Nonhuman Subjects Research Articles

Inside a jaguar's jaws

AbstractInspired by the case of a jaguar raised as a pet by some paramilitary warlords, this article discusses how armed conflict encompasses more‐than‐human realities, becoming a hybrid experience capable of dislocating the borders between environmental and social processes, predation and warfare, human and nonhuman agency, and subjects and objects. It draws attention to a pervasive form of damage—afterlives—that stays with people in ways that compel us to reconsider wartime and the delivery of justice in places, such as traditional Afro‐Colombian territories, that are palpably made of entangled relationships between the human and nonhuman.

Translational In Vivo Assays in Behavioral Biology.

The failure of preclinical research to advance successful candidate medications in psychiatry has created a paradigmatic crisis in psychiatry. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative was designed to remedy this situation with a neuroscience-based approach that employs multimodal and cross-species in vivo methodology to increase the probability of translational findings and, consequently, drug discovery. The present review underscores the feasibility of this methodological approach by briefly reviewing, first, the use of multidimensional and cross-species methodologies in traditional behavioral pharmacology and, subsequently, the utility of this approach in contemporary neuroimaging and electrophysiology research-with a focus on the value of functionally homologous studies in nonhuman and human subjects. The final section provides a brief review of the RDoC, with a focus on the potential strengths and weaknesses of its domain-based underpinnings. Optimistically, this mechanistic and multidimensional approach in neuropsychiatric research will lead to novel therapeutics for the management of neuropsychiatric disorders.

The Effects of Chronic Naltrexone on Reinstatement of Opioid-Induced Drug-Seeking Behavior and Antinociception.

Opioid addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder in which drug-seeking behavior during abstinence can be provoked by exposure to a µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist or opioid-associated cues. Opioid self-administration behavior in laboratory subjects can be reinstated by priming with MOR agonists or agonist-related stimuli, providing a procedure suitable for relapse-related studies. The opioid antagonist naltrexone has been forwarded as a medication that can forestall relapse and, in an extended-release formulation, has demonstrated some treatment success. However, chronic naltrexone treatment has not been extensively investigated in nonhuman subjects and aspects of its pharmacology remain uncertain. For example, the relative effectiveness of naltrexone in reducing the priming strength of opioid agonists differing in efficacy is not well understood. Here, using intravenous self-administration and warm-water tail withdrawal procedures, we investigated changes in the direct reinforcing effects of oxycodone and in the priming strength and antinociceptive effects of opioid agonists in squirrel monkeys (n = 4) during chronic treatment with naltrexone (0.2 mg/kg/d). Results show that naltrexone produced: 1) a 10-fold rightward shift in the dose-response function for the reinforcing effects of oxycodone, and 2) in reinstatement and antinociception experiments, comparable rightward shifts in the dose-response functions for higher-efficacy MOR agonists (methadone, heroin, and oxycodone) but rightward and downward shifts in the dose-response functions for lower-efficacy MOR agonists (buprenorphine, nalbuphine, and butorphanol). These results suggest that, although chronic naltrexone should be effective in forestalling relapse following exposure to lower- and higher-efficacy agonists, the inability of lower-efficacy agonists to surmount naltrexone antagonism may complicate the prescription of opioids for pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although naltrexone is commonly used in the treatment of opioid use disorder, its ability to reduce the priming strength of opioid agonists has not been extensively investigated. This study shows that chronic naltrexone treatment induces rightward shifts in the reinstatement and antinociceptive properties of higher efficacy opioid agonists, but rightward and downward shifts for lower efficacy opioid agonists, suggesting lower efficacy agonists may not be able to surmount naltrexone-induced antagonism of these two effects, and perhaps naltrexone offers greater protection against lower efficacy agonists.

Systemic Review: Neurological Deficits following Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (VPS) Insertion.

