Non-governmental Research Articles

Countering the Instrumentalization of Migrants as an Element of the External Dimension of EU Immigration Policy

The problem of the instrumentalisation of migrants has a long history, but within the EU it was noticed only after the events on the EU-Belarus border in 2021. The Commission prepared a package of legislative proposals, which, among other things, gives Member States the opportunity to derogate from the current asylum rules. These provisions caused a negative reaction from a number of member states, the expert community and non-governmental organizations. The purpose of this article is to identify the reasons for the legislative implementation of the concept of in-strumentalisation of migrants, to identify the key characteristics of the relevant provisions, as well as their compliance with the current rules of the Common European Asylum System and the international obligations of member states. The author comes to the conclusion that the preparation of proposals in the field of countering the use of immigrants was carried out in conditions where the increased securitisation of migration policy coincided with a significant deterioration in EU relations with Russia and Belarus. For this reason, this proposal is politically motivated. An analysis of the proposed measures suggests that they could lead to unjustified differentiation of asylum seekers solely on the ground that they entered into EU from the territory of certain third country. In addition, the provisions of the proposal will contribute to further legal uncertainty and lower asylum standards. The proposed legislative measures are unlikely to solve the problem of immigration in EU, but can increase tensions in relations with neighboring countries.

Sosial Ədalətsizlik və Çəkidə Aldatma Toplumların Həlak Səbəbi Kimi: Şüeyb Qövmü Timsalında

Human rights are inalienable rights given to all people from the day of their birth. Protection of human rights is a prerequisite for a just, equal and peaceful world. We can find these rights not only in official state documents, but also in the doctrines of religions. Human rights are the responsibility not only of the state, but also of individuals and non-governmental organizations. Violation of these rights has the potential to strain relations between people. When we look at the instructive stories given to us by religious texts, we witness that the violation of rights, the taking away of people's rights, provokes God's wrath and has the characteristic of being the cause of the consequences leading to the destruction of communities that behave in this way. The importance of heavenly religions to human rights, examples of justice and human rights contained in religious texts were included in the article, and an attempt was made to draw attention to the importance of the value of this step in the eyes of God on the example of the Shuayb people, an unjust society where social justice is violated.

Positions of the Leading European Parties on the Eve of the European Parliament Elections 2024

The article analyses the main trends in the transformation of the party and political system of the European Union on the eve of the next elections to the European Parliament in June 2024. The article examines the main events of recent years that had the main impact on the process of this transformation. New trends in the change of this system were noted, which included strengthening the popularity and influence of Eurosceptic parties, increasing internal tension concerning relations between old and new members of the European Union. The research demonstrates that following the results of the national parliamentary elections held over the past five years in almost all EU member states, the influence of the leading political parties, which for many years occupied dominant positions in the executive and representative authorities of these countries, has significantly decreased. The phenomenon of increasing representation of women in the bodies of the EU and its member states and its impact on their formation is considered. The influence of changes in the social structure of the European community and their impact on the electoral preferences of Europeans is analysed. The preelection positions of all leading European parties that currently have their factions in the European Parliament are presented, including their election manifestos and candidacies for the post of the President of the European Commission (EC), the so-called Spitzenkandidaten. The forecasts of the results of the participation of leading panEuropean political parties in the European Parliament Elections 2024, made by a number of European non-governmental organizations and leading media holdings, as well as possible options for post-election inter-party coalitions that shape positions of the European Parliament, are demonstrated.

Factors Affecting the Disaster Attitudes of Volunteers in a Non-Governmental Organization: Path Analysis.

This study aimed to examine the effect of volunteers' health behaviors and disaster preparedness on disaster attitudes. The sample comprised 378 volunteers aged 18 to 30 who were affiliated with the largest volunteer network in a non-governmental organization in Turkey. In the study, data were collected with Descriptive Information Form, the Disaster Preparedness Scale, and the Disaster Attitude Scale. The mean total score of the participants in the Disaster Attitude Scale was 3.06 ± 0.73 (1-5). The mean total scale score of the participants in the Disaster Preparedness Scale was 33.21 ± 8.02 (13-54). Notably, factors such as using alcohol, the status of general health checkups status, and scores on the physical protection and assistance subscales the Disaster Preparedness Scale were significantly associated with the Disaster Attitude Scale total score (P < 0.05). In this study, regular general health check-ups, alcohol use in general, and physical protection and assistance sub-scales are critical determinants of volunteers' attitudes toward disasters. The disaster volunteers, health professionals particularly nurses, should develop training programs to enhance volunteers' disaster attitudes focusing on promoting disaster preparedness and positive health behaviors in both governmental and non-governmental organizations.

