Non-financial Sector Companies Research Articles

The Influence of CEO Characteristics On Environmental, Social, & Governance (ESG) Strategies In Non-Financial Sector Companies Listed On The Indonesian Stock Ex-change (IDX)

Global issues such as climate change, social injustice, and corporate misconduct have driven the emergence of the Environmental, Social, & Governance (ESG) concept as the foundation of business and investment strategies. While Indonesia has been a pioneer in ESG bond issuance, further steps are still needed to support national policies and ensure alignment with ASEAN and G20 goals in supporting sustainable finance. This study aims to determine the effect of CEO characteristics, namely Gender and Education, on the Environmental, Social, & Governance (ESG) of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The literature shows that Gender, Education, and CEO Experienxe affect the company's funding policy and capital structure, but the impact on ESG implementation is unclear. This study used a sample of 365 with a total of 73 companies. The data processing method used is panel linear regression analysis using RStudio software. The results showed that CEO gender has an insignificant positive effect, CEO education has a significant positive effect, and CEO experience has a significant negative effect on the ESG strategy score. The results of the study are expected to help companies in making policies to improve ESG and help investors in choosing ESG companies.

Determinants of Carbon Emission Disclosure in Non-Financial Companies Listed on IDX

According to a report by the Climate Transparency organization, Indonesia is in a critical situation. The organization states that the Indonesian government is not taking adequate steps to meet the Paris Agreement's target of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C. As the world's fifth-largest carbon emitter, Indonesia requires concrete actions to reduce its carbon emissions. One approach is to enhance the responsibility and accountability of companies in carbon-intensive industries to disclose their emissions. This study aims to identify the factors influencing carbon emission disclosure. The research uses a population of non-financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2021-2023, with 52 samples selected through purposive sampling. Multiple linear regression analysis is applied in this study to examine the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The results show that firm size affects carbon emission disclosure, while leverage and managerial ownership do not impact carbon emission disclosure.

Comparative Analysis of Pra-Post Merger and Acquisition Financial Performance Reviewed From EVA, MVA and Financial Ratio Methods (Empirical Study of Non-Financial Sector Companies Listed on the IDX for the Period 2015-2020)

This study aims to compare the pre-post M&A financial performance of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the 2-year period before mergers and acquisitions (M&A), in the year of M&A, and 2 years after M&A. Performance was measured using Economic Value Added (EVA), Market Value Added (MVA), and financial ratios. The research sample consisted of 22 companies selected by purposive sampling, and secondary data were analyzed from financial statements. Partial analysis was conducted with the Wilcoxon Sign Test because the data was not normally distributed, while simultaneous analysis used the MANOVA test with the STATA version 17 application. The results of simultaneous testing showed no significant difference in financial performance between before and after M&A. However, partial test results found significant differences in MVA variables in the period 2 years before, 1 and 2 years after M&A, as well as in the year of M&A. In addition, the ROA variable also shows significant differences in the 2-year period before, 1 and 2 years after M&A. However, the effect of M&A on MVA and ROA variables tends to be negative.

Factor Determinant Profitability and Financial Distress of Non-Financial Sector Companies in Indonesia

This study aims to examine the determinants of financial distress of non-financial sector companies in Indonesia during the Covid 19 pandemic and test whether company profitability can mediate financial performance on the possibility of financial distress. The sampling technique was purposive sampling, namely non-financial sector companies that experienced negative operating profit during 2020 and 2021. The analysis technique used is panel data regression analysis. The results showed that sales growth has a positive impact on profitability and DER has a negative impact on profitability. While TATO has a positive effect on Financial Distress. This study also shows that profitability cannot mediate financial performance on financial distress. This study contributes to the testing of signalling theory, where information on sales growth and corporate capital structure affects the company's profitability. In addition the company's very limited ability to manage its assets during Covid 19 conditions affects the possibility of financial distress.

Institutional investor association and stock price crash risk: Evidence from China

This study investigates the relationship between institutional investor association and stock price crash risk, using data from all listed non-financial sector companies in the Chinese capital market. The findings indicate a significant positive correlation between institutional investor association and stock price crash risk. Moreover, property rights and agency costs play significant moderating roles in this relationship. Specifically, the impact of institutional investors on stock price crash risk is more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) than in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Furthermore, this impact is more pronounced in firms with high agency costs and prominent agency problems compared to firms with low agency costs. This research contributes to financial regulators being able to identify better and prevent stock price crashes, ensuring the stability of investors' returns from their invested enterprises.