A reduction in fluid absorption or an obstruction of normal outflow is a common cause of hydrocephalus. It typically requires medical attention, which frequently entails the placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) to lower intracranial pressure. We intend to list the few, documented examples of neurological impairments resulting from the installation of a VPS in this systematic study. Two search engines (PubMed and Cochrane) were used to conduct a systematic review from 1975 to December 12, 2021. The following search terms were employed: neurological deficits or neurological injury or palsies or thalamus or tract or longitudinal fasciculus or somatotropy or fasciculus or hearing loss or hemisensory or cortico AND ventriculoperitoneal shunt or VPS AND hydrocephalus. The inclusion criteria included VPS, neurological deficits, and human participants. The exclusion criteria included ventriculoarterial shunt, lumboperitoneal shunt, nonhuman subjects, and infection. Twenty trials in total, including a total of 25 patients, were included. There were 17 case report studies. A total of 35/785 patients (4.46%) experienced neurological impairments. In 9/25 (36%) of shunt cases had one of the three recognized causes: trapped fourth ventricle, dandy walker, or syringomyelia. Most of the patients developed VI, VII nerve palsies 11/25 (44%) followed by weakness, cerebellar symptoms, and VI nerve palsy. The brainstem was seen to be the most often injured structure (15/25; 60%), followed by deep brain structures (thalamus, basal ganglia, and white matter tracts; 20%). Even though ventriculoperitoneal shunting is a routine and straightforward treatment, issues can still arise. Although rare, there have been reports of cranial nerve impairments, therefore care should be taken.

Stress, associative learning, and decision-making

Exposure to acute and chronic stress has significant effects on the basic mechanisms of associative learning and memory. Stress can both impair and enhance associative learning depending on type, intensity, and persistence of the stressor, the subject’s sex, the context that the stress and behavior is experienced in, and the type of associative learning taking place. In some cases, stress can cause or exacerbate the maladaptive behavior that underlies numerous psychiatric conditions including anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorder, and others. Therefore, it is critical to understand how the varied effects of stress, which may normally facilitate adaptive behavior, can also become maladaptive and even harmful. In this review, we highlight several findings of associative learning and decision-making processes that are affected by stress in both human and non-human subjects and how they are related to one another. An emerging theme from this work is that stress biases behavior towards less flexible strategies that may reflect a cautious insensitivity to changing contingencies. We consider how this inflexibility has been observed in different associative learning procedures and suggest that a goal for the field should be to clarify how factors such as sex and previous experience influence this inflexibility.

Control of Transition Time by the Likely Future as Signalled from the Past in Children with ASD

The signaling perspective offers an alternative to the Skinnerian view of understanding behavior. The signaling effects of reinforcers have predominantly been explored in the laboratory with nonhuman subjects. To test the implications of this view for applied behavior analysis, we contrasted the effect of discriminative stimulus versus reinforcer control in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We aimed to determine whether the duration of their transitions from one reinforcer context to another is controlled by their most recent past or the likely future based on more extended past experience. Reinforcer context (rich, moderate, or lean) was signaled in the first condition. We observed that transition times to the leaner reinforcer were longer than those to the richer. The reinforcer context was unsignaled in the second condition. The differences between transition times disappeared in the second condition. The difference in durations of transitions to signaled and unsignaled reinforcer densities suggests that behavior is primarily controlled by signals of likely future reinforcers as extrapolated from extended past experience rather than strengthened by the most recent event.

Influential literature regarding proximal junctional kyphosis: A bibliometric review