Advancing Gender-Sensitive Transitional Justice: A Path towards Healing and Equality in Sudan

This study explores the critical need for gender-sensitive transitional justice in Sudan, highlighting its potential to address historical injustices and promote healing among affected populations. It examines the concept of transitional justice, emphasizing the importance of incorporating gender perspectives into truth-seeking, reparations, and institutional reforms. The analysis is grounded in the historical context of gender inequality in Sudan and the impact of conflict on women and marginalized groups. Case studies of successful gender-sensitive initiatives illustrate their effectiveness and potential for replication. The study draws on qualitative data collected through interviews with key stakeholders, including survivors, civil society organizations, and advocacy groups, as well as a review of relevant literature and policy documents. Findings suggest that inclusive engagement and the active participation of diverse voices are essential for shaping effective transitional justice mechanisms that foster equality and sustainable peace.

A Collaborative Governance Perspective in Ecotourism Development in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten-Indonesia

This research aims to examine ecotourism activities in Ujung Kulon National Park, Pandeglang Regency, Banten-Indonesia. This research uses qualitative methods, with a comprehensive case study approach. The focus of the research is on collaborative governance in the development of ecotourism in Ujung Kulon National Park. This research also pays attention to the various dimensions of the roles and functions of the actors involved since the starting condition phase, institutional design, facilitative leadership, and collaborative process (Ansell and Gash, 2008). Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, in-depth interviews with informants, literature studies, and tracking news in the mass media. Data and information were obtained through several sources of informants including: 1) actors of ecotourism activities such as the government (Ujung Kulon National Park and Pandeglang Regency Government), 2) local communities, 3) non-governmental organizations, and 4) the private sector as service providers. The results of the study found that collaborative governance as a model of cooperation for ecotourism activities in Ujung Kulon National Park Pandeglang Banten has been carried out, although there are still many obstacles and challenges. This can be seen in the implementation of citizen participation in the activity planning stage, several obstacles such as the inequality of knowledge of community members in understanding the concept of nature conservation and the concept of ecotourism, then the earthquake, the covid19 pandemic outbreak, and the central role of the Ujung Kulon National Park office. Collaborative Governance as a concept always refers to efforts to realize consensus and active participation from the stakeholders involved, as well as interdependence and common interests being factors that cannot be ignored.

Climate Change Governance Practices of Non-governmental Organisations in Bangladesh

This article examines the climate change governance practices of non-governmental organisations in Bangladesh. Various stakeholders, including government and non-governmental organizations, are working at national, regional and local levels to address climate change issues. NGOs follow climate change governance practices in their works to make better results for the vulnerable people. In this study five criteria namely, accountability, transparency, participation, effectiveness, and resources were considered to assess the climate change governance practices of NGOs. This paper is based on published documents such as journal articles, reports, books etc. as well as key informant interviews of 34 respondents, to analyse climate change governance practices of the selected seven NGOs of Bangladesh. The surveyed NGOs are now operating to tackle challenges connected to climate change. Moreover, they follow governance protocols while working on climate change–related issues. NGOs, via their efforts in addressing climate change, are significantly improving the lives and quality of life of marginalised individuals. Despite various constraints, the successful contribution of NGOs in enhancing climate governance might strengthen the capacity of vulnerable people to combat climate change-induced disasters. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 13(1), 2024, P 105-119

Community Insights on Violence against Children: Awareness, Engagement, and Predictive Variables in the Context of Hawassa City Administration

