Activities Of Non-governmental Organizations Research Articles

The Impact of Epistemic Communities on the Development of Future International Legal Regulation of Lunar Activities

Every human culture has reflected the Moon’s influence in its cosmology, spirituality, science, creative and social life. For these reasons, the exploration and use of the Moon should be done thoughtfully and carefully, and possible resource extraction should not harm the Earth's only satellite and its environment as a whole. The adoption by some States of national legislation affecting the commercial exploitation of space resources, as well as the resumption of lunar programs by several leading spacefaring nations at a time, prompt the need for legal regulation in this area. However, to develop a detailed international legal regime for lunar exploration, the efforts of the States parties to the UN COPUOS alone are not sufficient since in practice other actors in international relations, including the so-called epistemic communities representing various types of non-governmental organizations, are also active participants in space activities. Such communities offer their own vision of the international legal regulation of relations arising in the framework of the exploration and use of the Moon basing on the norms of international space law and involving active participation of non-governmental legal entities, considering the interests of present and future generations, as well as of emerging space nations. The study presents a comprehensive analysis of the influence of epistemic communities on the development of the future international legal regime for lunar exploration. The authors consistently review the activities of non-governmental organizations within the UN COPUOS since its formation. Special attention is paid to the contribution of such communities to the progressive development of international space law and its codification, including the legal nature of the documents developed by such communities. The study concludes with a comprehensive international legal assessment of the activities of the epistemic communities.

Foreign Agents? Public Attitudes Toward Nongovernmental Organizations in a Backsliding Democracy

In a backsliding democracy, antidemocratic politicians often vilify nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and impose restrictions that make it harder for them to form, advocate, or obtain funding. Do citizens consider NGOs as a threat? Do they support regulatory measures to restrict NGO activities? We focus on two factors that may influence citizens’ attitudes toward NGOs: these groups’ reliance on foreign funding and their ideological leaning. In a preregistered survey experiment in Israel, we find that citizens perceive foreign-funded NGOs as slightly more threatening, but they are not more likely to support restrictions on these groups than on groups relying on local funding. The ideological bent of the NGOs has a much stronger effect: People perceive NGOs on the other side of the political aisle as more threatening and support restrictions on their activity. Antidemocratic leaders might exploit this type of partisan-motivated reasoning to silence civil society.

Interests convergence in global human rights politics

Abstract What explains the convergence and divergence of states’ interests related to global human rights? This study examines the dyadic similarity of the language used in the multilateral dialogue focusing on the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). The joint activities of NGOs influence states, and human rights norms are transmitted through IGOs. Using text analysis methods, the similarity between state recommendations during the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) process at the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is systematically quantified. Analyses suggest that a pair of states are more likely to use similar language in UPR recommendations as the number of joint activities of NGOs, shared memberships in IGOs, and shared experience in the UNHRC increases. The effects are robust even after controlling for different types of political relationships between states.

Ambiguity in NGOs Poverty Reduction Programmes

Purpose: This article analyses why Non-Governmental Organisations in the selected regions of Cameroon continue to participate in poverty reduction programmes when their programmes are not decreasing the number or percentage of people living in poverty.
 Methodology: Sustainable Livelihood Approaches was used in the study as an efficient means of understanding poverty from the perspective of the underprivileged. A qualitative case study was used to understand Plan International and Summer Institute of Linguistics stakeholder’s perception of poverty and poverty reduction. 
 Findings: Based on the findings, results show that poverty and poverty reduction strategies mean different things to different people, hence programmes aimed at poverty reduction should be examined using a diverse measure. The studied Non-Governmental Organisations programmes are not reducing poverty because there are extraneous variables which account for the ineffectiveness in their determination to fight poverty. For example, lack of beneficiaries’ voices in Non-Governmental Organisations programmes during planning, implementation, monitoring and evolution. Gender role and power relation issues in these regions prevent beneficiaries from active participation in decision making. These factors account for poor prioritization of programmes. Additionally, attributing poverty reduction to Non-Governmental Organisations activities is something which the Non-Governmental Organisations themselves are conscious they can’t fully achieve. 
 Unique Contributions to Theory, Practice and Policy: The paper recommends that Non-Governmental Organisations as well as the government should start their poverty reduction programmes by assessing the needs of each community in which they operate by applying the Sustainable Livelihood Approaches since poverty is diverse and means different things to different people.

