitation. For farming communities, even minor changes in those patterns could have led to periods of food scarcity. In order to overcome and prepare for periods of scarcity, non-industrial communities applied different social buffering strategies. In this paper, the social buffering strategies Early/Middle Neolithic Starčevo and Late Neolithic Vinča culture communities applied in overcoming the environmental variability are tested and the most plausible ones are considered.

Cultural Conflict in Technology Transfer to Non-Industrial Communities: A Critique of Ihde's Ideas

Societies today have come closer together as a result of the development of communication technologies and the greater ease with which business is transacted. Consequently, technological tools and devices are being transferred from industrial societies to other countries at dazzling speeds. The transfer of technology to non-industrialized societies with their own histories, civilizations, and backgrounds has led to the emergence of cultural issues and conflicts that are specific to the modern period and that had not existed prior to this period. In this article, we have reviewed the ideas of Don Ihde, a leading contemporary philosopher who has done much work in the field of the philosophy of technology and the relationship between technology and society. Using Don Ihde's work, we have striven to solve the problem of technology and culture interaction in the global periphery. We start by giving an account of Don Ihde's general view of the major relation between culture and technology, and proceed to an analysis of Ihde's ideas on the problem of cultural conflict in non-industrial countries. Having provided a critique of Ihde's ideas, we conclude that his answers to the problem are useful but incomplete.

Personality structure in east and west Africa: Lexical studies of personality in Maa and Supyire-Senufo.

The field of psychology relies heavily on evidence from North America and Northern Europe. Universally applicable models require input from around the globe. Indigenous lexical studies of personality, which define the most salient person-descriptive concepts and their structure in a population, provide this. Such results are reported from two nonindustrialized communities, representing 2 of the 3 main language families of Africa, in groups with differing cultural characteristics. Maasai participants, traditionally herders in rural Kenya and Tanzania, have a highly structured, traditional culture. Supyire-Senufo participants are traditional horticulturalists in Mali. The 203 most common person-descriptive terms in Maasai were administered to 166 participants, who described 320 persons (166 highly regarded, 154 less so). The optimal emic solution included 5 factors: virtue/moral-character, debilitation/vulnerability, boldness/surgency, hubris/pride, and timidity. In the Maasai context, descriptions of well-regarded individuals were exceptionally uniform, suggesting the role of personality language in norm socialization in tight, traditional cultures. In Supyire, 115 participants used 208 person-descriptive terms to describe 227 targets (half highly regarded). The optimal emic solution included 10 factors: social self-regulation, well-being, vitality/resilience, broadmindedness, diligence versus laziness, madness, stubbornness versus attractiveness, acceptance versus discontent, hurry/worry, and peacefulness. The best convergence between the languages was at the 3-factor level, where factors relate to moral character, low agreeableness coupled with high extraversion, and emotional stability. Beginning with the 4-factor level, content related to local cultural characteristics became apparent. In both languages, 2-factor solutions matched the Big Two, but 3-, 5-, and 6-factor solutions failed to overlap with etic Pan-Cultural Three, Big Five, or Big Six models. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Variation in the Protein Composition of Human Milk during Extended Lactation: A Narrative Review.

The aim of this review is to evaluate changes in protein parameters in the second year postpartum. There is considerable agreement among authors about the declining trend of human milk protein concentrations, but most research on protein content in breast milk focuses on the first year of life and comes from developed countries. Whereas this is the case for exclusive breastfeeding or for breastfeeding into the first year of life, the opposite applies to weaning or extended breastfeeding. This review is predominantly based on observational epidemiological evidence and on comparative research linking breast milk composition with cutting down on breastfeeding. Studies dating back several decades have shown an increase in the proportion of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and serum albumin during weaning. According to the limited data available, it seems likely that the regulation of milk protein composition during involution can be ascribed to alterations in tight junctions. In studies on humans and other mammalian species, offspring suckle more from mothers that produce more dilute milk and the increase in milk protein concentration is positively correlated to a decrease in suckling frequency during weaning. High milk protein contents were first reported in nonindustrial communities where breastfeeding is sustained the longest, but recent papers from urbanized communities have taken credit for rediscovering the increase in protein content of human milk that becomes evident with prolonged breastfeeding. This review presents an overview of the changes in breast milk protein parameters in the second year postpartum to enable milk banks’ practitioners to make informed nutritional decisions on preterm infants.

