Nonfecal Coliforms Research Articles

Drinking Water Sources Feasibility Test Based On Escherichia Coli As an Indicator Of Pollutant In Sultan Village Stunting Locus Of

Introduction: Water quality parameters are indicated by the presence of E. coli bacteria. These bacteria come from human feces, warm-blooded animals, and non-fecal coliforms. Decree of the Health Minister of the Republic of Indonesia Number 907/MENKES/VII/2002 concerning requirements and supervision of drinking water quality states that good drinking water has a zero total coliform and fecal coliform. Methods: This research uses a descriptive approach with a cross-sectional design. It aims to determine the quality of water sources in Sulkatan village. Ten (10) water sources were used as the samples using total sampling method. The collected samples were then taken to the laboratory to be tested with a series of MPN tests Results and Discussion: The results show that the amount of Escherichia coli bacteria in water samples in Sulkatan Village is 0MPN/100 ml. It is owing to the location of the water source that is far from industrial activities, household waste and residential areas. Conclusion: The quality of the tested well-water samples is good and within normal limits in accordance with the Decree of the Health Minister of the Republic of Indonesia Number 907/MENKES/VII/2002

Uji Cemaran Coliform Menggunakan Uji MPN pada Air Sumur Gali, Sumur Bor dan PDAM

Physical, biological, and chemical parameters form the environmental health quality standards for water media used for sanitary hygiene needs. These parameters must be checked periodically by the laws and regulations contained in the Minister of Health Regulation Number 32 of 2017. One of these requirements is the MPN limit, which is a maximum total Coliform count of 50 colonies per 100 milliliters and requires the absence of Escherichia coli. This study was to ascertain whether PDAM water, borehole, and dug well water in the Cinta Rakyat Village area of Percut Sei Tuan Deli Serdang were contaminated by Escherichia coli and the MPN Coliform index. A 3:3:3 tube series consisting of a prediction test using Lactose Broth (LB) media, a confirmation test using Brilliant Green Lactose Broth (BGLB) media, and a complementary test using Eosin media was used to conduct a microbiological contamination test using the Most Probable Number (MPN) Coliform method. Gram stain with methylene blue agar (EMBA). Six water samples from dug wells, six from boreholes, and one PDAM water sample from the homeowner's residence were used for testing. The samples were randomly selected. The findings showed that two well water samples - ASGD 1 with 75 colonies/100 mL and ASGD 6 with 75 colonies/100 mL - exceeded the total Coliform limit. Six samples taken from dug wells were positive for fecal coliform. The colony count for ASGD 1 was 15/100 mL, ASGD 2 was 7/100 mL, ASGD 3 was 7/100 mL, ASGD 4 was 15/100 mL, ASGD 5 was 4/100 mL, and ASGD 6 was 20/100 mL. Two samples from boreholes were positive for fecal coliform. There were 4 colonies/100 mL for ASBD 2 and 7 colonies/100 mL for ASBD 4. PDAM water samples did not contain non-fecal coliforms and fecal coliforms.

Novel primer designing and PCR-AFLP approach for an expeditious detection of coliforms in potable waters

Molecular techniques involving 16S rRNA gene have long been proved to be a mainstay of sequence-based bacterial analysis and enhance the competence of bacterial removal in drinking water and food. The main goal of this analysis was to reduce the time of detection of total coliforms by developing 16S rRNA based DNA markers by targeting variable region in the 16S rRNA gene position of V2 and V9. Coliform specific primers (189F and 1447R) were designed to amplify total coliform with an amplicon size of 1300 bp. The PCR product was later digested with Hind III and BseRI (restriction enzymes) to differentiate the type of contamination caused by fecal and non-fecal coliforms respectively. The digested amplicons were run on agarose gel electrophoresis and contamination levels were estimated based on the respective band pattern. This method can be applicable to know the coliform contamination levels of potable waters, in food and beverage industries within a short period of time. To our knowledge, this is the first report on newly designed primers which not only amplify coliform bacteria, followed by various restriction digestions of these amplicons but also provides unique band patterns to identify coliforms at genus level.

