non-Hispanic White Respondents Research Articles

Constructing Hate Crimes: Does Respondent's Racial/Ethnic Identity Matter?

This study explores whether and how respondents' racial/ethnic identity affects racial/ethnic hate crime perception, considering the races/ethnicities of the offender and the victim. The data of this study comes from a factorial survey experiment with random vignette assignments among U.S. adults from MTurk (n = 2,021). A set of logistic regression models with robust standard errors was estimated to test the two-way and three-way moderation effects of the races/ethnicities of the offender, victim, and respondent. Results reveal how racial/ethnic groups recognize hate crimes, considering not only the identities of the offenders and victims but also the respondents' own backgrounds. Subgroup analyses further revealed different patterns of racial/ethnic hate crime recognition among minority respondents and non-Hispanic white respondents. Integrating a power-relation perspective and social identity theory, this study concludes that there are racial/ethnic variances in the recognition of racial/ethnic hate crimes, which not only concern the race/ethnicity of the offender and victim but are also related to respondents' identity. Social identity theory partially explains the observations through group image management and ingroup favoritism. Additionally, the perception of racial/ethnic hate crimes is primarily driven by the Majority-Minority pattern, regardless of the group membership. This study calls for further efforts not only in researching the role of race/ethnicity in relation to racial/ethnic hate crime recognition but also in advancing the practice of hate crime reporting and data collection by an enhanced understanding of group identity among individuals as well as law enforcement.

Implicit Black identification among White non-Hispanic respondents and support for Black reparations

Abstract Theories of self-interest and ingroup-favouritism dominate Western thought. They give Black reparations in the US little chance of electoral success while African Americans remain a minority. Could Black reparations become feasible despite this limitation? I propose ‘relational identity theory’, a combination of Simon’s (1993) utility theory as well as Aron and Aron’s (1986) self-expansion theory, as an alternative to theories of self-interest and ingroup-favouritism. The theory allows for the inclusion of an outgroup in the self-concept. An online reaction-time procedure (n = 1,341) suggests that among White non-Hispanic respondents, implicit Black identification is the strongest predictor of support for Black reparations. Pooled reaction-time data from three studies involving 1,594 White non-Hispanic respondents suggests that implicit Black identification is based on feelings of closeness, warmth, and empathic concern for African Americans resembling Black group attachment. Significant implicit Black identifiers among White non-Hispanic respondents fall between Black non-Hispanic and other White non-Hispanic respondents in their race-related political opinions. ‘Relational identity theory’ can help economists, political scientists, and psychologists explain how majority domination (e.g. slavery and Jim Crow in the United States) could be overcome despite the democratic principle of majority rule. The theory suggests that Black reparations might become politically feasible one day.

Nicotine-Containing Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Use in the United States, Stratified by Age, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2021

Background: Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use is prevalent in the United States, especially among youth and young adults. It is important to monitor current ENDS use and identify at-risk groups, particularly among tobacco naïve individuals. Methods: Using data from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we examined the prevalence of past 30-day nicotine/tobacco ENDS use and correlates, stratified by age. Results: The prevalence of past 30-day ENDS use was as follows: ages 12-17 (5.0%), ages 18-20 (13.5%), ages 21-25 (14.6%), ages 26-34 (7.2%), and ages ≥35 (2.5%). Among youth ages 12-17, female respondents were more likely to report past 30-day ENDS use compared to male respondents (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.01-1.97). Among all adult age groups, current cigarette smoking status was associated with an increased likelihood of current ENDS use, versus never smoking. Among all age groups, those reporting non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Other, and Hispanic race/ethnicity had a decreased likelihood of past 30-day ENDS use versus non-Hispanic White respondents, while past-year drug/alcohol use disorder, versus no use disorder, was associated with an increased likelihood of past 30-day ENDS use. Conclusions: ENDS use was most prevalent among young adults and least prevalent among persons ages ≥35. Most youth who reported ENDS use also reported never smoking cigarettes—compared to adults who reported ENDS use, who primarily reported current or former cigarette smoking. Our findings—which have identified characteristics of those most likely to use ENDS products—have the potential to inform screening and targeted intervention efforts aimed at reducing ENDS use.

Youth and young adult flavour expectancies for new ‘non-menthol’ cigarettes introduced following California’s ban on flavoured tobacco products

BackgroundFollowing California’s statewide law prohibiting the sale of flavoured tobacco products, some cigarette brands introduced new variants advertised as non-menthol, yet featuring design and text commonly found in menthol cigarette...