Moderating role of enterprise risk management in the relationship between sustainability performance and a firm’s competitive advantage

The emergence of sustainable business practices has garnered interest among stakeholders. However, the question of whether sustainability performance provides companies with a competitive advantage is still being debated in the literature. This paper aims to examine the influence of sustainability performance – namely economic sustainability performance and environmental, social, governance (ESG) – on competitive advantage, with the effectiveness of enterprise risk management (ERM) as the moderating variable. This paper used 202 firm-year observations during 2015–2022 from non-financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. To test the hypotheses, panel data regression with a one-year time-lag analysis is conducted. The findings show that economic sustainability performance has no relationship with competitive advantage, while ESG has a positive effect. Furthermore, ERM effectiveness strengthens the effect of economic sustainability and ESG on competitive advantage. Further investigation used a two-year time-lag analysis for a long-term perspective. The analysis shows that economic sustainability performance and ESG have a positive impact on competitive advantage. In contrast, ERM effectiveness has no effect on the relationship between economic sustainability performance and competitive advantage. Moreover, additional analysis incorporates the effect of COVID-19 into the main model and shows that the pandemic did not affect competitive advantage; this is consistent with the main results. The findings encourage companies to improve their risk management and sustainability initiatives. The government may also take it into account when developing rules that promote the implementation of sustainable development. AcknowledgmentThis research was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia through the Center for Higher Education Fund (BPPT) and Indonesia Endowment Funds for Education (LPDP) for providing the Indonesian Education Scholarship (BPI-Beasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia).

Foreign Institutional Ownership and Earnings Management

This study investigates the relationship between foreign institutional ownership (FIO) and earnings management (EM) using 552 firms of non-financial sector companies that publish annual financial reports for 2015–2021. We use ordinary least squares (OLS) for equation estimation. The results show that, overall, FIO has a negative impact on earnings management. Tests were also conducted on the FIO group: banks, insurance, pension fund mutual funds, and securities companies. The test results indicate that each group of institutional investors has a negative effect except for securities companies, which positively impact earnings management. The positive influence of securities firms shows that securities firms are more focused on trading strategies than managerial controls. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the corporate governance literature and the quality of financial reporting. Institutional ownership as a corporate governance mechanism is expected to control earnings management which can reduce the quality of financial reporting. Keywords: institutional ownership, earnings management, agency theory

The Influence of Company Profitability, Corporate Risk, Audit Report Lag, and CEO Gender on Audit Fee

This research aims to examine the influence of company profitability, company risk, audit report lag, and CEO gender on audit fees and to test the differences in independent variables and dependent variables before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The object of this research is non-financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018–2021. This research uses secondary data. The number of samples in this research was 75. The sample selection technique used is purposive sampling. Data analysis was done using panel data analysis, paired sample t-tests, and Wilcoxon tests. Results show that the audit report lag variable has a positive effect on audit fees. In contrast, the variables of company profitability, company risk, and CEO gender do not affect audit fees. Based on the results of the average difference test, the profitability and audit report lag variables experienced significant changes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the audit fee, company risk, and CEO gender variables did not experience significant changes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: audit fee, company profitability, company risk, audit report lag, CEO gender

Analisis Perbedaan Kinerja Keuangan Sebelum Dan Sesudah IPO Pada Perusahaan Go Public Di BEI

Companies that carry out an IPO on the capital market will usually experience better performance changes and thus gain greater profits. Financial performance ratios are used by investors to make investment decisions in a company and determine company value. This research is in the form of comparative quantitative research. This comparative research aims to describe the differences in the financial ratio performance of companies conducting Initial Public Offerings (IPO) on the IDX before and after the IPO period. The population in this research is all companies listed in the IPO position on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2019, a total of 55 companies with a sample of 40 companies. The research results show that there is no difference in financial performance in terms of Currnet Ratio (CR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and Return on Equity (ROE) both before and after the IPO in non-financial sector companies that decided to IPO in 2019.