Detection and Enumeration of Coliforms in Drinking Water Sources in the Selected Barangay in Santa Maria, Davao Occidental Philippines

The study aimed to determine the presence of fecal and nonfecal coliforms in selected drinking water sources of Santa Maria, Davao Occidental. Three (3) barangays were purposively identified as sampling sites, namely: Barangay Pongpong, Barangay San Isidro, and Barangay San Roque, where spring water, Jetmatic, and manual water pump are the sources of drinking water.
 The study was conducted at Sta Maria, Davao Occidental Philippines from August 2021 to December 2021.The water samples were collected aseptically from the identified reservoir in the drinking water of the selected barangay of Sta Maria, Davao Occidental. The collected samples were brought to the SPAMAST Microbiology Laboratory. One (1) mL of sample was plated aseptically in the coliform Petrifilm. The plated water samples were incubated at 35-37 degrees Celcius for 24 hours. Colonies in the Petrifilm were counted manually and recorded as colony-forming units (CFU).
 Microbial analysis detected the presence of total coliforms on the drinking water reservoir from the spring water source from barangay Pongpong, manual water pump and spring water source from barangay San Isidro and the manual water pump from barangay San Roque. Meanwhile, noOccidental, Philippines. Generally, the drinking water sources of the three (3) barangays exceeded the national standard set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Periodic monitoring on the drinking water sources in the identified barangays is highly recommended.

English

This research investigates the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of five local hand dug wells used for drinking and agricultural activities in Blama, Small-Bo Chiefdom, in the Kenema District, Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. These five local hand-dug wells were randomly selected based on the availability of water in them throughout the year. The physical characteristics examined are: pH, turbidity, conductivity, temperature, total dissolve solid (TDS); and the chemical characteristics, such as: Residual chlorine (R. Chorine), magnesium, potassium, nitrite, iron, fluoride, ammonia, copper; and the microbial characteristics include: Total coliforms, fecal coliform and non-fecal coliform. Samples were collected in 500 ml sterilized plastic containers and transported to the laboratory, within 30 min. The results analysed indicate that the physical and chemical characteristic are within the WHO guideline limits for safe drinking water. However, a large amount of non-Faecal coliform was recorded in all the water samples analysed which exceed the World Health Organization standard for non-faecal coliform ((<10), and with no presence of residual chlorine. It can therefore be concluded that the water sample analyzed was potable and fit for drinking and agricultural activities. Key words: Hand-dug, well, local, safe and sample.

GAMBARAN KUALITAS BAKTERI KOLIFORM AIR BERSIH PADA SUMUR GALI DI DESA TONGUTE TERNATE KECAMATAN IBU KABUPATEN HALMAHERA BARAT PROVINSI MALUKU UTARA

The World Health Organization (WHO) in the Director General of Disease Eradication and Environmental Health states that the average volume of clean water needs for the world's population is different. In developed countries, the water required is approximately 500 liters/or/day. Meanwhile, big cities in Indonesia need 200-400 liters of water/or/day. One of the bacteria that can contaminate water quality is coliform bacteria, which is a group of intestinal bacteria that live in the human digestive tract. And the purpose of this research is to find out the description of Coliform bacteria in clean water of dug wells in Tongute Village, Ternate District, Ibu Subdistrict, West Halmahera Regency, Maluku Province. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University Makassar. The method used in this research is an experimental design with descriptive observation totaling 5 samples of dug wells, carried out with the Most Probable Number (MPN) in the Estimating Test and Confirmation Test for Dug Well Water Samples and Testing on Complementary Tests Using Eosyn Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) Media Growth Media ). The results showed that in the examination of the estimator test using lactose Broth (LB) media, the 5 samples in the estimator test were marked by a change in the solution to yellow color and the appearance of gas bubbles in the Durham tube so that it was suspected that it contained coliform bacteria contamination. In the confirmation test examination using Brilliant Green Lactosa Broth (BGLB) media, a positive test result in the estimator test is continued to the confirmation test to confirm coliform In the confirmation test using the EMBA medium, the positive test result is confirmed by a confirmation test to determine the type of coliform bacteria his. The result is called fecal coliform if the colonies that grow in the medium are metallic green, if the colonies that grow are brick red, it is called non-fecal coliform. It was concluded that there were coliform bacteria in the five dug wells by showing a metallic green color indicator.