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Diabetes Care Quality in A National Sample of Cancer Survivors Relative to Non-Cancer Controls.

Among cancer survivors, diabetes is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study is to describe racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes care quality (DCQ) among cancer survivors compared to non-cancer controls. We used Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component data (2010-2018). Black, non-Hispanic White (NHW), and Hispanic respondents diagnosed with diabetes and cancer were frequency matched 1:5 to non-cancer controls. Multivariable logistic regression estimated associations for specific indices and overall DCQ by race/ethnicity stratified by cancer site/status in partially adjusted (not controlling for socioeconomic indicators) and fully adjusted models. The final sample of 4775 included cancer survivors (n = 907 all cancers; n = 401 breast; n = 167 colon; n = 339 prostate) and non-cancer controls (n = 3868) matched by age, race/ethnicity, and year. In partially adjusted models, Black (adjusted odds ratio, AOR) 0.67 [95% CI 0.54-0.83]) and Hispanic (AOR 0.68 [95% CI 0.54-0.87]) non-cancer controls had significant disparities for overall DCQ compared to NHWs. Among cancer survivors, DCQ disparities for Black (AOR 0.62, [95% CI 0.4-0.96]) and Hispanics (AOR 0.60, [95% CI 0.38-0.97]) were identified. Among prostate cancer survivors, DCQ disparities were identified for Blacks (AOR 0.38; [95% CI 0.20-0.72]) and Hispanics (AOR 0.39; [95% CI 0.17-0.89]) compared to NHWs. Racial disparities among Black controls and Black prostate cancer survivors remained significant in fully adjusted models. Diabetes care disparities are evident among cancer survivors and salient among non-cancer controls. Strategies to promote health equity should target specific care indices among survivors and emphasize equitable DCQ strategies among Black and Hispanic communities.

Associations Between Sociodemographic Factors And Interest in Remote Patient Monitoring Among Arkansas Residents.

Introduction: Remote patient monitoring (RPM) has the power to transform health care delivery, as it allows for the digital transmission of individual health data to health care professionals, providing the most up-to-date information to be able to make medical decisions. Although RPM use has grown exponentially during the pandemic, there is limited information on the association between sociodemographic characteristics and interest in RPM use in underserved areas of the United States after the onset of the pandemic. Methods: We conducted a survey via random digit dialing of 2201 adults living in Arkansas in March of 2022. Weighted estimates were generated using rank ratio estimation to approximate the 2019 American Community Survey 1-year Arkansas estimates for race/ethnicity, age, and gender. We fit a partial proportional odds model using weighted generalized ordered logistic regression to examine adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for interest in RPM. Predictors included sociodemographic characteristics, nativity, health care access, and self-rated health. Results: Results indicate respondents who were age 60 or older had lower odds of interest in RPM than those between the ages 18-39 (OR = 0.61). Hispanic adults had lower odds of reporting interest in RPM (OR = 0.68), and non-Hispanic adults of other races/ethnicities had lower odds of reporting any interest at all (OR = 0.67) or interest greater than a little (OR = 0.67) in RPM compared with non-Hispanic White respondents. However, respondents who had previously used telehealth had greater odds of reporting higher levels of interest in RPM than those who had not previously used it (OR = 1.93). Discussion: Interest in RPM use is associated with several sociodemographic factors. Future work is needed to understand and address RPM reluctance and to increase interest in RPM among marginalized and underserved populations who may need these services.

Epidemiology of drug arrests in the United States: Evidence from the national survey on drug use and health, 2015–2019

ObjectiveFollowing changes to drug criminalization policies, we re-examine the epidemiology of drug arrests among people who use drugs (PWUD) in the U.S. MethodsSerial cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015–2019) were utilized. Past-year illicit drug use (excluding cannabis) and drug arrests were described by year, area of residence, drug use characteristics and participant demographics. Adjusted associations between race and drug arrest were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. ResultsPast-year illicit drug use remained consistent over time and was highest among non-Hispanic (NH) white respondents. Of those reporting past-year illicit drug use (n = 25,429), prevalence of drug arrests remained stable over time overall and in metro areas while increasing in non-metro areas. Arrests were elevated among NH Black participants and those with lower income, unemployment, housing transience, non-metro area residence, polysubstance use, history of drug injection, substance use dependence and past-year drug selling. Adjusted odds of drug arrest remained significantly higher among NH Black individuals [aOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.30, 2.84]. ConclusionDespite recent shifts away from punitive drug policies, we detected no reduction in drug arrests nationally and increasing prevalence in non-metro areas. Despite reporting the lowest level of illicit substance use and drug selling, NH Black individuals had significantly increased odds of arrest across years. Findings highlight the need for further examination of policy implementation and policing practices in different settings, with more research focused non-metro areas, to address enduring structural racism in drug enforcement and its consequences for health.