Detecting Earnings Management And Earnings Manipulation In Indonesia: A Panel Data Analysis

This research aims to measure the quality of profits in non-financial sector companies in Indonesia regarding the extent to which the Company's financial reports are trustworthy to stakeholders. In this research, discretionary accruals are an indicator for measuring earnings manipulation, and non-discretionary accruals are an indicator for measuring earnings management. Secondary data is from annual reports of non-financial sector companies on IDX in 2020-2022. The sample for this research is non-financial sector companies, including the raw materials, manufacturing, and service sectors. Our research uses a modified Jones Model to estimate earnings management and earnings manipulation. The data analysis technique uses panel data regression. The research results show that the value aspect of discretionary accruals significantly influences total accruals. In contrast, the value of non-discretionary accruals does not significantly impact total accruals. This research is expected to help auditors, users of financial reports, and accounting standards bodies identify companies that fraud.

THE ROLE OF BUSINESS STRATEGY IN MODERATING THE EFFECT OF ESG PERFORMANCE ON FIRM VALUE

<p><strong>Background</strong>: The sustainability issue has become a global conversation both in society and especially in the business world. Climate change, social crises, and environmental issues pose threats to the global economy, especially for developing countries with weaker infrastructures compared to developed nations, thus necessitating sustainable practices, one of which is through ESG disclosure.</p><p><strong>Objective</strong>: This study aims to empirically examine the influence of ESG performance on firm value with business strategy using Miles & Snow's typology (1978) as a moderator.</p><p><strong>Research Methodology</strong>: This study uses unbalanced panel data regression with fixed effects using robust standard error to prevent bias in testing the formulated hypotheses. The population in this study consists of non-financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2018 to 2022, with a sample of 194 companies. The data collection method utilizes purposive sampling. Data is analyzed using the panel data regression method.</p><p><strong>Research Findings</strong>: The results of this study show that ESG performance has a significant negative impact on firm value. Furthermore, this research finds that business strategy can moderate the relationship between ESG performance and firm value, where it strengthens the negative relationship between ESG and firm value. Additional analysis reveals that the defender strategy weakens the negative relationship between ESG and firm value. Meanwhile, the other two strategies are unable to moderate the relationship between ESG and firm value.</p><p><strong>Originality/Novelty of Research</strong>: This is a study examining the influence of ESG on firm value with business strategy as a moderator in the non-financial sector companies in Indonesia listed on the BEI using data from 2018 to 2022</p>

PENGARUH STRUKTUR KEPEMILIKAN DAN ESG TERHADAP EFISIENSI MODAL INTELEKTUAL

The progress of the current era of globalization is slowly changing the company's view from a labor-based business to a knowledge-based business. The knowledge-based business is based on the ability and proficiency of the company's individuals. This is what makes the company focus on increasing intellectual capital. Several factors, such as ownership structure and Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) activities, are thought to influence the efficiency of intellectual capital because both reflect the entity's intellectual capital. This research aims to determine the effect of ownership structure (managerial ownership, institutional ownership, foreign ownership, government ownership) and ESG activities on the intellectual capital efficiency of non-financial sector companies listed on IDX in 2018-2022. The purposive sampling technique was used and resulted in 78 companies that met the criteria. The research was conducted using multiple linear regression analysis via SPSS 23. The results of the research show that managerial ownership does not affect intellectual capital efficiency. The research results also reveal that institutional ownership and ESG activities have a positive effect on intellectual capital efficiency. On the other hand, foreign ownership and government ownership have a negative effect on intellectual capital efficiency. The results of the research provide an overview for companies regarding the influence of ESG activities on company reputation, contribution, and quality. On the other hand, ownership variables can provide an overview of the company regarding the influence of share ownership on company decisions.