Study designRetrospective review. ObjectiveThis bibliometric review summarizes the publication trends and critical information about the most cited Proximal Junction Kyphosis (PJK) articles. BackgroundData: Proximal junctional kyphosis is frequently diagnosed after spinal fusion surgery. However, there continues to be heavy debate regarding the definition, incidence, risk factors, and treatment of this disorder. MethodsNine hundred eleven articles were found when searching The Web of Science database with the keywords “Proximal junctional kyphosis” and “proximal junctional failure.” The 200 top-cited articles were reviewed and screened to ensure PJK was discussed. The articles were filtered based on the highest to lowest number of citations, and the top 50 articles were chosen. Inclusion criteria included articles that contained a discussion of PJK and outcomes after surgery. Exclusion criteria included articles without mentioning PJK, or that studied non-human subjects. The 50 most cited articles were sorted by level of evidence and their classification for analysis. ResultsThe 50 most cited articles in this study were published a total of 6056 times. These articles were cited 71–413 times in the literature, with publications from 1994 to 2018. Most of the top 50 articles (64%) were published in the USA. Specifically, HSS and Washington University are the institutions with the most contributions to the publication of the most cited articles on PJK (n = 16). Lenke was the author that contributed to most publications in the top 50 articles on PJK. ConclusionThis study provides a framework for the most cited articles published on PJK. Most articles on this topic were in the category of clinical outcomes (36%) and were of a level of evidence III (46%). Most of the top-cited articles came from the journal Spine (68%) and were published in the USA (64%). These top-cited papers are essential to understanding this critical trending topic in spine surgery. Level of evidenceIII.

A certified de-identification system for all clinical text documents for information extraction at scale.

Clinical notes are a veritable treasure trove of information on a patient's disease progression, medical history, and treatment plans, yet are locked in secured databases accessible for research only after extensive ethics review. Removing personally identifying and protected health information (PII/PHI) from the records can reduce the need for additional Institutional Review Boards (IRB) reviews. In this project, our goals were to: (1) develop a robust and scalable clinical text de-identification pipeline that is compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule for de-identification standards and (2) share routinely updated de-identified clinical notes with researchers. Building on our open-source de-identification software called Philter, we added features to: (1) make the algorithm and the de-identified data HIPAA compliant, which also implies type 2 error-free redaction, as certified via external audit; (2) reduce over-redaction errors; and (3) normalize and shift date PHI. We also established a streamlined de-identification pipeline using MongoDB to automatically extract clinical notes and provide truly de-identified notes to researchers with periodic monthly refreshes at our institution. To the best of our knowledge, the Philter V1.0 pipeline is currently the first and only certified, de-identified redaction pipeline that makes clinical notes available to researchers for nonhuman subjects' research, without further IRB approval needed. To date, we have made over 130 million certified de-identified clinical notes available to over 600 UCSF researchers. These notes were collected over the past 40 years, and represent data from 2757016 UCSF patients.

Poster 351: Relation Between Femoral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tunnel Orientation and Anterolateral Ligament Tunnel Collision in a 3D-CT Model

Poster 351: Relation Between Femoral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tunnel Orientation and Anterolateral Ligament Tunnel Collision in a 3D-CT Model

메타버스를 활용한 한국어교육 연구 동향 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the trend of Korean language education research using the metaverse.
 Methods Domestic academic papers published before April 1, 2023 were searched as keywords related to metaverse. The contents of the papers were reviewed and 26 papers were selected excluding duplicate papers. Next, research trends were analyzed and the results were discussed by setting analysis criteria such as year, research method, research object, research subject, and use of metaverse.
 Results Research on Korean language education using metaverse began in 2013 and the number of studies increased rapidly in 2022. Integrated research methods were most frequently used, and studies on non-human subjects and Korean learners at all levels for general purposes were actively conducted. The most research was conducted on the subject of teaching and learning methods, and there were many studies related to real-time online classes using the virtual world metaverse platform.
 Conclusions It is necessary to study how to educate various learners on language knowledge and language functions using metaverse and develop general design principles. In addition, research on the effectiveness of Korean language education using metaverse should be conducted, and discussions on teachers' TPCK(Technology Pedagogical Content Knowledge) and teacher education are needed. Finally, research on educational materials, curriculum, and evaluation suitable for the characteristics of the metaverse should be conducted.