History of Incarceration and Dental Care Use Among Older Adults in the United States

IntroductionDental care is a critical component of healthy aging; however, emerging evidence suggests that having been previously incarcerated is a risk factor for not using dental care services. This study investigates the relationship between prior incarceration and dental care among older adults and assesses whether wealth and dental insurance explain this relationship. MethodsData are from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older adults in the United States, collected in 2012 and 2014. Multivariable logistic regression is used to assess the relationship between a history of incarceration and dental care. Mediation analyses were conducted using the Karlson-Holm-Breen method of indirect effects in non-linear models. Statistical analyses were conducted from February to April 2024. ResultsAdjusting for potential confounding variables, a respondent's prior incarceration is associated with a 25% lower odds of dental care use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = .748, 95% CI = .624, .896). The relationship between incarceration and dental care use is fully mediated—over 90% is explained by—wealth and having dental care insurance. Prior incarceration decreased the likelihood of dental care only among non-Hispanic White respondents. ConclusionsThe findings offer new evidence that prior incarceration is a risk factor for lacking the ability to utilize dental care among older adults and suggest that broader consequences of incarceration for wealth accumulation and access to dental insurance underpin this relationship. These results suggest the urgent need to expand access to affordable dental care services for older adults with a history of incarceration.

Coverage and Access Changes During Medicaid Unwinding

States resumed Medicaid eligibility redeterminations, which had been paused during the COVID-19 public health emergency, in 2023. This unwinding of the pandemic continuous coverage provision raised concerns about the extent to which beneficiaries would lose Medicaid coverage and how that would affect access to care. To assess early changes in insurance and access to care during Medicaid unwinding among individuals with low incomes in 4 Southern states. This multimodal survey was conducted in Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Texas from September to November 2023, used random-digit dialing and probabilistic address-based sampling, and included US citizens aged 19 to 64 years reporting 2022 incomes at or less than 138% of the federal poverty level. Medicaid enrollment at any point since March 2020, when continuous coverage began. Self-reported disenrollment from Medicaid, insurance at the time of interview, and self-reported access to care. Using multivariate logistic regression, factors associated with Medicaid loss were evaluated. Access and affordability of care among respondents who exited Medicaid vs those who remained enrolled were compared, after multivariate adjustment. The sample contained 2210 adults (1282 women [58.0%]; 505 Black non-Hispanic individuals [22.9%], 393 Hispanic individuals [17.8%], and 1133 White non-Hispanic individuals [51.3%]) with 2022 household incomes less than 138% of the federal poverty line. On a survey-weighted basis, 1564 (70.8%) reported that they and/or a dependent child of theirs had Medicaid at some point since March 2020. Among adult respondents who had Medicaid, 179 (12.5%) were no longer enrolled in Medicaid at the time of the survey, with state estimates ranging from 7.0% (n = 19) in Kentucky to 16.2% (n = 82) in Arkansas. Fewer children who had Medicaid lost coverage (42 [5.4%]). Among adult respondents who left Medicaid since 2020 and reported coverage status at time of interview, 47.8% (n = 80) were uninsured, 27.0% (n = 45) had employer-sponsored insurance, and the remainder had other coverage as of fall 2023. Disenrollment was higher among younger adults, employed individuals, and rural residents but lower among non-Hispanic Black respondents (compared with non-Hispanic White respondents) and among those receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits. Losing Medicaid was significantly associated with delaying care due to cost and worsening affordability of care. The results of this survey study indicated that 6 months into unwinding, 1 in 8 Medicaid beneficiaries reported exiting the program, with wide state variation. Roughly half who lost Medicaid coverage became uninsured. Among those moving to new coverage, many experienced coverage gaps. Adults exiting Medicaid reported more challenges accessing care than respondents who remained enrolled.

Prevalence of Positive Childhood Experiences Among Adults - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Four States, 2015-2021.

Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) promote optimal health and mitigate the effects of adverse childhood experiences, but PCE prevalence in the United States is not well-known. Using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, this study describes the prevalence of individual and cumulative PCEs among adults residing in four states: Kansas (2020), Montana (2019), South Carolina (2020), and Wisconsin (2015). Cumulative PCE scores were calculated by summing affirmative responses to seven questions. Subscores were created for family-related (three questions) and community-related (four questions) PCEs. The prevalence of individual PCEs varied from 59.5% (enjoyed participating in community traditions) to 90.5% (adult in respondents' household made them feel safe), and differed significantly by race and ethnicity, age, and sexual orientation. Fewer non-Hispanic Black or African American (49.2%), non-Hispanic Alaska Native or American Indian (37.7%), and Hispanic or Latino respondents (38.9%) reported 6-7 PCEs than did non-Hispanic White respondents (55.2%). Gay or lesbian, and bisexual respondents were less likely than were straight respondents to report 6-7 PCEs (38.1% and 27.4% versus 54.7%, respectively). A PCE score of 6-7 was more frequent among persons with higher income and education. Improved understanding of the relationship of PCEs to adult health and well-being and variation among population subgroups might help reduce health inequities.

White partisans’ reactions to real politicians’ tweets framing white supremacy and radical Islam as terrorist threats

ABSTRACT In recent decades, the discussion of terrorist threat in the United States has focused almost exclusively on radical Islam. Now, progressive politicians increasingly talk about white supremacy as a form of terrorism. We explore reactions to this new rhetoric using two survey experiments, in which non-Hispanic white respondents are exposed to real tweets of Democratic and Republican politicians discussing white supremacy and radical Islam as security threats. We formulate two alternative expectations: after seeing messages from Democratic politicians linking white supremacy to terrorism, whites may either diverge in their assessments of Republicans’ anti-Muslim appeals depending on their own partisanship or they may uniformly rate anti-Muslim rhetoric as more acceptable. Both experiments show significant increases in the perceived acceptability of anti-Muslim appeals when they are presented after messages about white supremacy, and these results are driven by white Democrats. Our results highlight the potential side effects of political communication about terrorism.

It's Not Just: Evaluation of a Media Campaign to Motivate Action Around Targeting of Menthol Tobacco in Black Communities.

For more than 60 years, tobacco companies have aggressively marketed menthol tobacco products in Black communities. In 2021, New York State Department of Health-funded grantees launched a media campaign aimed toward civically engaged New York adults to educate and mobilize community action to prevent targeted marketing of menthol tobacco. This study examined audience reactions to the campaign and associations between campaign awareness and key outcomes. Following campaign implementation, we administered 2 online, cross-sectional surveys to 2,000 civically engaged New York adults to assess campaign awareness, audience reactions, and campaign-related attitudes and behaviors. We examined sociodemographic differences in audience reactions and assessed multivariate associations between campaign awareness and key outcomes. Overall, 40% of respondents were aware of the campaign. Perceived advertisement (ad) effectiveness was higher among Black, Hispanic, and nonsmoking respondents and those aware of the campaign. Negative reactions to ads were higher at wave 1, among non-Hispanic White and male respondents, and among current smokers. Campaign awareness was positively associated with campaign-related beliefs. The association between campaign awareness and support for a menthol ban varied by survey wave and race, with positive associations at wave 2 and among non-Hispanic White respondents only. Among wave 2 respondents only, campaign awareness was positively associated with actions to reduce the targeting of menthol in Black communities. Media campaigns can play an important role in raising awareness of menthol tobacco product targeting in Black communities and building public support for local and statewide menthol restrictions that may be implemented before federal product standards are in place.

Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccines Among Pregnant and Recently Pregnant Individuals