Effectiveness of Peace Building from Below: Activities of local NGOs During Armed Conflict in Cameroon

The grassroots level or bottom-top peace building is getting more and more attention and is acknowledged as a crucial part in the peace building process, despite the official peace process commonly targets the top level. Peace agreements signed by the elite (top-bottom) will not be implemented thoroughly in society unless the population living the conflict has their own agency. These community-led agencies in the form of local NGOs play pivotal role in the effective implementation of peace building from below. This article seeks to examine the effectiveness of peace building activities from below carried out by local NGOs during armed conflict. Adopting the theory of subsidiarity in enhancing community-led peace building activities, this article employed the quantitative research approach with the use of questionnaire for data collection. The article targeted 107 respondents from Buea sub-division using purposive sampling technique in selecting the respondents who are well knowledgeable with regards to the peace building activities carried out by local NGOs. The findings reveal that NGOs have effectively implemented the following as peace building from below during armed conflict in communities; advocacy for peace, sensitization on no to drug abuse, sports and cultural activities, capacity building for youths, identifying the causes of the conflict, and protection of human rights as peace building from below activities. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are doing even more peace building activities than any official governmental agencies. In many of the areas of the world at large and in Cameroon in particular, they have a long term presence that is afflicted with intractable conflicts. NGOs are in an excellent position to engage in a wide variety of peace building activities from below.

Self-advocacy of people with intellectual disabilities – theoretical and practical perspective

The first part of the article focuses on defining the concept of self-advocacy. The analysis of available sources shows that self-advocacy is treated as a step towards human self-determination, and its components include self-knowledge, knowledge of one's own rights, and the development of communication and leadership competences (Test et al., 2005). Next, the history of the development of the movement of self-advocates of people with intellectual disabilities in the world and in Poland is presented, indicating that the sources – regardless of the country – lie in the activities of non-governmental organizations associating parents, guardians and friends of people with disabilities. At the end of the article, an example of volunteer activity of APS students for the development of self-advocacy of adults with intellectual disability is described.

Determining the eastern European non-governmental organisations sustainability under crisis conditions, as well as during social and technological transformations

The object of this study is the stability of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) of Eastern Europe during crisis phenomena with signs of social and technological transformations. The subject of research is the processes of transformations in the external and internal environment of the activities of non-governmental organizations, which have an impact on sustainability. The sustainability of non-governmental organizations is examined through the Civil Society Organization Sustainability Index (CSOSI). CSOSI allows measuring the impact of global crisis phenomena on the sustainability of an NGO based on the analysis of a number of components. The research was aimed at solving the task to find influencing factors on the activities of non-governmental organizations during the manifestation of crises of various directions. During the study, influencing factors were identified: organizational capacity, society's perception of the organization, and sectoral infrastructure. It is noted that the realm of technological development belongs to the sectoral infrastructure. On the one hand, the imperfection of technology can cause a crisis. On the other hand, technological innovations allow non-governmental organizations to overcome crises. It has been proven that NGO access to new technologies serves as a basis for ensuring the sustainability of the organization. A regression analysis of the influence of factors on the CSOSI index was carried out. An economic-mathematical model was built on this basis. The model proved the significance of the studied indicators, as their p-value remains below 0.05 (p≤0.05). As a result, this has made it possible to propose an improved model for the development of social innovations under conditions of crisis and uncertainty. The reported results could be used by the founders of NGOs, analytical and consulting companies to construct forecasts of the development of society