This study seeks to investigate community insights on violence against children, focusing on awareness, involvement, and predicting factors within the Hawassa City Administration in Ethiopia. The study employed a cross-sectional explanatory research design, incorporating a mixed-methods approach. Three hundred ninety-one respondents participated in this study, along with seven individuals for in-depth interviews and sixteen participants in focus groups. A single population proportion formula was employed to determine sample size, and a systematic sampling procedure was utilized to select participants from the chosen kebeles. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the quantitative data. The qualitative data were analyzed via the thematic analysis method. The study results revealed that all respondents are aware of violence against children; for 57.3% of the respondents, sexual abuse comes to their mind first when they think of violence against children. While 71.4% of the respondents are well informed on measures they can take to address violence against children, only 47.3% of the respondents have the experience of taking measures to address violence against children. The average mean score of 2.19 indicates that the community's level of engagement in addressing violence against children is low. The analysis identified key predictors of community engagement: attitude toward violence against children (β = -.244, t(-4.286), p &lt; 0.05), age (β = -.223, t(-3.997), p &lt; 0.05), habit of working with community policing (β = -.220, t(-3.931), p &lt; 0.05), and role in the existing community structure (β =.178, t(3.135), p &lt; 0.05). The study identified various community-based protection structures, including family systems, religious institutions, educational institutions, community policing services, community-based organizations, non-governmental organizations, governmental organizations, and legal frameworks. These findings suggest the need for strengthening community-based protection mechanisms while addressing the identified gaps between awareness and active engagement in child violence protection

Islamic Classical Literature (A.D. 950–1450) on Institutionalisation of Ethics for Regulating Markets and Society

The third expansion of the Islamic Caliphate (AD950–1450) produced the need for formalising an ethical framework to create an institutionalised approach to market regulations. During these times significant contribution to the literature was made regarding the modelling of the ethical premise of the duty to subscribe good and prohibit wrongs. It ranged from the formation of vigilante-styled civil duties to the institutionalisation of ethics in the form of the institution of hisbah, which is broadly understood as a quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation (quango) designed to establish the ethical mandate within the medieval Muslim world. Our investigation maps the development of thoughts on embedding ethical rules in markets and within society between AD950–1450. This study explores and conceptualises the models for market regulations proposed by Al-Mawardi (d.AD1058), Al-Ghazali (d.AD1111), Ibn Taymiyya (d.AD1328), and Ibn Khaldun (d.AD1406). We formulate and compare the ethical models of these scholars in the context of their political–social positionings. The rationale for choosing these four scholars is the wide articulation and recognition of their logical ideas throughout Islamic history. This research examines the historic–ethical patterns within the corpus of Islamic thoughts that provide a discourse deixis for constructing regulatory models as conceptualised by these scholars for the institutionalised governance of markets and society in general.

An Evaluation of the New Zealand SilverTech Smartphone Course for Older Adults.

In contemporary society, where digital literacy is an essential skill, older adults can face disadvantages because they frequently have lower levels of digital literacy than younger cohorts. This research evaluated the effectiveness of a smartphone course developed by Age Concern Otago (a New Zealand non-government organization), with the aim of improving digital literacy among older adults. This was achieved using a pre- and post-course survey study design. A total of 98 participants, aged above 60, from thirteen SilverTech courses (four two-hourly sessions) completed pre-surveys in the first session and post-surveys in the last session of each course. The results showed that participants' smartphone digital literacy was improved across all evaluated indices, and feedback for the courses was positive. These findings illustrate that the SilverTech courses are an effective means of improving the digital literacy of older adults and thus fostering digital inclusion in New Zealand.

Quality of Life of Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Cross-sectional Study from Sagar, Madhya Pradesh

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM), a high-risk group for HIV/AIDS, face various health issues. However, research is scarce on MSM in India, and available studies generally focus on the mental health of HIV-infected MSM rather than their overall health. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the quality of life (QOL) among MSM. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was done in Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, involving 100 MSM individuals. Participants were recruited from a non-governmental organization that works toward the welfare of MSM individuals. Socio-demographic data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, while QOL was measured using the Hindi version of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Quantitative variables were summarized using mean and standard deviation, and qualitative variables were summarized using frequency and percentage. The differences between mean QOL scores were analyzed using t-test/analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between domains. Results: Most participants were 21-40 years of age, with a mean age of 34.8 (±8.1) years. Most participants resided in urban areas and identified as Hindu (92%). The scores of WHOQOL-BREF ranged from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better QOL. The mean scores for general QOL and general health among participants were 42 ± 20.4 and 67.5 ± 24.7, respectively. Among the four domains of WHOQOL-BREF, social relationship domain had the highest mean QOL score (72.7 ± 11.5), while the psychological domain exhibited the lowest score (57.2 ± 11.7). The mean scores for the physical and environmental domains were 70.9 ± 8.7 and 59.6 ± 10.7, respectively. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of addressing various health aspects beyond HIV/AIDS in this population to improve their overall well-being and life satisfaction.