Pregnant people and infants are at high risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. Understanding changes in attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant and recently pregnant people is important for public health messaging. To assess attitudinal trends regarding COVID-19 vaccines by (1) vaccination status and (2) race, ethnicity, and language among samples of pregnant and recently pregnant Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) members from 2021 to 2023. This cross-sectional surveye study included pregnant or recently pregnant members of the VSD, a collaboration of 13 health care systems and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Unvaccinated, non-Hispanic Black, and Spanish-speaking members were oversampled. Wave 1 took place from October 2021 to February 2022, and wave 2 took place from November 2022 to February 2023. Data were analyzed from May 2022 to September 2023. Self-reported or electronic health record (EHR)-derived race, ethnicity, and preferred language. Self-reported vaccination status and attitudes toward monovalent (wave 1) or bivalent Omicron booster (wave 2) COVID-19 vaccines. Sample- and response-weighted analyses assessed attitudes by vaccination status and 3 race, ethnicity, and language groupings of interest. There were 1227 respondents; all identified as female, the mean (SD) age was 31.7 (5.6) years, 356 (29.0%) identified as Black race, 555 (45.2%) identified as Hispanic ethnicity, and 445 (36.3%) preferred the Spanish language. Response rates were 43.5% for wave 1 (652 of 1500 individuals sampled) and 39.5% for wave 2 (575 of 1456 individuals sampled). Respondents were more likely than nonrespondents to be White, non-Hispanic, and vaccinated per EHR. Overall, 76.8% (95% CI, 71.5%-82.2%) reported 1 or more COVID-19 vaccinations; Spanish-speaking Hispanic respondents had the highest weighted proportion of respondents with 1 or more vaccination. Weighted estimates of somewhat or strongly agreeing that COVID-19 vaccines are safe decreased from wave 1 to 2 for respondents who reported 1 or more vaccinations (76% vs 50%; χ21 = 7.8; P < .001), non-Hispanic White respondents (72% vs 43%; χ21 = 5.4; P = .02), and Spanish-speaking Hispanic respondents (76% vs 53%; χ21 = 22.8; P = .002). Decreasing confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safety in a large, diverse pregnant and recently pregnant insured population is a public health concern.

Racial And Ethnic Inequities In Postpartum Depressive Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Care In 7 US Jurisdictions.

Understanding whether racial and ethnic inequities exist along the postpartum mental health care continuum is vital because inequitable identification of depression can lead to inequitable referral to and receipt of care. We aimed to expand on existing cross-sectional and single-state data documenting potential racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum depression care. Using early (from two to six months) and late (from twelve to fourteen months) postpartum survey data from seven US jurisdictions, we documented patterns of early postpartum depressive symptoms, perinatal mood and anxiety disorder (PMAD) diagnosis, and receipt of postpartum mental health care overall and by racial and ethnic identity. Of 4,542 people who delivered live births in 2020, 11.8percent reported early postpartum depressive symptoms. Among the sample with these symptoms, only 25.4percent reported receiving a PMAD diagnosis, and 52.8percent reported receiving some form of postpartum mental health care. There were no significant differences in diagnosis by race and ethnicity. Respondents identifying as Asian; Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; Southwest Asian, Middle Eastern, or North African; Hispanic; and non-Hispanic Black were significantly less likely than non-Hispanic White respondents to receive mental health care, demonstrating stark inequities in the management of postpartum depressive symptoms. Policies mandating and reimbursing universal postpartum depression screening, facilitating connection to care, reducing insurance coverage gaps, and enhancing clinician training in culturally responsive care may promote equitable postpartum mental health care.

Abstract 814: Bridging the gap: Informal caregivers' access to information on genetic testing for cancer risk

Abstract Introduction: Cancer risk genetic testing (referred to as genetic testing thereafter) benefits patients by allowing them to make informed behavioral and medical decisions to reduce cancer risk and by facilitating surveillance and earlier detection. Informal caregivers, who often serve as primary advocates for those at risk, play a pivotal role in supporting behavioral and medical decisions based on genetic testing information. Assessing caregivers’ knowledge of genetic testing can guide future interventions supporting informed decision-making to ensure that all groups benefit equally from advances in genetic testing. We examined the association between caregiving and knowledge of genetic testing as well as other individual and socioeconomic factors. Methods: Secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5 Cycle 4). HINTS is a nationally representative survey of adults in the civilian non-institutionalized US population. Exposure variable was caregiving (yes/no) assessed with the question “Are you currently caring for or making health care decisions for someone with a medical, behavioral, disability, or other condition?”. The outcome variable was genetic testing knowledge (yes/no) assessed with the question “have you heard of high-risk cancer genetic testing - e.g., BRCA 1/2". Weighted, multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between caregiving and genetic testing knowledge adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, having a regular provider, rural-urban residence, and self-reported general health status. Results: A total of 3,136 participants aged ≥18 were included in the study, of whom 16.4% were caregivers and 35.9% had heard of genetic testing. In the adjusted analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between caregivers and non-caregivers in relation to genetic testing knowledge (P=0.7881). However, respondents who were ≥65 years old (aOR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.40-0.72) were less likely to have heard about genetic testing compared to those aged 18-49, as were respondents who had no regular provider (aOR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.53-0.95) compared to those with a regular provider. Compared to non-Hispanic White respondents, non-Hispanic Black (aOR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.31-0.66) or Hispanic respondents (aOR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.29-0.68) were less likely to have heard about genetic testing. Female respondents (aOR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.55-2.61) were twice as likely to have heard about genetic testing than their male counterparts. Conclusions: We found that about a third of Americans had heard about genetic testing; patients who were younger, female, White, and those who had access to a regular provider were more likely to be aware of testing. Interventions targeting under-resourced caregivers are urgently needed to promote equity in genetic testing and its benefits. Citation Format: Eric Adjei Boakye, Pranali G. Patel, Chaitali S. Dagli, Sarah Wagoner, Mrudula Nair, Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters, Veronica Bernacchi, Samantha H. Tam. Bridging the gap: Informal caregivers' access to information on genetic testing for cancer risk [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 814.