Laporan Keberlanjutan yang Berkualitas: Peran Stakeholder Pressure dan Corporate Governance

This is a quantitative research aimed at examining the influence of stakeholder pressure using the mechanisms of employees and shareholders, as well as corporate governance using the mechanisms of the board of commissioners and audit committees on the quality of sustainability reports. The study sample comprises 35 non-financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the period 2018-2021. Secondary data from annual reports and sustainability reports accessible through the Indonesia Stock Exchange website and related entity websites were used in this research. The study employs a random effect model with panel data regression, and data processing was conducted using STATA version 16. Based on the test results, it was found that one variable of corporate governance mechanism, which is the Audit Committee, has a significant positive impact on the quality of sustainability reports. However, the Board of Commissioners did not exhibit a significant influence. As for the stakeholder mechanisms of Employees and Shareholders, they did not demonstrate a significant impact on the quality of sustainability reports.

Standardized corporate social responsibility disclosure, assurance, and real earnings management: evidence from developing countries

Research aims: This study aims to present empirical evidence on the effect of social responsibility disclosure on real earnings management and the role of assurance in this relationship. This is based on a paradox, i.e., companies that publish standardized corporate social responsibility disclosures to project ethical business practices are also associated with accounting and financial scandals.Design/Methodology/Approach: This study was conducted on non-financial sector companies in developing countries that are members of ASEAN-4, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, which issued GRI-based social responsibility disclosures in the period 2013-2019, amounting to 285 companies with a total of 859 observations.Research findings: The results demonstrated that companies with standardized social responsibility disclosures tend to reduce their real earnings management practices. However, the assurance variable mitigates the negative effect of corporate social responsibility on real earnings management, implying that assurance provides false credibility. In an additional analysis, the samples were grouped based on board structure. The findings of this study are consistent with two-tier board structures, suggesting that a one-tier system provides better information quality.Theoretical contribution/Originality: The originality of this study lies in a comprehensive measurement of social responsibility disclosure variables using an index that gauges a combination of accountability and performance aspects. Furthermore, this study takes into account assurance as a variable representing the credibility of information, which surprisingly moderates the negative effect of social responsibility disclosure on real earnings management.Practitioner/Policy implication: The findings of this study underscore the importance of standardized social responsibility disclosure in mitigating managerial opportunistic behavior. The findings also highlight the need to enhance the assurance function to prevent its use as an opportunistic management tactic.

Does internal cash flow-external financing sensitivity react to economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risk? Evidence from Saudi Arabia

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the influence of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and geopolitical risk (GPR) on the relationship between internal cash flow and external financing in an emerging market, Saudi Arabia. It also examines the role of asset tangibility and financial crisis in establishing this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe sample was taken from non-financial sector companies listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange between 2002 and 2019. The data were analyzed using panel data regression analysis, including ordinary least squares and fixed effects model. The author addresses potential endogeneity through the generalized method of moments.FindingsThis study found that both EPU and GPR reduce the sensitivity of external financing to internal cash flow. This implies that firms depend more on internally generated funds during periods of increased EPU and GPR. Besides, this study found that the influence of EPU and GPR on the sensitivity of external financing to internal cash flow is more (less) negative for more tangible firms (during the financial crisis period). This result implies that Saudi firms boasting a higher level of tangibility are more flexible when it comes to seeking external financing. However, the presence of uncertainty during the crisis period makes the external financing costly, and therefore, firms will be less likely to raise funds from external sources.Practical implicationsThis study has important implications for managers, policymakers and regulators. First, the paper findings provide insights for corporate decision-makers in helping them to focus on internal funds to finance their investment during uncertain times. Second, the findings help managers to understand the role of asset tangibility in raising external funding when firms face financial constraints due to uncertainty. Third, this study also helps corporates to focus on internal funds to finance their investment during the crisis period because EPU and GPR increase the cost of external finance. Finally, the results provide guidelines for policymakers and regulators to make appropriate policy measures to increase the easy availability of external finance during periods of increased EPU and GPR.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to shed light on the impact of internal funds on external financing while paying close attention to the role of EPU and GPR.