Blood glucose control in the burn intensive care unit: A narrative review of literature

Burn survivors undergoing complex glycemic derangements in the acute period after burn are at significantly increased risk of worse outcomes. Although most critical care investigations recommend intensive glycemic control to prevent morbidity and mortality, conflicting recommendations exist. To date, no literature review has studied outcomes associated with intensive glucose control in the burn intensive care unit (ICU) population. This review addresses this gap to improve practice guidelines and support further research regarding glycemic control. This is a narrative review of literature utilizing PubMed for articles published at any time. Inclusion criteria were English studies describing glucose management in ICU adult burn patients. Studies involving pediatric patients, non-human subjects, care non-ICU care, case reports, editorials, and position pieces were excluded. Our literature search identified 2154 articles. Full text review of 61 articles identified eight meeting inclusion criteria. Two studies reported mortality benefit of intensive glucose control ( mg/dL) compared to controls ( mg/dL), while two studies showed no mortality differences. Three studies reported reduced infectious complications such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, sepsis, and bacteremia. A majority of the studies (6/8) reported higher risk for hypoglycemia with tight glucose control, but few reported instances of adverse sequela associated with hypoglycemia. Intensive glucose control may provide benefit to burn patients, but complications associated with hypoglycemia must be considered. This review recommends an individualized patient-centered approach factoring comorbidities, burn injury characteristics, and risk factors when determining whether to employ intensive glucose control.

Penetapan Alam Sebagai Subjek Hukum

Abstract: Legal subjects who are believed to be the holders of rights and obligations in fact, over time always experience expansion or development. After women were recognized as having legal status and corporations as non-human legal subjects, a new legal subject emerged, namely: nature. Ecuador gave the rights to nature that were embedded in the 2008 constitutional amendments, the Whanganui River in New Zealand was recognized as a legal subject with representatives of the Maori tribe, and the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers and their attributes through a decision in HC Uttarakhand India established them as legal subjects. These three legal precedents are important breakthroughs in the concept of "legal entity". Apart from that, it is also an alternative to the stalemate problem of natural destruction and environmental crisis, so that with this the determination of nature as a legal subject cannot be avoided. Purpose: Research with the aim of knowing how to determine nature as a legal subject. Where this writing should be able to contribute to the uniqueness of the science of law especially in international law moreover this research can also contribute ideas so that it can become input and/or reference for practitioners, and public officials in decision-making, environmental activists, and all human beings who care for the balance of nature. Design/Methodology/Approach: This legal research is normative legal research. The approach used is a statute approach, a case approach, and a comparative approach. Findings: Based on historical facts, the subject of law has always been and will continue to experience expansion. After women and corporations were recognized as legal subjects several decades ago, it is now nature's turn to gain recognition as an entity holding rights and obligations. This is due to a paradigm shift in the relationship between humans and nature. The view of humans as the center of nature "anthropocentrism" is replaced with a view of deep ecology represented by ecocentrism and biocentrism environmental ethics. In essence, this view leads to the recognition of equality for every living thing or ecological justice. Originality/Value: There is no research that discusses nature as a legal subject, so this is new research.

Parkinson's Disease: Exploring Different Animal Model Systems.

Disease modeling in non-human subjects is an essential part of any clinical research. To gain proper understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of any disease, experimental models are required to replicate the disease process. Due to the huge diversity in pathophysiology and prognosis in different diseases, animal modeling is customized and specific accordingly. As in other neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder coupled with varying forms of physical and mental disabilities. The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are associated with the accumulation of misfolded protein called α-synuclein as Lewy body, and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) area affecting the patient's motor activity. Extensive research has already been conducted regarding animal modeling of Parkinson's diseases. These include animal systems with induction of Parkinson's, either pharmacologically or via genetic manipulation. In this review, we will be summarizing and discussing some of the commonly employed Parkinson's disease animal model systems and their applications and limitations.