Public support for and concerns regarding pediatric dose optimization for seizures in emergency medical services: An exception from informed consent (EFIC) trial.

Federal regulations allow exception from informed consent (EFIC) to study emergent conditions when obtaining prospective consent is not feasible. Little is known about public views on including children in EFIC studies. The Pediatric Dose Optimization for Seizures in EMS (PediDOSE) trial implements age-based, standardized midazolam dosing for pediatric seizures. The primary objective of this study was to determine public support for and concerns about the PediDOSE EFIC trial. The secondary objective was to assess how support for PediDOSE varied by demographics. We conducted a mixed-methods study in 20 U.S. communities. Participants reviewed information about PediDOSE before completing an online survey. Descriptive data were generated. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with support for PediDOSE. Reviewers identified themes from free-text response data regarding participant concerns. Of 2450 respondents, 79% were parents/guardians, and 20% had a child with previous seizures. A total of 96% of respondents supported PediDOSE being conducted, and 70% approved of children being enrolled without prior consent. Non-Hispanic Black respondents were less likely than non-Hispanic White respondents to support PediDOSE with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 0.57 (95% CI 0.42-0.75). Health care providers were more likely to support PediDOSE, with strongest support among prehospital emergency medicine clinicians (aOR 5.82, 95% CI 3.19-10.62). Age, gender, parental status, and level of education were not associated with support of PediDOSE. Common concerns about PediDOSE included adverse effects, legal and ethical concerns about enrolling without consent, and potential racial bias. In communities where this study will occur, most respondents supported PediDOSE being conducted with EFIC and most approved of children being enrolled without prior consent. Support was lowest among non-Hispanic Black respondents and highest among health care providers. Further research is needed to determine optimal ways to address the concerns of specific racial and ethnic groups when conducting EFIC trials.

Differences in Time to Reported First Arrest by Race, National Origin, and Immigrant Generation: A Test of Assimilation Theories

This study examines immigrant assimilation theories by focusing on arrest during adolescence and adult life using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, a nationally representative panel study that follows children from adolescence through adulthood. The analysis compares outcomes for the first and second-generation of Mexican origin and other parts of Latin America to third- and fourth-plus generation (1) non-Hispanic white, (2) non-Hispanic black, and (3) Hispanic respondents. This investigation employs survival analyses to account for the timing of arrest and other events (e.g., graduation, childbirth, and employment). Results indicate the first generation, both of Mexican and Other Hispanic origin, are less likely to experience arrest than their higher-generation counterparts, regardless of race/ethnicity of the comparison group.

Unequal loss: Disparities in relational closeness to a COVID-19 death among U.S. older adults.