Strengths and Constraints of International NGO Involvement in Social Assistance

In recent years, as a result of frequent political unrest and catastrophic events caused by natural disasters, there has been a growing international demand for objects capable of participating in social relief. In addition to most sovereign states and intergovernmental international organizations, international non-governmental organizations are also active in social relief, and they have made outstanding contributions to the defense of human rights, refugee relief, the prevention of infectious diseases, and other related relief work. Therefore, this paper analyzes the advantages and limitations of the participation of international non-governmental organizations in social relief by means of literature review and theoretical analysis. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can provide targeted help to countries in trouble in different aspects. However, due to their own problems, including becoming a political tool for some countries, and a lack of funds, they have also caused some negative impacts on the relief activities of international NGOs. NGOs need to recognize these concerns and find a balanced solution.

The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations on Political Participation: The Case of the Turkish Diaspora in Germany

This study subjects the political participation of the Turkish diaspora in Germany. It aims to reveal the role of Turkish non-governmental organizations (NGOs) organized and operating in Germany in the political participation of the Turkish diaspora. For this purpose, it focuses on the activities of NGOs for the federal elections held in Germany on September 26, 2021. It was designed as a case study from qualitative research methods. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained within the scope of the research, it has revealed that the NGOs included in the study sample not only encourage and increase the political participation of the Turkish diaspora in Germany and encourage the members of Turkish diaspora to vote for political parties that defend their interests, but also serve as a bridge between the Turkish diaspora and the politics of Germany.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Operating in the Field of Biology Education in Germany

In the age we live in, humanity is faced with many problems that transcend a nation in a singular sense, but concern all humanity instead. Global climate change, war, terrorism, epidemics such as Covid-19, immigration and injustice in income distribution are some of these problems. However, most of these problems are man-made problems. Therefore, it will be possible to get rid of these problems thanks to human beings. Active citizenship, on the other hand, imposes responsibility on the individual by its nature. However, avoiding or ignoring instead of feeling responsible will cause these problems to grow. This state of indifference and avoidance of responsibility will not only cause the loss of rights won by very important struggles in the past, but also cause irreparable harm to nature and humanity as it is today. It is extremely important for a democracy and even for life. It is extremely important to support formal education in gaining these competencies. Non-governmental organizations are also of great importance in providing the support needed for formal education to fulfill what is expected of it in this regard. The purpose of this research is to examine the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) operating in the field of biology education in Germany. The model of the research is document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods. Descriptive analysis was used in the analysis of the research data. According to the research results; it is seen that NGOs operating in the field of biology education in Germany play an important role in ensuring equality of opportunity in education. It is thought that NGOs in Germany are important in addressing the biology education activities of NGOs in Turkey.

Sharia and Islamic state in Indonesia constitutional democracy: an Aceh experience

A question arises in the implementation of Sharia in Aceh: Is Sharia compatible with democracy as a political system in Indonesia? And with a comprehensive Sharia implementation, will it threaten the existence of the Indonesian state? This paper discussed Sharia's expansion, potentially leading to the establishment of the Islamic state of Aceh. This study was conducted using qualitative research. Primary data were taken from interviews with academics, journalists, non-governmental organization activists, youths, and focused group discussions with the leaders of the Islamic Sharia Office in Aceh Province. Meanwhile, the secondary data were gathered from historical documents, legislation, and Qanun in Aceh. The collected data were analyzed using the legal history theory of Pound (1923) and the Islamic democratic state theory of Hayes (2014). This research found the gradual implementation of Sharia in Aceh within the Indonesian democratic system. These constitutional ways were chosen to avoid the conflict between the Sharia and national legal and political systems. This, then, has led to the legalization of Sharia in the local and national political contestation. In the next phase, with the increasingly widespread Sharia rules and regulations on worship, criminal law, and economic law, Aceh can be called a small prototype of an Islamic state. With the significant historical, political, and social power, the roadmap of Sharia implementation in Aceh indicates a clear direction for the reflection of God's sovereignty as the foundation of the Islamic democratic state, even if it is in the local context.