Burden of disease attributable to vitamin A deficiency in Iranian population aged less than five years: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010

BackgroundVitamin A deficiency (VAD) is considered as one of the most serious public health concerns in developing countriesand the leading cause of mortality in under-five-year-old children.A large number of young children and pregnant women especially in low-income, non-industrialized communities are more susceptible to VAD. This study aims to report the burden of disease (BOD) attributable to VAD in Iranian population aged less than 5 years by using data of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2010.MethodsThe GBD 2010 study calculated the proportion of deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to VAD by using the comparative risk assessment (CRA). VAD defined as low serum retinol concentrations (plasma retinol concentration < 0.70 umole/L) among children aged less than five. The VAD outcomes consisted of mortality due to diarrhea, measles, malaria, neglected infectious diseases, morbidity due to malaria (children < 5 years), low birth weight and other perinatal conditions. Uncertainty in the estimates is presented as 95% uncertainty interval (UI).ResultsIn 1990, there were 371 (95% UI: 166,665) DALYs due to VAD per 100,000 under five-year-old Iranian children in both sexes. The DALYs rate had a downward trend throughout the following years and reached to 76 (95% UI: 33–139)in 2010.The DALYs in children aged under 5 years was 378 (95% UI: 153–747) years for boys and 363 (95% UI: 148–692) years for girls in 1990 which fell to 79 (95% UI: 32–149) and 73 (95% UI: 29–138) in boys and girls in 2010, respectively. The rates of YLDs attributable to VAD changed in both sexes from 87(95% UI: 34–162) in 1990 to 46 (95% UI: 17–69) in 2010. The highest rate of YLDs attributed to VAD was observed in children aged 1–4. On the other hand, the YLLs were mostly in the 0–1-year-oldchildren in all years except 2010.ConclusionIt was found that DALYs attributable to VAD in 1990, followed by a considerable reduction rate after a period of two decades, in 2010. Additional studies on the burden of diseases particularly at sub-national level with more accurate data are recommended.

Linking Exposure Assessment Science With Policy Objectives for Environmental Justice and Breast Cancer Advocacy: The Northern California Household Exposure Study

We compared an urban fence-line community (neighboring an oil refinery) and a nonindustrial community in an exposure study focusing on pollutants of interest with respect to breast cancer and environmental justice. We analyzed indoor and outdoor air from 40 homes in industrial Richmond, California, and 10 in rural Bolinas, California, for 153 compounds, including particulates and endocrine disruptors. Eighty compounds were detected outdoors in Richmond and 60 in Bolinas; Richmond concentrations were generally higher. Richmond's vanadium and nickel levels indicated effects of heavy oil combustion from oil refining and shipping; these levels were among the state's highest. In nearly half of Richmond homes, PM(2.5) exceeded California's annual ambient air quality standard. Paired outdoor-indoor measurements were significantly correlated for industry- and traffic-related PM(2.5), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, elemental carbon, metals, and sulfates (r = 0.54-0.92, P < .001). Indoor air quality is an important indicator of the cumulative impact of outdoor emissions in fence-line communities. Policies based on outdoor monitoring alone add to environmental injustice concerns in communities that host polluters. Community-based participatory exposure research can contribute to science and stimulate and inform action on the part of community residents and policymakers.

Spatial and Temporal Trends of Air Pollutants in Industrial and Nonindustrial Communities

Spatial and Temporal Trends of Air Pollutants in Industrial and Nonindustrial Communities

Migrant farm workers and their families: Cultural patterns and delivery of care in the United States

Migrant farm workers and their families represented a critical labour pool in the planting and harvesting of agricultural products in the United States, yet their diminished health status parallel many non‐industrialized communities. The interaction of social, political, environmental and financial obstacles severely restrict access to health care among this community who often perceive insurmountable barriers to navigating the health‐care system. Through the provision of a culturally competent and sensitive assessment, community health nurses and other health providers can positively impact on health outcomes by incorporating the unique health beliefs and practices of this vulnerable population into a mutually defined plan of care.