The technology of rob water treatment becomes clean water by using the combination of electrolysis, filtration, and ozonation methods

Coastal residents have difficulty in fulfilling the needs of clean water due to tidal water and tidal water intrusion. Meanwhile, clean water is a crucial component in carrying out activities of daily life. This initiative aims to provide an alternative solution in the form of technology to treat water polluted by saline water into clean water. This initiative used the method of electrolysis, filtration, and ozonation. Electrolysis has functions to remove salt contained and reduce levels of heavy metals while filtration functions to filter out the impurities in the form of solid particles, and ozonation takes a role to kill bacteria. Moreover, the target output of this work is the creation of a prototype by using this technology as a technology that can treat water polluted by saline water into clean water. The parameters assessed from this initiative are physical, chemical, and biological parameters of clean water. The results of the total test of dissolved solids of water before processing were 7130 ppm while it was 2490 ppm after getting treatment. The decreasing total value of dissolved solids is 65.077%, which indicates that the test was successful. The result of an electrical conductivity test of water before processing is 310 mA while after processing is 88.6 mA. The decrease in the current value of 71.419% indicates that the test was successful. The results of the turbidity test of water before processing are 0 FAU while after getting treatment is 0 FAU. The turbidity value remains 0, which indicates the test was successful. The results of the pH test of water before processing were 5.7 while the result after treatment got 6.1. The increase in pH value towards pH 7 (neutral) indicates that the test was successful. The test results of salt and heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Cl, Na, and Pb) of water before processing were 0.073 ppm, 0.07 ppm, 0.17 ppm, 0.04 ppm, and 4.24 ppm while after processing was 0 ppm, 0 ppm, 0.07 ppm, 0.03 ppm, and 1.36 ppm. There was a decrease in Fe 100%, Cu 100%, Cl 58,823%, Na 25%, and Pb 67,924% which showed that the test was successful. Test results for fecal coliform and nonfecal coliform bacteria before processing were 43 MPN / 100 ml and 7 MPN / 100 ml while after processing was 23 MPN / 100 ml and 4 MPN / 100 ml. There was a decrease in the value of fecal coliform bacteria 46.511% and nonfecal coliform 42.857% which showed that the test was successful. The use of electrodes needs to be replaced periodically so that the results of clean water production remain optimal.

Bacteria Identification In Traditional Sauce (Sambal) At The Restaurants Nearby The Traditional Markei Of Gorontalo City

The unsafe food will cause the health problems in the community. Sambal which is known as the traditional sauce is a sauce made from chilies that are crushed until the water content comes out, giving it a spicy taste. Furthermore, Sambal is processed in a simple way so that it can leac to the contamination of microorganisms such as Coliform bacteria contamination. This study aims to determine the presence of Coliform bacteria contamination in Sambal at the supermarket nearby the traditional market in Gorontalo City. This research is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach. It examines the existence of Coliform bacteria using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The population in this study were 14 samples with the sampling technique by accidental sampling. Coliform bacteria examination results show that Sambal sample is found with positive results contaminated with Coliform bacteria, namely 11 samples with a percentage of 78.6% and negative results of 3 samples with a percentage of 21.4%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that a positive result was found consisting of 1 sample of coliform fekal bacteria, in this case the bakteri Escherchia coli. bacteria, and 10 samples from the non-fecal coliform bacteria.