Educational Disparities in Rural Areas: Analyzing Challenges and Developing Strategic Improvements

Abstract Despite the fact that rural education is a worthy and essential endeavour, it is fraught with difficulties and obstructions that often block the path towards forward movement that is sustainable. Having their origins in geographical, socioeconomic, and institutional considerations, these obstacles are not only difficult to overcome but also diverse. There are a number of initiatives that can help bridge the gap and ensure that students from rural areas have an equal opportunity to succeed academically and beyond. Some of these initiatives include increasing funding for rural schools, improving access to technology, offering incentives for teachers to work in rural areas, and expanding community-based programs. In recent years, India has made significant strides in improving access to education; yet, there is still a significant distance to go, particularly in rural regions. It is difficult for kids to study efficiently at many rural schools because they lack basic amenities such as classrooms, furniture, and clean drinking water. This makes it difficult for pupils to gain knowledge. It has been determined that training programs and capacity development are essential for educators, administrators, and members of the community in order to guarantee the effective execution of various projects, including safety measures, community engagement plans, and other initiatives. In order to solve the complicated challenges that rural schools are confronted with, it is regarded vital to have a collaborative effort from a number of different stakeholders. These stakeholders include government agencies, non-governmental organisations, educators, and various members of the local community. Establish regular routes via which parents, students, and instructors may submit feedback, taking examples from other educational systems that have shown to be successful in providing responses to input.

Overview of NGO Strategies and Practices in Addressing Global Challenges

Against the backdrop of growing global challenges, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are emerging and playing an important role. This paper examines in depth the strategies and practices of NGOs in addressing global challenges. Firstly, the background of the rise of NGOs and the purpose of the study are explained, followed by an analysis of the concept and characteristics of NGOs, including definition, main features and types. It then discusses the strategies of NGOs in addressing global challenges, such as the use of information tools and the implementation of cooperation strategies. The practice of NGOs in global ocean governance and global environmental governance is then described. The roles and challenges of NGOs are also analysed, including their involvement in public crises and their position in global crisis governance, while internal and external challenges faced by NGOs are identified. Finally, the conclusions of the study are summarised and an outlook is given on future research directions, including strengthening the capacity building of NGOs, expanding areas of cooperation, deepening policy influence and exploring innovative development.

Rural Households' Vulnerability to Climate Variability and Adaptation Strategies in the Case of Begemdir District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia.

Climate change vulnerability is the biggest threat to ecosystems and economies of the world. Hence, this study aims to assess the vulnerability to climate variability adaptation strategies of rural households in Begemdir District, Northwest Ethiopia. In this study, the cross-sectional research design was used to gain a wider and better understanding of vulnerability to climate variability. Both primary and secondary data were used to triangulate the study to maintain validity. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 120 sample households from the study area. Moreover, climatic data, such as rainfall and temperature data were collected from meteorological stations. The data gathered from primary data sources analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Finally, a logistic regression model was employed to identify the factors that affecting households' decisions to climate adaptation strategies in the study area. The results of the study reveal that the overall IPCC-LVI score is 0.49, and the perceived rainfall has decreased over the last decade. This implies livelihoods of the households are vulnerable to climate variability and low adaptive capacity. The age, sex, education level, extension services, land size, credit access, access to climatic information, access to credit, and extension services affected significantly (p < 0.05) households' vulnerability to climate variability in the study area. Thus, the local governments, policymakers, non-governmental organizations, and farming communities need to consider these variables to realize climate change adaptation strategies in the study area. Moreover, higher focus should be given to enhancing education, expanding access to credit, increasing land management support, as well as strengthening extension services to build long-term sustainable climate-resilient practices and mitigate the impacts of climate change vulnerability to households in the study area.

Building a community of practice to address alcohol harms in Canada: Experience from the Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation project.