A myogenic program is enacted by cardiac protein CSRP3 in human and mouse kidney

Introduction: Cardiac injury with renal injury (acute cardiorenal syndrome) can induce renal fibrosis, but mechanisms by which heart injury signals to kidney are poorly understood. The myocardiocyte differentiation factor cardiac LIM protein (CSRP3) is released into plasma after cardiac injury, and taken up by megalin (Lrp2) in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in vivo. We evaluated the relationship between cardiac injury and renal fibrosis in a mouse model and in human cells by characterizing novel primary culture of human tubular epithelial cells and then testing the hypothesis that CSRP3 alters PTEC transcription of myogenesis, transport, and extracellular matrix genes in vitro and in vivo. Methods: In mice, cardiac arrest (CA) was induced with potassium chloride and resuscitated with epinephrine and chest compressions (CPR) as previously described. SnRNAseq was conducted on mouse kidney cells harvested 24h after CA/CPR and analyzed using Seurat. Research-designated human kidneys were obtained under IRB exemption for non-human subjects research and underwent dissection, digestion and FACS sorting for PTEC selection. hPTEC were passaged up to 4x before transporters were characterized by qPCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence. Recombinant human CSRP3 (Origene) was administered to hPTEC followed by RNASeq and qPCR. CSRP3 (5μg) was retroorbitally injected in mice and renal fibrosis was assessed 7 weeks later. Results: In mice, snRNAseq demonstrated that CA/CPR significantly upregulated muscle cell differentiation ontologies in proximal tubule cells, driven by regulation of 110/162 myogenesis genes. Following FACS sorting for CD10 and CD13, hPTEC were 95% pure PTEC and expressed RNA and protein for PT transporters Lrp2, Aqp1, Slc34a1, and Slc5a2. In hPTEC, CSRP3 induced myogenesis differentiation factor 1 (MyoD1)>30 fold, and 20 myogenesis pathway and extracellular matrix genes. 8/20 genes were coordinately regulated between mouse kidney after CA/CPR and hPTEC after CSRP3. CSRP3 injection caused tubulointerstitial fibrosis in mice (V αSMA /V kidney (%): 1.05 (CSRP3) vs 0.68 (control), n=8/group, p<0.01). Conclusion: hPTEC cultured from research-designated donor kidneys express a PT phenotype. The myocardiocyte differentiation factor CSRP3 causes transcriptional change in hPTEC, resulting in myogenic differentiation which is highly similar to that observed in mouse kidney after CA/CPR with coordinate regulation of myogenesis genes. Intravenous administration of CSRP3 to mice causes tubular interstitial fibrosis. Together these data strongly suggest CSRP3 may drive renal fibrosis via the myogenesis pathway. Merit grant I01BX004288-01 This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Rethinking 21st Century Fisheries Management: posthuman multispecies livelihoods approach

The sustainability paradigm in fisheries management is held legitimate to ensure food security and the ability for future generations. Conventional management principles and scientific methods may objectify data and nonhuman subjects in these practices. This paper introduces posthuman philosophies to Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM), and it explore the case of the Columbia sea lion in the Pacific Northwest United States. We offer a multispecies livelihoods perspective as an applied approach to wildlife-human conflict by adhering to the biocultural hierarchies of the region. An era of ecological rehabilitation should focus on coadaptation between human and nonhuman peoples, including that of the Columbia sea lion. Our findings are supported by a 12-month multispecies ethnographic design. They provide robust insight to the phenomenology of salmon-sea lion-human relations. A posthuman multispecies livelihoods approach offers a way forward for fisheries governance and contends that the rights, welfare, and agency of nonhuman individuals and their habitats must be foregrounded.

Modeling and quantifying resurgence in the Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics

McDowell’s Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics (ETBD) has been shown to model a wide range of live organism behavior with excellent descriptive accuracy. Recently, artificial organisms (AOs) animated by the ETBD were shown to replicate the resurgence of a target response following downshifts in the density of reinforcement for an alternative response and across repeated iterations of the traditional three-phase resurgence paradigm in a manner commensurate with nonhuman subjects. In the current investigation, we successfully replicated an additional study that used this traditional three-phase resurgence paradigm with human participants. We fitted two models based on the Resurgence as Choice (RaC) theory to the data generated by the AOs. Because the models had varying numbers of free parameters, we used an information-theoretic approach to compare the models against one another. We found that a version of the Resurgence as Choice in Context model that incorporates aspects of Davison and colleague’s Contingency Discriminability Model provided the best description of the resurgence data emitted by the AOs when accounting for the models’ complexity. Last, we discuss considerations when developing and testing new quantitative models of resurgence that account for the ever-growing literature of resurgence.