COVID-19 mortality occurred unevenly across U.S. demographic subgroups, leaving some communities harder hit than others. Black and Hispanic/Latino older adults are among those disproportionately affected by COVID-19 mortality, and in turn, COVID-19 bereavement. Because disparities in COVID-19 mortality may extend to COVID-19 bereavement, it is important to understand the incidence of COVID-19 bereavement among older adults at various degrees of relational closeness (e.g., spouse vs. household member vs. friend). We used the National Social Health and Aging Project (NSHAP) COVID Study to evaluate disparities in loss of a social network member to COVID-19 among U.S. older adults by race/ethnicity, language, and relational closeness. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the likelihood of experiencing a COVID-19 death in one's social network. None of the English-speaking, non-Hispanic White respondents reported the loss of a household member or spouse to COVID-19. English-speaking, non-Hispanic Black and English-speaking, Hispanic older adults were overrepresented in reporting a death at every degree of relational closeness. However, close COVID-19 bereavement was most prevalent among Spanish-speaking older adults of any race. Although Spanish speakers comprised only 4.8% of the sample, half of the respondents who lost a spouse to COVID-19 were Spanish speakers. Language and ethnoracial group disparities persisted after controlling for age, sex, marital status, and education. Known ethnoracial disparities in COVID-19 mortality extend to COVID-19 bereavement among older adults. Because bereavement impacts health, Black, Latino, and Spanish-speaking communities need greater protection and investment to prevent disparities in bereavement from exacerbating disparities in later-life mental and physical health.

State home and community-based services expenditures and unmet care needs in the United States: Has everyone benefitted equally?

To test whether the impacts of Medicaid's Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS) expenditures have been equitable. This is a secondary data analysis. We linked annual data on state-level Medicaid HCBS expenditures with individual data from U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 2006-2016). We evaluated the association between state-level HCBS expenditure quartiles and the risk of experiencing challenges in basic or instrumental activities of daily living (I/ADLs) without assistance (unmet needs for care). We fitted generalized estimating equations (GEE) with a Poisson distribution, log link function, and an unstructured covariance matrix. We controlled demographics, time, and place-based fixed effects and estimated models stratified by race and ethnicity, gender, and urbanicity. We tested the robustness of results with negative controls. Our analytic sample included HRS Medicaid beneficiaries, aged 55+, who had difficulty with ≥1 I/ADL (n = 2607 unique respondents contributing 4719 person-wave observations). Among adults with IADL difficulty, higher quartiles of HCBS expenditure (vs. the lowest quartile) were associated with a lower overall prevalence of unmet needs for care (e.g., Prevalence Ratio [PR], Q4 vs. Q1: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84-0.98). This protective association was concentrated among non-Hispanic white respondents (Q4 vs. Q1: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.73-0.93); estimates were imprecise for Hispanic individuals and largely null for non-Hispanic Black participants. We found no evidence of heterogeneity by gender or urbanicity. Negative control robustness checks indicated that higher quartiles of HCBS expenditure were not associated with (1) the risk of reporting I/ADL difficulty among 55+ Medicaid beneficiaries, and (2) the risk of unmet care needs among non-Medicaid beneficiaries. The returns to higher state-level HCBS expenditures under Medicaid for older adults with I/ADL disability do not appear to have been equitable by race and ethnicity.

RACIAL/ETHNIC AND MULTIMORBIDITY DIFFERENCES IN DEMENTIA ONSET AMONG MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Racial/ethnic minoritized older adults in the U.S. have higher prevalence of multimorbidity and experience higher risk of dementia relative to non-Hispanic White older adults. This study examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and dementia onset within the context of multimorbidity during middle and later life in the U.S. Data from the Health &amp; Retirement Study (1998-2018, HRS and War Babies cohorts, N=8,031) were applied to discrete-time survival models to estimate differences in the risk of dementia onset using the Langa-Weir Classification for up to ten time intervals (1998-2018). Models were adjusted for race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic), multimorbidity (no/one disease, advanced cardiovascular multimorbidity, metabolic multimorbidity, advanced cardiovascular-metabolic multimorbidity, and neither advanced cardiovascular nor metabolic multimorbidity), age at baseline, sex, education, and whether a proxy provided the interview. Over the 20 years, 9.8% of the respondents (n=785) developed dementia. In covariate-adjusted models, non-Hispanic Black (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) =2.27, 95%CI: 1.90, 2.72) and Hispanic (aOR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.26, 2.01) respondents had higher risk of developing dementia compared with non-Hispanic White respondents. Regarding multimorbidity categories, respondents with advanced cardiovascular-metabolic multimorbidity (aOR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.45, 2.24) had significantly higher odds of dementia onset relative to the neither advanced cardiovascular nor metabolic multimorbidity category. Significant differences were observed in dementia onset for up to 20 years between racial/ethnic minoritized and White adults, as well as among multimorbidity combinations. Our findings highlight the need to intervene earlier on modifiable risk factors, such as multimorbidity, to reduce the risk of developing dementia among racial/ethnic minoritized adults.