Alcohol is a major cause of health and social costs and harms in Canada. While research and awareness of harms caused by alcohol are on the rise, few transdisciplinary platforms exist that are committed to facilitating bold alcohol policy change to reduce health inequities and improve lives. In response to feedback heard during engagement for the Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation project, an alcohol policy-focused community of practice (CoP) was launched in January 2022. Webinars, roundtable discussions, working group meetings, networking events, and a digital platform allow practitioners from various sectors (e.g. public health, alcohol regulation and distribution, public safety, justice, non-governmental organizations), researchers, and people with lived/living experience (PWLLE) to connect, share experiences and resources, and build capacity. More than 500 members have joined the CoP from all Canadian provinces and territories, and international jurisdictions. CoP members engage in learning opportunities, contribute to letter-writing campaigns in support of alcohol policy initiatives, and lead a working group focused on alcohol warning labels. Through the CoP, members report gaining and applying new knowledge in their work, while also establishing valuable connections and collaborations that have supported positive change. This cross-jurisdictional, intersectoral alcohol policy CoP facilitates knowledge sharing, networking, and collaboration among practitioners, policymakers, advocates, and PWLLE, while contributing to public health efforts to prevent alcohol harms. Furthermore, as transdisciplinary approaches continue to be prioritized in research and practice, this CoP offers an example that could be applied to other public health initiatives.

Issues that Parents of Learners with Physical Challenges Encounter in Providing Social Support to Their Children in Inclusive Schools in Tanzania

It has been seen that although parental support is very important especially for the children with physical disability in inclusive education but children with disability could not get enough support from their parents. It is from this fact that the study explored the challenges that face parents in providing social support to their children with physical disabilities in inclusive education. The study was qualitative in nature, using a sample of four parents, four pupils and eight teachers who were selected purposively from two (2) districts of Katavi region. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were thematically analysed. Findings revealed that parents faced financial constraint in such a way that they could not afford the cost of buying mobility devices, medical services which were important for their children to adapt learning in inclusive education. It was found that pupils with physical disabilities could not use school latrines instead they spent a lot of time going back home for toilet services. This posed a challenge to the parents as it limits them from engaging in economic activities to raise their families’ income. Moreover, pupils with physical disabilities were subjected to bullying and abuse since they could not defend themselves which adds more emotion burdens to the parents. Furthermore, the study findings revealed that family instabilities and separation was another challenge faced parents of the children with physical disabilities. Most of pupils who participated in this study were receiving social support from their mothers after their fathers run away left them with mothers who could not provide necessary support. The study concluded that, apart from great effort done by government and nongovernmental organization to create awareness to the community about children with disability, still large part of the children with physical disabilities face stigma, bulling, rejection with their biological fathers and unfriendly infrastructure especially latrines in inclusive schools. All these pose challenges to the parents in providing social support to their children with physical disability in inclusive education.

