Non-family Settings Research Articles

Interaction and language acquisition in non-family settings

Interaction and language acquisition in non-family settings

Are rare heterozygous SYNJ1 variants associated with Parkinson's disease?

Previous studies have suggested that rare biallelic SYNJ1 mutations may cause autosomal recessive parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease (PD). Our study explored the impact of rare SYNJ1 variants in non-familial settings, including 8,165 PD cases, 818 early-onset PD (EOPD, <50 years) and 70,363 controls. Burden meta-analysis using optimized sequence Kernel association test (SKAT-O) revealed an association between rare nonsynonymous variants in the Sac1 SYNJ1 domain and PD (Pfdr=0.040). Additionally, a meta-analysis focusing on patients with EOPD demonstrated an association between all rare SYNJ1 variants and PD (Pfdr=0.029). Rare SYNJ1 variants may be associated with sporadic PD, and more specifically with EOPD.

Factors Associated with Children’s Cognitives in Daycare

Cognitive development is the result of the relationship between nervous system and individual experiences to adapt to its environment. A thorough social and demographic changes lead to increased number of children receiving non-parental care. Some mothers entrust their child care in daycare. The impact of daycare service to the child's development depends on several interrelated factors, including the personality of the child, stimulation, care setting, and family condition. In daycare facilites, the children were cared non-parental or non-familial settings. Factors that may affect the child's development in a daycare are duration of care, caregiver-to-child ratio, the level of caregiver education, and child stimulation during the daycare. The aim of this study is to confirm association between the care duration, caregiver-to-child ratio, caregiver education, and daycare stimulation on child’s cognitive in daycare. This was an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design. This study was conducted at the daycare in Denpasar since July 2018 to July 2019. The child’s cognitive was measured with Mullen score. A total of 80 children in 6 daycares were included. The mean Mullen score was 91.71 (SD 10.4). The bivariate analysis of caregiver education, caregiver-to-child ratio, and stimulation using independent T test showed significant differences. The level of caregiver education showed a mean difference of 6.3 with a p-value of 0.045 (95% CI 0.129-12.411). The caregiver-to-child ratio showed a mean difference difference of 10.1 with a p-value of <0.001 (95% CI 6.064-14.170). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that caregiver education level have a <i>koef B</i> of 5.9 (95% CI 0.534-11.192) with a p-value of 0.031 and caregiver-to-child ratio have a <i>koef B</i> of 9.5 (95% CI 5.675-13.357) with a p-value of <0.001 which showed significant differences. Conclusion there are significant association between caregiver education and caregiver-to-child ratio with children’s cognitive in day care.

Cumulative and Differential Effects of Early Child Care and Middle Childhood Out-of-School Time on Adolescent Functioning.

Effects associated with early child care and out-of-school time (OST) during middle childhood were examined in a large sample of U.S. adolescents (N=958). Both higher quality early child care AND more epochs of organized activities (afterschool programs and extracurricular activities) during middle childhood were linked to higher academic achievement at age 15. Differential associations were found in the behavioral domain. Higher quality early child care was associated with fewer externalizing problems, whereas more hours of early child care was linked to greater impulsivity. More epochs of organized activities was associated with greater social confidence. Relations between early child care and adolescent outcomes were not mediated or moderated by OST arrangements in middle childhood, consistent with independent, additive relations of these nonfamilial settings.

Introduction: Whose civility?

This article is an introduction to this special issue on civility. It asks what can anthropological insights contribute to debates about civility? We propose to understand civility as a “worldly concept.” We mean this in two senses. First, it is a concept that has traction in the world: a concern with civility and incivility can be found equally in public debate as in academic work. Second, civility is worldly in a more Arendtian sense. For Hannah Arendt, politics is about what it is between people – to act politically means to construct and enter a space which allows multiple people to be present. Civility is a concept that involves talking about how people relate to each other within non-familial settings and where people are fundamentally different from each other. We use the concept of civility as a lens that allows us to focus on moments where people try to understand what respect and restraint for each other might mean in the face of potential, and maybe radical, disagreement. In this introduction we begin to explore the key theoretical issues associated with civility, in order to examine the ways anthropology can benefit from these debates, as well as contribute to them. In particular, we ask the following questions: When do claims of civility move from a conservative stifling dissent to a radical call for change? When does civility move from being conformist to dissenting, and what are its limits? What are the specific histories that mark the ways in which people are civil or uncivil to one another? What are the cultural codes through which civility is expressed and understood?