EVALUATION OF THE ROLE AND PROGRAMS OF THE GOVERNMENT AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH A VIEW TO THE LAW ON THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Considering the centrality of the activities of non-governmental organizations and the emphasis of the empowerment approach on the dimensions of educational support, paying attention to the protection of the rights of children and adolescents is a human-social duty that is the responsibility of each individual, organization and institution, and in this regard, the importance of organizations The people of the organization that work in the field of these children are twofold. Undoubtedly, there is no hope of achieving a better world without paying attention to empowering children and investing and planning in education, health, employment and improving their living standards. Considering the importance of the performance of the government and non-governmental organizations in supporting these children, it highlights the necessity of investigating the role and consequences of the interventions of these organizations in solving the problems of children and adolescents.

Nâng cao thu nhập hộ vay vốn từ dự án phi chính phủ - MYI: Nghiên cứu tại tỉnh Vĩnh Long

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are increasingly playing a significant role in economic, social, educational, health and environmental development. In developing countries, including Vietnam, the field of activities of NGOs is increasingly diverse, with the goal of moving towards gradually reducing humanitarian aid to increase capital for sustainable development. steady. After more than 10 years of operation, the biggest achievement that NGO Merry Year International (MYI) has achieved in Vinh Long is the income of small business households, poor, near-poor, and disadvantaged households. towels are increasing. The analysis results from the linear regression method show that there are 03 factors that positively affect the income of the borrower. On that basis, the study proposes policy implications for the project to develop more sustainably in the coming time.

Modelling the impact and cost-effectiveness of non-governmental organizations on HIV and HCV transmission among people who inject drugs in Ukraine.

People who inject drugs (PWID) in Ukraine have high prevalences of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) provide PWID with needles/syringes, condoms, HIV/HCV testing and linkage to opioid agonist treatment (OAT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART). We estimated their impact and cost-effectiveness among PWID. A dynamic HIV and HCV transmission model among PWID was calibrated using data from four national PWID surveys (2011-2017). The model assumed 37-49% coverage of NGOs among community PWID, with NGO contact reducing injecting risk and increasing condom use and recruitment onto OAT and ART. We estimated the historic (1997-2021) and future (2022-2030, compared to no NGO activities from 2022) impact of NGOs in terms of the proportion of HIV/HCV infections averted and changes in HIV/HCV incidence. We estimated the future impact of scaling-up NGOs to 80% coverage with/without scale-up in OAT (5-20%) and ART (64-81%). We estimated the cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted of current NGO provision over 2022-2041 compared to NGO activities stopping over 2022-2026, but restarting after that till 2041. We assumed average unit costs of US$80-90 per person-year of NGO contact for PWID. With existing coverage levels of NGOs, the model projects that NGOs have averted 20.0% (95% credibility interval: 13.3-26.1) and 9.6% (5.1-14.1) of new HIV and HCV infections among PWID over 1997-2021, respectively, and will avert 31.8% (19.6-39.9) and 13.7% (7.5-18.1) of HIV and HCV infections over 2022-2030. With NGO scale-up, HIV and HCV incidence will decrease by 54.2% (43.3-63.8) and 30.2% (20.5-36.2) over 2022-2030, or 86.7% (82.9-89.3) and 39.8% (31.4-44.8) if OAT and ART are also scaled-up. Without NGOs, HIV and HCV incidence will increase by 51.6% (23.6-76.3) and 13.4% (4.8-21.9) over 2022-2030. Current NGO provision over 2022-2026 will avert 102,736 (77,611-137,512) DALYs when tracked until 2041 (discounted 3% annually), and cost US$912 (702-1222) per DALY averted; cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of US$1548/DALY averted (0.5xGDP). NGO activities have a crucial preventative impact among PWID in Ukraine which should be scaled-up to help achieve HIV and HCV elimination. Disruptions could have a substantial detrimental impact.