Effects of Low-Level Winter Air Pollution Concentrations on Respiratory Health of Dutch Children

During three consecutive winters acute effects of air pollution on respiratory health of more than 1000 children living in four nonindustrial communities in the Netherlands have been investigated. Each child performed between 6 and 10 pulmonary function tests on predetermined days. The occurrence of acute respiratory symptoms in the children was registered in a daily diary filled out by the parents of the children for periods of 3 months. Exposure to air pollution was characterized by the ambient concentration of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, PM 10, fine particle sulfate, fine particle nitrate, and nitrous acid. No major winter air pollution episode occurred during these winters. Concentrations of acid aerosol were low. A weak negative association between the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, PM 10, aerosol sulfate, aerosol nitrate, nitrous acid, and pulmonary function was found. Sulfur dioxide concentration was not associated with pulmonary function. No association of the concentration of the measured pollutants with daily incidence and prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms was found.

Social Density and Public Ritual in Non-Industrial Communities

An implication of Durkheimian theory—that different types of rites and the elaborateness of public rituals are determined by social density—is empirically tested, using data available for 183 non-i...

The pharmaceutical industry and health in the third world

This paper considers the impac of the pharmaceutical industry of Third World health care indicating the broad outlines of current debate in the field. It examines the structure and characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry and the markets for its products. It then discusses the nature of the health problems particular to the poorer nonindustrialized communities and the relevance of drugs and their makers. Possible ways towards and more productive pattern of relationships are explored. A major impetus for the development of the pharmaceutical industry was an econmic crisis which drove the industry to attempts at diversification. Other important factors were also at work: migration from rural to urban areas; development of technology; and disconery of the causes of disease. The developing countries account for only 15-20% of global drug consumption as measured in manufacturers price terms. Overall most countries in the world spend on average 0.7-0.8% of their GNPs on medicaines. A number of elements are likely to prove common to any successful process of helth and wealth development. These include: increases in literacy rates; the establishment of accepted systems of social and political organization; the creation of effective transport and communication systems; the provision of clean water supplies and sanitation provisions; and the build-up of effective primary and 2ndary health care. The role of medicines and vaccines in deprived communites is 3-fold: they can help prevent illnesses e.g. as with immunization; pharamaceuticals may be directly curative; they may alleviate pain and other sumptoms. As far as improvement of the access of poor world rural and peri-urban populations to essential drugs is concerned 3 of the most vital necessary conditions are: the establishment of universally available primary health care facilities; an efficient secure system of transporting medicines from factories airports and docks to health facilities; and proper purchasing agreements.

Population pressure, internal migration, and process of "modernization" in a rural community (Selånger) in Northern Sweden 1860-1910

This article deals with historical (1860-1910) rural-rural rural-industrial and rural-urban migration on [the] parish level in northern Sweden. The focus of the study is on a nonindustrial community Selanger which is located in close proximity to an urban industrial zone. The author discusses the factors involved in the modernization process of Selanger and the connection between this process and migration. Tabular data are included on population change and growth in Selanger 1860-1910; population change in other parishes and in the country as a whole 1875-1910; and Selangers in- and out-migration and net migration 1861-1910. (EXCERPT)

Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin levels in residents living in industrial and nonindustrial communities

Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin concentrations were compared in residents living in an industrial (Cleveland, Ohio) and a nonindustrial community (Elyria, Ohio). Carboxyhemoglobin levels were significantly higher among both male and female smokers and nonsmokers in Cleveland as compared to their counterparts in Elyria. Male smokers at both sites had significantly higher carboxyhemoglobin values than did the females. Methemoglobin levels were significantly higher in the nonindustrial site for all breakdowns even though ambient NO 2 and NO 3 levels were higher in the industrial site. The high methemoglobin levels are attributed to the higher nitrate levels in the drinking water in the nonindustrial city. In the industrial city, both male and female smokers had significantly higher methemoglobin values than nonsmokers. These differences were not found in the nonindustrial site. It is suggested that methemoglobin has physiological importance and in combination with carboxyhemoglobin elevated values could be a health factor.