Association Between Aggression and Differential Functional Activity of Neural Regions Implicated in Retaliation

The goal of the current study was to determine the extent to which atypical neural responsiveness during retaliation is associated with observed aggression in youth in residential care. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study involved 83 adolescents (56 male and 27 female; mean age, 16.18 years) in residential care performing a retaliation task. Of the 83 adolescents, 42 displayed aggressive behavior within the first 3 months of residential care, whereas 41 did not. During the retaliation task, participants were offered either fair or unfair divisions of $20 pots (allocation phase) and could either accept the offer or reject it, and, by spending $1, $2, or $3, punish the partner (retaliation phase). The study's main findings were that aggressive adolescent showed the following: reduced down-regulation of activity within regions involved in representing the expected value of choice options (left ventromedial prefrontal cortex and left posterior cingulate cortex) as a function of offer unfairness and retaliation level; and reduced recruitment of regions implicated in response control (right inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral anterior insular cortex) and associated fronto-parietal regions as a function of retaliation level. The aggressive adolescents were also significantly more likely to have been aggressive prior to residential care and showed a strong trend for increased retaliation on the task. We suggest that individuals with a greater propensity for aggression show reduced representation of the negative consequences of retaliation and associated reduced recruitment of regions potentially involved in over-ruling these negative consequences to engage in retaliation. We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure sex balance in the selection of non-human subjects. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our reference list. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group.

Carbon fiber ankle-foot orthoses in impaired populations: A systematic review.

Carbon fiber is increasingly being used in ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs). Orthotic devices and carbon fiber-containing devices have been shown to reduce pain and improve function in multiple patient populations. Although the number of publications and interest in carbon fiber AFOs is growing, a systematic evaluation of their effects is lacking. To characterize the effects of carbon fiber AFOs in impaired individuals. Qualitative systematic review. Systematic searches in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were completed in July 2020. The results were deduplicated, screened, and assessed for quality by independent reviewers. Articles were excluded if they had nonhuman subjects, only healthy subjects, or included active control systems, motors, or other power sources. Seventy-eight articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Most articles were of low to moderate methodological quality. Five commonly used devices were identified: the Intrepid Dynamic Exoskeletal Orthosis, ToeOff, WalkOn, Neuro Swing, and Chignon. The devices have unique designs and are associated with specific populations. The Intrepid Dynamic Exoskeletal Orthosis was used in individuals with lower-limb trauma, the Neuro Swing and ToeOff in individuals with neurological disorders, the Chignon in individuals with hemiplegia and stroke, and the WalkOn in people with hemiplegia and cerebral palsy. Each device produced favorable outcomes in their respective populations of interest, such as increased walking speed, reduced pain, or improved balance. The mechanical characteristics and designs of carbon fiber AFOs improve outcomes in the populations in which they are most studied. Future literature should diligently report patient population, device used, and fitting procedures.

Rewilding with the cri in Medieval French Texts: Yvain and Mélusine

Abstract Focusing on two medieval narratives about identity transformation, Yvain and Mélusine, this article explores areas of dialogue between medieval literary studies and current perspectives on sound and rewilding the environment. Sound studies have in recent times enabled a more expansive philosophical reflection on the intersections between language, ecology, and identity. This article uses a friction between philosophical perspectives on the French cri and ecological ‘acoustemology’ to illustrate such reflection. If, as contemporary ecologists suggest, rewilding is a process underscored by careful human management in order to restore landscapes back to a state of wilderness, the same can be said of moments of narrative transformation in medieval texts that are revealed through sound. How might such interpretations of texts offer ways of linking textual modes of rewilding to the transformation of human and nonhuman subjects? To conclude, the article suggests how listening to medieval texts, to their narrative pivots and the changes in the sounds they depict, modifies the way nonhuman identity is discussed in connection with medieval (and non-medieval) literature.

The impact of being Black while living with a chronic condition: Inpatient perspectives.

The impact of being Black while living with a chronic condition: Inpatient perspectives.