English

This study was conducted to assess the physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters of five- brand of sachet water, and their source point consumed in Bo city, southern Sierra Leone. The physical parameters include: pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solid, and conductivity; chemical parameters include: Residual Chlorine, Magnesium, Potassium, Nitrite, Ammonia; and bacteriological parameters include: Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, and non-fecal coliform. Samples were collected and conveyed to the laboratory within 30 min. The result analyzed shows that the physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of the Spring Box, and the five-brand were in conformity with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. However, the pH of four-brand and the Spring Box fell below WHO standards (6.50-8.50), only Tee Spring had a pH which is within the permissible limit. The temperature of the Spring Box, and the five-Brand fell above the WHO standard (25.00°C). It can be said that the physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters of all the five-brand and the Spring Box, are all within the WHO guidelines limit, and therefore fit for drinking. Key words: pH, WHO, brands, sachet, parameter.

Analysis of Coliform and Colifecal Total Pollution Test on Various Types of Drinking Water Using the MPN (Most Probable Number) Method

Water is the main source for life and also the most severe substance caused by pollution. The mandatory parameters for determining microbiological quality of drinking water are total non-fecal Coliform bacteria and Coliform fecal (Escherichia coli). Coliform bacteria are a group of microorganisms commonly used as indicators, where these bacteria can be a signal to determine whether a water source has been contaminated by bacteria or not, while fecal Coliform bacteria are indicator bacteria polluting pathogenic bacteria originating from human feces and warm-blooded animals (mammals) . The water inspection method in this study uses the MPN (Most Probable Number) method which consists of 3 tests, namely, the presumption test, the affirmation test, and the reinforcement test. The results showed that of 15 drinking water samples 8 samples were tested positive for Coliform bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1, 15 (210/100 ml), while 7 other samples were negative. From 8 positive Coliform samples only 1 sample was stated to be negative fecal Coliform bacteria and 7 other samples were positive for Coliform fecal bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1 (210/100 ml).

Seasonality of Coliform Bacteria Detection Rates in New Jersey Domestic Wells.

It is important that indicators of fecal pollution are reliable. Coliform bacteria are a commonly used indicator of fecal pollution. As other investigators have reported elsewhere, we observed a seasonal pattern of coliform bacteria detections in domestic wells in New Jersey. Examination of a statewide database of 10 years of water quality data from 93,447 samples, from 78,207 wells, generated during real estate transactions, revealed that coliform bacteria were detected in a higher proportion of wells during warm weather months. Further examination of the seasonal pattern of other data, including well water pH, precipitation, ground and surface water temperatures, surface water coliform bacteria concentrations, and vegetation, resulted in the hypothesis that these bacteria may be derived from nonfecal (or environmentally adapted) as well as fecal sources. We provide evidence that the coliform seasonality may be the result of seasonal changes in groundwater extraction volumes (and to a lesser extent precipitation), and temperature-driven changes in the concentration of surface or near-surface coliform sources. Nonfecal coliform sources may not indicate the presence of fecal wastes and hence the potential presence of pathogens, or do so in an inconsistent fashion. Additional research is needed to identify the sources of the coliforms detected in groundwater.

<b>Enteropathogenic bacterial contamination of a latosol following application of organic fertilizer

Poultry manure is used as fertilizer in natura , but little is known about whether it contaminates the soil with pathogenic organisms. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of organic, organomineral and mineral fertilizers on soil contamination by enteric pathogens, using poultry manure as the organic fertilizer. Manure was applied in field experiments at rates of 7.0 ton. ha -1 (maize crop, 2008/2009), 8.0 ton. ha -1 (wheat crop, 2009) and 14 ton. ha -1 (maize crop, 2010/2011). Organomineral fertilizer was applied at the same rates but was comprised of 50% manure and 50% mineral fertilizer. At 30 and 70 days after fertilization, the organic fertilizer and the upper 0-5 cm layer of the soil were tested for the presence of helminth eggs and larvae and enteropathogenic bacteria. Fecal and non-fecal coliforms ( Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringes ) were found in the organic fertilizer, but neither Salmonella spp. nor enteroparasites were detected. The population of enteropathogenic bacteria in the soil was similar among the treatments for all crops at both evaluation times. The population of thermotolerant coliforms in the organic fertilizer was larger than the maximum level allowed in Brazil, but neither the organic or nor the organomineral fertilizer contaminated the soil.