HEALTH DIPLOMACY IN TURKEY AS THE INTERFACE OF HEALTH AND FOREIGN POLICY

This study aims to examine the tools of health diplomacy, which has become an increasingly widespread soft power strategy in Turkish foreign policy, and to evaluate the results of its implementation. Health diplomacy activities were tried to be analyzed by organisational and institutional data and documents within their historical context. Due to its geopolitical, geoeconomic and geostrategic importance, Turkey uses humanitarian health aid as a diplomatic tool to develop and strengthen its bilateral relations with the countries of the Caucasus, the Balkans, the Middle East and Africa. In this context, medical diplomacy tools such as establishing of health facilities abroad, scientific collaborations, granting scholarships to foreign students in medical sciences, providing direct medical care, humanitarian aid activities of non-governmental organizations; it serves to bringing countries closer together, strengthening diplomatic influence, positive image and religious ties in the region, and also searching for new markets. Thus, health diplomacy, which is the interface of the relationship between health, foreign policy and trade, plays a catalytic role in achieving Turkey's foreign policy goals.

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE STATE SECURITY SYSTEM

The purpose of the article was to analyze non-governmental organizations and present their role in the state security system. According to the adopted goal, the main research problem was formulated: How do non-governmental organizations affect the functioning and security of the state? The following hypothesis was adopted: non-governmental organizations, through their activities and activity, influence the level of state security and its smooth functioning. Obtaining an answer to the above question required the use of qualitative methods including a critical analysis of legal acts and selected items of literature on the subject. The article takes a closer look at what a non-governmental organization is and its importance in the state security system in the third sector of its security. Answering the question posed by the authors, the study presents an analysis of the activities of non-governmental organizations, and points out their role in the state security system. The study used qualitative methods, and the content analysis of documents and literature on the subject served as a source of information. In the first part of the article, the authors characterize the security system of the Polish state. Then they describe the legal forms of NGO activity. In the main part, the authors focus on the areas of NGO activity in the sphere of state security. In conclusion, they point out that internal security is one of the of the basic existential needs that are associated with the existence of a specific entity, and point out the important role played by NGOs in the functioning of the state. as well as ensuring the security of its citizens

How closing civil society space affects NGO-Government interactions

A crackdown on the activities of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) has recently swept the globe. When faced with increased restrictions, how do NGOs respond? We argue there is a curvilinear relationship between increases in NGO repression and the conflict-to-cooperative nature of NGO interactions with a government. On one end of the spectrum, when civil society repression is limited or nonexistent, NGOs have many reasons to be cooperative with the government. As NGO repression increases, we should see NGOs take more of a conflictual stance, publicly voicing their displeasure and bringing attention to the abuses and deficiencies they see within the regime. As NGO repression continues to increase, however, there will be a tipping point at which the NGOs that remain in the country will once again take a more cooperative tack with the government. We use a quantitative event data approach to examine the implications of our arguments.