Influence of ESG on Sustainability Reporting: Mediation Rule of Green Innovation and Investor Sentiment

This study aims to investigate if the quality of sustainability reporting is particularly influenced by a company’s commitment and approach to relevant environmental, social, and governmental (ESG) factors. Companies that seriously implement good sustainability reporting are likely to produce more detailed, relevant, and measurable ESG practices. The sample criteria were non-financial sector companies that had completed sustainability reports. This study collected 430 pieces of data from 215 companies. Data were collected from the 2021-2022 sustainability reports. The results show that ESG has a positive and significant effect on green innovation, investor sentiment, and sustainability reporting, and green innovation has a significant effect on sustainability reporting. However, investor sentiment does not significantly mediate the relationship between ESG and sustainability reporting. This study can help companies understand the factors that contribute to sustainability reporting. The limitation of this study is the development of theoretical models to anticipate the controversial debate behind the effect of ESG. Future research can combine and develop theoretical models on ESG and environmental uncertainty, which refers to the different, unpredictable, and constantly changing nature of the environment in which organizations operate. Environmental uncertainty can pose risks to organizations, including risks associated with supply chain disruptions and regulatory changes.

ADVERTISING INTENSITY, GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, DAN PENGHINDARAN PAJAK PERUSAHAAN

This research aims to examine the influence of advertising intensity and corporate governance on corporate tax avoidance. This research also tests the moderating influence of corporate governance on the relationship between advertising intensity and corporate tax avoidance. The sample used was all non-financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2015–2021 period. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, so a total of 67 companies were observed. The analysis used is panel data analysis using Stata 14 software. The results of this study show that advertising intensity has a positive effect on tax avoidance, but the proportion of independen commissioners, the proportion of female commissioners, and the moderation of the board of commissioners have no effect on tax avoidance. This research also found that there was a moderating influence from the governance element, namely board diversity, which was proxied by a female board of commissioners, which was proven to weaken the positive relationship between advertising intensity and tax avoidance. The results of this research can be used as input by the Directorate General of Taxes for evaluating improvements to company tax regulations as well as by the Komite Nasional Kebijakan Governance as material for improving regulations and implementation to create a better corporate governance system in Indonesia.

The role of female executives in capital structure decisions: evidence from a Southeast Asian country

PurposeThis study aims to investigate how the presence of female executives on the board affects a company’s capital structure decisions. The critical mass of female executives on the board was also considered to observe their impact on capital structure.Design/methodology/approachSamples were taken from nonfinancial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2012 and 2021 (3,707 firm-year observations). Capital structure was measured using four approaches, namely, debt-to-total asset ratio (DAR), debt-to-equity ratio (DER), short-term debt-to-total assets (STD) and long-term debt-to-total assets (LTD). The data were analyzed using panel data regression analysis, including a fixed effects model with clustered standard errors.FindingsThe presence of female executives on the board is significantly negatively related to capital structure as measured by DER and STD. The critical mass of women provided no evidence of a relationship with a firm’s capital structure. Robustness checks were performed, and the results were consistent with those in the main analysis.Research limitations/implicationsFemale executives can be appointed to management boards when determining a strategy to achieve the capital structure desired by a company.Originality/valueThis study increases the diversity of research in corporate governance by synthesizing various indicators from female executives into a single study to determine their relationships with companies’ capital structures. In addition, this study stands out by incorporating four distinct indicators for assessing capital structure and diverging from the norm observed in many other studies, many of which rely on just two indicators: DAR and DER. Moreover, it strongly emphasizes the unique economic, legal, social and cultural landscapes of developing countries like Indonesia in comparison to their developed counterparts, particularly Western nations.

Relationship and Influence Four Components on Financial Distress in Non-Financial Sector Companies Listed on the IDX Period 2020-2022

Relationship and Influence Four Components on Financial Distress in Non-Financial Sector Companies Listed on the IDX Period 2020-2022

Ownership Structure on Dividend Policy in The Indonesian Stock Exchange

Purpose: This research analyses how ownership structure affects dividend policy.
 Method: Quantitative with a pool least square (PLS) regression model was used as a research method, and the research sample was drawn from all non-financial sector companies registered in IDX from 2017 to 2021. Independent variables such as family ownership, institutional ownership, and concentration ownership. This research also has a control variable such as return on assets, debt to equity ratio, firm size, firm age, free cash flow, and volatility (business risk).
 Result: This research found that family ownership, institutional ownership, concentration ownership, return on assets, firm size, age of firm, free cash flow, and volatility (business risk) all have a significant effect on dividend yield, but the debt to equity ratio has no effect.