Ecological aspects of the antimicrobial resistence in bacteria of importance to humn infections

In view of the intimate relationship of humans with coastal lagoons (used for recreation, tourism, water supply, etc.), the discharge of domestic effluents may lead to the establishment of routes of dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms, including microorganisms carrying genes for resistance to antimicrobials, through the surrounding human communities. The objective of the present investigation was to relate the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to the environmental characteristics of three coastal lagoons, comparing the results with those from hospital sewage. Of the lagoons evaluated, two (Geriba and Imboassica) receive domestic sewage discharge, and the other (Cabiunas) is still in a natural state. We isolated in a culture medium containing 32 ¼ µg/ml of Cephalothin, fecal coliforms (E. coli), non-fecal coliforms (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Citrobacter), non-glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, and Aeromonas sp. In cultures from the hospital drain we found strains showing numerous markers for resistance to most of the 11 antimicrobials tested. On the other hand, in cultures from Cabiunas and Imboassica lagoons, we found strains showing resistance only to antibiotics frequently observed in non-selective situations (considered as common markers). The capacity for dilution in the ecosystem, and salinity appeared related with the occurrence of multi-resistant bacterial strains. The intensity of recent fecal contamination was not shown to be associated with the numbers and types of markers found.

Prevalence of Coliforms in Traditionally Dried Leafy Vegetables Sold in Open Markets and Food Stores in Gaborone, Botswana

The aerobic mesophilic count, coliform count, and prevalence of Escherichia coli on two vegetables commonly consumed by a majority of people in Botswana were determined. The aerobic count was found to be >105 CFU/g in both kinds of vegetables and as many as 27 to 30% of the samples had counts >107 CFU/g. Escherichia coli was present in 82% of the Amaranthus leaves sold as morogo in food stores and 50% of the Phaseolus leaves purchased from open markets. Nonfecal coliforms were present in all samples. The nonfecal coliforms belong to species of Klebsiella and Enterobacter and were present in the samples at values of 1 × 101 to 4 × 104 CFU/g.

Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Coliforms in Commercial Mayonnaise and Refrigerated Salad Dressing

Commercial mayonnaise and refrigerated ranch salad dressing were inoculated at two levels with two strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7, a non-pathogenic E. coli, and the non-fecal coliform Enterobacter aerogenes. Results showed that at the high inoculation level (>106 colony forming units [CFU]/g) in mayonnaise stored at room temperature (ca. 22°C) both strains of O157:H7 were undetected at 96 h. At the high inoculation level, all strains of coliform bacteria tested survived longer in salad dressing stored at 4°C than in mayonnaise stored at 22°C. The O157:H7 strains were still present at low levels after 17 days. The survival time in the low-level inoculum (104CFU/g) study decreased, but the survival pattern in the two products was similar to that observed in the high-level inoculum study. Slight differences in survival among strains were observed. The greater antimicrobial effect of mayonnaise may be attributable to differences in pH, water activity (aw), nutrients, storage temperature, and the presence of lysozyme in the whole eggs used in the production of commercial mayonnaise. Coliform bacteria survived longer in refrigerated salad dressing than in mayonnaise particularly at the high-level inoculum. Both mayonnaise (pH 3.91) and salad dressing (pH 4.51) did not support the growth of any of the microorganisms even though survival was observed.

Temperature range for growth of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 and selected coliforms in E. coli medium

Escherichia coli serotype O157H:7 and five other fecal and nonfecal coliforms were tested for minimum and maximum temperatures for growth in E. coli medium by using a temperature gradient incubator with a mean temperature increment of 1.67 degrees C (+/- 0.392). The temperature range for growth of E. coli O157:H7 is inconsistent with that of other fecal coliforms, suggesting that this pathogen is excluded with standard enumeration procedures used for foods and water.