ШЛЯХИ ПОДОЛАННЯ ГЕНДЕРНОГО ДИСБАЛАНСУ ЗА РАХУНОК ДЕМОКРАТИЗАЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА

The article shows why gender policy in Ukraine, especially in the context of the chosen course for building European democratic institutions, should now appear in a completely new, relevant vision. To date, gender approaches are necessarily taken into account and applied in the development of legal acts in almost all countries of the world. It has been established that at the level of the Law in Ukraine, issues of preventing gender discrimination, ensuring equal participation of women and men in making socially important decisions (primarily through election to representative bodies and appointing women to leadership positions), and ensuring equal opportunities for women and men, taking into account the correlation of professional and family responsibilities, the impossibility of manifestations of genderbased violence, etc. The statistical data of the EU countries are presented, on the basis of which it can be argued that those countries in which there are high rates of representation of women in political institutions not only have a higher level of civil rights and freedoms, but are also more economically developed, because, thus, they create conditions for political and economic diversity, tolerance and trust. Examples of the application of gender policy in Kropyvnytskyi are considered. Gender democracy in action is a principle that ensures women, on equal terms with men, the right to vote in all elections and public referendums, and to be elected to all elected bodies; participate in the formation and implementation of government policies; hold public office, as well as perform public functions at all levels of government; participate in the activities of non-governmental organizations and associations that resolve issues of public and political life of the country. It has been established that the presence of any gender disproportions that take place in certain areas means only one thing - this is actual gender discrimination that does not meet the requirements for the development of modern democracy in the world and Ukraine. It is determined that the concept of segregation in real life, in itself, implies the actual separation of a certain group of people from the main part of the population. The example shows the modern attitude of employers to the problems of gender policy. If we consider segregation specifically from the standpoint of gender equality, then we can say that there is not only vertical, but also horizontal segregation in areas of activity, which, for example, turns education, statistics, healthcare, social protection and a number of other industries into purely women's industries in Ukraine. The world we live in is becoming especially demanding on leadership qualities. It is becoming more and more obvious that stakeholders do not care who will be the leader: he, she, or maybe a person with a non-traditional orientation (it). Now everyone is focused only on the result. Statistical data are given that indicate that the need for women who make their own decisions is constantly growing in society. It has been determined that the possible gender imbalance in Ukrainian society is largely due to a number of stereotypes that hinder the full-fledged self-realization of both sexes. The author came to the conclusion that the actions that the state of Ukraine is doing today, having embarked on the path of democratization of our society, as well as to further increase the civil rights of the population, will certainly help us overcome, unfortunately, the gender imbalance that still exists in the country.

Tłumaczenie dzieci i dla dzieci w obecnej sytuacji migracyjnej w Polsce

Interpreting of Children and for Children in the Actual Migration Situation in Poland The paper describes the actual scene of public service interpreting and translation in Poland since the beginning of the war in Ukraine and the influx of a vast number of Ukrainian refugees into Poland. In particular it is focused on the role played by volunteer interpreters and translators who offer linguistic and cultural assistance to Ukrainian children in medical and psychotherapeutic contexts. It also deals with the activities of non-governmental organizations offering linguistic and translational support for immigrants in Poland.

The involvement of Non-Governmental Organizations activities in Household Poverty reduction in Oyam District, Uganda

Purpose: This study examined the contribution of NGO activities on poverty reduction in Oyam District-Northern Uganda and recommends strategies for improving wellbeing of people of the region and entirely Uganda as a Country. This was based on account that, Oyam District was estimated with the lowest annual GDP per capita of 223 USD compared to the neighbouring Districts of Apac and Kole with the annual GDP per capita of 228 USD and 230 USD respectively
 Methodology: The study used a correlational design with correlational and regression methods of analysis. It was conducted among beneficiaries of selected NGOs comprising a sample of 290 from a population of 860.
 Findings: This study reveals a significant and positive contribution of NGO activities to poverty reduction in Oyam District and that NGO activities has a moderate relationship with household poverty level in Oyam District. The results further show that the financial support provided by NGOs significantly contributes to poverty reduction while the food security support provided does not.
 Conclusion and recommendations: It is established that NGO activities contribute significantly to poverty reduction in Oyam District. This study recommends that the food security support be backed with the provision of market for the agricultural products of the NGO beneficiaries and in order to create income for them. The study further recommends for the NGO support to agricultural product market search for their beneficiaries as well as forming the beneficiaries in different groups and train them on financial literacy for better management of finances.
 Unique contributions to policy and/or practice: This study contributes positively to the understanding of non-state actors and the role they play in reducing poverty among communities that are recovering from decades of civil war in Uganda.