Mate crime victimization against individuals with intellectual disability

Purpose Mate crime is a recently coined term in which a perpetrator befriends a vulnerable person to exploit them. The present study aims to investigate this phenomenon by examining mate crime victimization against individuals with intellectual disability in Sarawak, Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Data was collected quantitatively from 180 respondents from various governmental and non-government organizations located in Kuching, Kota Samarahan, and Asajaya that provide medical care, residential care, employment opportunities, basic education, rehabilitation, and training for individuals with intellectual disability. Findings The results showed that majority of the respondents were females (69.4%) between 18 and 28 years old (52.8%). Additionally, most respondents were Malay (48.9%), single (94.4%), diagnosed with mild level of intellectual disability (91.67%), have been victimized by their friends (87.2%) and have known the perpetrators for over five years (68.3%). The result also indicated that a majority of females have experienced mate crime victimization, especially related to emotional abuse [(M = 16.15, SD = 8.16); t(34) = 3.09, p = 0.020] and sexual abuse [(M = 14.01, SD = 7.67); t(38) = 3.29, p = 0.040]. Research limitations/implications While this study provides valuable insights for place-based evidence on gender differences in the prevalence of self-reported mate crime victimization, it is essential to acknowledge several limitations as well. Firstly, this study is geographically limited to participants from Sarawak (a Malaysian state on the Borneo Island) combined with the use of convenience sampling, which could restrict the generalizability of the findings. However, despite these limitations, the study highlights an important finding – that the victimization of individuals with intellectual disability is not unique to Western contexts or heavily researched regions alone. The results demonstrate that similar vulnerabilities and patterns of abuse exist in underrepresented cultural and societal settings, contributing to a growing recognition that intellectual disability, gender-based vulnerability and the risk of victimization are issues that transcend geographic boundaries. This underscores the need for more research focusing on mate crime victimization in non-Western countries, where such studies are notably scarce. Secondly, the current research is a cross-sectional study that focuses on the emotional and sexual abuse domains alone. Hence, to capture the variations of mate crime experiences among individuals with intellectual disability other domains such as financial abuse and physical abuse should be incorporated in future research. Another significant limitation of this study is its focus on individuals who are already engaged with disability support services. In reality, those who are not connected to such services may be at greater risk of mate crime victimization but remain invisible in the data due to lack of connection/engagement with support systems. This omission limits a comprehensive understanding of the full scope of mate crime victimization against individuals with intellectual disability. It is likely that individuals without access to services are more isolated, face heightened vulnerability and have reduced access to protection and support. Thus, future research should therefore explore strategies to include these underserved individuals, as they represent a crucial yet overlooked population in the study of mate crime victimization. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first research study conducted in Sarawak, Malaysia, that examined mate crime victimization against individuals with intellectual disability. It contributes to the knowledge pool by providing place-based evidence that takes into account mate crime victimization against individuals with intellectual disability in Sarawak, Malaysia, from an Asian perspective to promote the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 10 (reduced inequalities).

‘I Am Like Their Swedish Mother’. Conceptualising Maternalism and Power Asymmetries during Solidarity Practices with Asylum Seekers

Building on observations and interviews conducted in various study associations and civil society organisations in Sweden, this paper explores the practices and discourses of volunteers supporting asylum seekers. Volunteers are often retired, white, women with Swedish citizenship who build on personal and professional experiences of being caregivers. Building on the concept of ‘maternalism’ and critical perspectives on Swedish (gender) exceptionalism, the paper discusses how female volunteers either consider themselves ‘like mothers’ or act as ‘moral educators’ educating asylum seekers on ‘Swedish’ norms and values. As such, the paper addresses the complexity of solidarity practices by considering how discourses of intimacy and care can also conceal structural inequalities differentiating morally superior white Swedish from passive, dependent, and infantilised asylum seekers.

Structural and political determinants of health among Syrian refugee young adults in the Bekaa, Lebanon: a prospective cohort study of the impact of security raids on perceived discrimination and well-being

ObjectivesIn this work, which forms part of a larger study of a longitudinal intervention focused on empowering Community Mental Health Workers in a humanitarian context, we examine changes in and...

The Religious Attitude of the Druze Towards Violence: A Study Based on Oral Sources

Since its rise in the 11th century AD, the Druze community has distinguished itself from its surroundings by its unique religious identity. This religious identity has given rise to social and political behaviors that have, over time, formed the collective character of the Druze. The Druze who upheld their religious identity were known as the ʿuqqāl, while others were called juhhāl. Historically, the ʿuqqāl have played vital social and political roles within their community, the most prominent of which has been preserving the Druze identity and the social and political behaviors arising from it. On the other hand, Druze history in the Levant—particularly in Lebanon—is marked by wars and armed uprisings, which have imparted a warlike character on the Druze that often overshadowed their other collective traits, despite their commitment to nonviolent principles. For these reasons, understanding the ʿuqqāl's religious stance on the use of violence and their conduct in conflicts is of clear historical importance. This study investigates oral narratives about notable Druze ʿuqqāl in Lebanon during the past century, employing a rigorous methodology to reveal a consistent, comprehensive behavioral pattern grounded in fundamental religious principles. This behavior is characterized by a rejection of violence and aggression, an effort to prevent such acts, a condemnation of those who engage in them, and retribution where necessary. From a broader perspective, the ethical stance of religious adherents on violence is a contentious issue today and is receiving intense attention from research institutions and both governmental and non-governmental organizations, particularly given the global impact of religiously motivated violence. Consequently, this research carries significance beyond the Druze demographic presence in the Levant, as it offers principles and behavioral patterns that may contribute to fostering peaceful religious leadership on an international level.