Microbial Changes in Sweet Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) Juices

Juice freshly expressed from Sorghum bicolor for making sweet sorghum syrup contained 10 microorganisms per ml. The dominant bacterium was Leuconostoc mesenteroides, followed by gram-negative rods. Lactobacilli, yeasts, and nonfecal coliform bacteria each comprised about 1% of the microbial population. Spoilage of juice, manifested by a sour odor, discoloration, and foaming, occurred between 5 and 12 h at ambient temperatures. Spoilage was correlated with a drop in pH from 4.9 to 4.5 L. mesenteroides was the dominant spoiling agent at 20 degrees C, and Lactobacillus plantarum was the dominant spoiling agent at 32 degrees C, as determined by pure culture studies. Juice may be stored for 14 days at 4 degrees C if promptly refrigerated.

Comparison of EC broth and medium A-1 for the recovery of Escherichia coli from frozen shucked snow crab

Two variations of the multiple-tube fermentation technique were used to enumerate fecal coliforms in commercially processed, frozen crab meat. These were the EC confirmation test and a more rapid method that requires medium A-1. The method with medium A-1 was more specific than the EC confirmation test for detecting Escherichia coli type 1. E. coli was isolated from 84% of the positive medium A-1 tubes, whereas it was isolated from only 64% of the positive tubes of EC broth. When samples of crab meat were inoculated with known amounts of E. coli, better estimates of the known numbers were obtained by the medium A-1 method. Several species of nonfecal coliforms were isolated from cultures in EC broth. These belonged to the genera Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Serratia. Apparently these strains were naturally adapted to growth at an elevated temperature because the majority were able to grow at 44.5 degrees C when retested in EC broth. Fewer species of nonfecal coliforms were isolated from medium A-1. Those that were isolated belonged to the genera Citrobacter and Enterobacter.

Fecal coliform elevated-temperature test: a physiological basis.

The physiological basis of the Eijkman elevated-temperature test for differentiating fecal from nonfecal coliforms was investigated. Manometric studies indicated that the inhibitory effect upon growth and metabolism in a nonfecal coliform at 44.5 degrees C involved cellular components common to both aerobic and fermentative metabolism of lactose. Radioactive substrate incorporation experiments implicated cell membrane function as a principal focus for temperature sensitivity at 44.5 degrees C. A temperature increase from 35 to 44.5 degrees C drastically reduced the rates of [14C]glucose uptake in nonfecal coliforms, whereas those of fecal coliforms were essentially unchanged. In addition, relatively low levels of nonfecal coliform beta-galactosidase activity coupled with thermal inactivation of this enzyme at a comparatively low temperature may also inhibit growth and metabolism of nonfecal coliforms at the elevated temperature.

Growth of Heterotrophic Bacteria and Algal Extracellular Products in Oligotrophic Waters

The unexpected observation of 200 to 400 coliform bacteria per 100 ml in an unpolluted pristine stream was studied within Grand Teton National Park, Wyo. The high numbers of waterborne bacteria occurred in mid- to late summer at a location where there was a coincidental bloom of an algal mat community. Periphyton samplers were used to measure the algal growth that coincided with the increase in number of bacteria. Laboratory studies followed the growth of various coliform bacteria in the supernatant obtained from a Chlorella culture isolated from the mat community. Mixed natural bacterial populations from the stream and pure cultures of water-isolated fecal and nonfecal coliforms increased by two to three orders of magnitude at 13 degrees C when grown in the algal supernatant. Radioactive algal products were obtained by feeding an axenic Chlorella culture C-labeled bicarbonate under laboratory cultivation at 13 degrees C with illumination. Radioactive organic material from the algae became incorporated into the particulate fraction of pure cultures of coliform bacteria as they reproduced and was later released as they died.