Women and the Trade Union Movement in New South Wales: 1890-1900

This paper focuses on the period 1880 to 1900, and sets out to docu ment how female workers in N.S.W. were gradually drawn into organised struggle.1 Up to the 'eighties female involvement in the union move ment had been either negligible or nil. At least two factors had con tributed to their absence. First, the dominant ideology?which identified woman's place as being within the home?percolated through class barriers, and was as strong within the Labour Movement as anywhere else. The 'bourgeois family ideal'2 was widely subscribed to within N.S.W. from at least 1850 because males enjoyed relatively high wage levels; the disparity in wages between skilled and unskilled workers was small;3 and the structure of the economy was such that there were rela tively few opportunities for women to engage in social production. Second, prior to 1870 unionism was confined to 'the skilled trades of a non-industrial community'.4 Unionism amongst the unskilled generally, and not just women, was limited. It was only during the 'seventies and 'eighties that workers who had been outside craft organisation started to enter the trade union movement.

Some Aspects of Water Pricing in Non-Industrial Communities

Some Aspects of Water Pricing in Non-Industrial Communities

Pattern of cancer in industrialized and non-industrialized communities

Pattern of cancer in industrialized and non-industrialized communities

The International Industrial Situation and British Problems

ANY theories on the subject of the international industrial situation must be based largely on conjecture, for the evidence available at this stage provides an insufficient basis for a reliable judgment. To the inevitable disruption caused by war has been added the statistical black-out. Thus in many respects one is bound to form one's conclusions not on reliable facts, but on one's own limited observations interpreted in the light of one's own experience and judgment. In one respect, at least, I think the background is clear; that is the widespread demand among those nations which have hitherto been mainly concerned with the production of agricultural and other primary commodities, for increased industrialization. The reasons for this are, I think, fairly obvious. There is the belief that industrialization makes for national. wealth and prosperity, as evidenced by the industrial wealth created in this country and the United States. Next there is the natural desire of the people of each country for a much wider choice of occupation than can be offered in a non-industrial community and, finally, the risk of being dependent upon other countries for supplies of essential manufactures has received great emphasis from the war. Countries which have been in the habit of getting their manufactures from Europe, England and the United States, have suffered serious shortages. of essential commodities which they are not likely to forget. In my opinion, these reasons are too compelling to give grounds for hope that we shall be able to talk the countries in question out of their policy for increased industrialization. We are therefore faced with a situation in which the agricultural nations are out for increased industrialization, and the industrial nations like ourselves are out for a prosperous agriculture, and this is bound to affect the exchange of commodities. Unless this policy is carried to unreasonable lengths, I believe that the more advanced nations will actually benefit from it. Before the war, Great Britain and others were suffering from the competition of low-standard-of-living nations in the basic industries-a challenge to which they really had no reply. May I take the case of cotton as an example. Neither the superior skill of our workpeople nor the technical knowledge of our manufacturers could enable us to compete in the simpler styles with Japanese or Indians equipped with the most up-todate machines. These simpler styles were the bulk trade on which a verygreat number of our people were employed; its loss came too quickly to enable labour adjustments to be made and caused unemployment and distress on a large scale. People went on kicking against the pricks, and< selling below cost to meet this hopeless competition, thus getting deeper

Incentives to work in Primitive Communities

in the broadest sense, including the interests of one's family, friends or other group, is the motivation of labor in all societies. In EuroAmerican urban societies this self-interest operates largely through money acquisition and exchange. In pre-literate societies and also in rural, non-industrialized communities on all cultural levels, self-interest operates largely through conforming to community values, following prescribed rituals or magical beliefs, and maintaining valued personal relationships and esteem. Self-interest is differently defined by different cultures, in terms of goals; and by different castes and classes, in partly quantitative terms-ceilings and floors of aspiration. [Ed.]