Intergenerational Education in Spanish Primary Schools: Making the Policy Case

ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this paper is to present the wider context and possibilities for developing intergenerational education in Spanish primary schools. Starting with an overview of the state of intergenerational relationships in the country, the paper moves onto positing that bridging intergenerational relationships across familial and non-familial settings is a pathway ahead to boost cooperation between generations. Schools in general and primary schools in particular are argued to be ideal intergenerational contact zones for such a bridging. Seven principles are put forward thinking of policy-makers who would like to consider the infusion of an intergenerational perspective in primary schools.

A Novel Mutation in the Gene Encoding Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Super Family: Dilemmas of Outcome Predictability

TRAPS are most common autosomal dominantly inherited periodic fever syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is an autoinflammatory condition resulting from mutation in tumor necrosis factor receptor super family 1A gene (TNFRSF1A). TNF receptor protein plays a key role in inflammation. Clinical features involve high grade fever and systemic inflammation of various organs and systems. The most dreaded complication of TRAPS is amyloidosis and end organ failure. Specific mutations and poorly controlled inflammation increase the risk for amyloidosis. Currently 141 sequence variants of TNFRSF1A gene are known. We report a novel mutation of TNFRSF1A gene variant I199T in a nine-year-old Caucasian female with clinical and laboratory features of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS). She had no significant family history and who responded well to steroids and Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) therapy. To our knowledge I199T variant has not been reported or published so far. Limited understanding of the functional status of sequence variants makes it impossible to predict disease association & pathogenicity in de novo mutations especially as they occur in non-familial settings. Asymptomatic parents should be tested to confirm if the mutation is de novo in which case it is likely to be pathogenic and patient will require vigorous treatment to avoid amyloidosis. It is important to treat the patient with this mutation to avoid long term damages especially amyloidosis.

Children and Youth With Intellectual or Developmental Disabilities Living in Congregate Care Settings (1977 to 2009): Healthy People 2010 Objective 6.7b Outcomes (Revised)

Children and Youth With Intellectual or Developmental Disabilities Living in Congregate Care Settings (1977 to 2009): Healthy People 2010 Objective 6.7b Outcomes (Revised)

Treatment Foster Care for Improving Outcomes in Children and Young People: A Systematic Review

Objective: To assess the impact of treatment foster care (TFC) on psychosocial and behavioral outcomes, delinquency, placement stability, and discharge status for children and adolescents who, for reasons of severe medical, social, psychological and behavioural problems, were placed in out-of-home care in restrictive settings or at risk of placement in such settings. Method: Electronic bibliographic databases, web searches, and article reference lists were used to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effectiveness of TFC with children and young people. The Cochrane Collaboration’s criteria were used to assess the methodological quality of studies that met the inclusion criteria. Wherever possible, extracted outcome data from similar studies were synthesized with random effects meta-analyses. Results: A total of 5 studies including 390 participants were included in this review. Data suggest that TFC may be a useful intervention for children and young people with complex emotional, psychological, and behavioural need, who are at risk of placements in nonfamily settings that restrict their liberty and opportunities for social inclusion. Conclusion: Although the inclusion criteria for this systematic review set a study design threshold higher than that of previous reviews, the findings mirror those of earlier reviews. While the results of individual studies generally indicate that TFC is a promising intervention for children and youth experiencing mental health problems, behavioral problems, or problems of delinquency, the evidence base is not robust and more research is needed due to the limited number of studies in this area.

. . . on Foster Care International Society of Psychiatric‐Mental Health Nurses

Mental health problems are particularly widespread for foster children. There are approximately 700,000 youth in foster care and nonfamily settings in the United States. The mean entry age is 3 years. The average stay is 2 years. Experts estimate that between 30% and 85% of youngsters in out-of-home care have significant emotional disturbances. Foster care children represent 5% of Medicaid enrollees but use approximately 40% of Medicaid funds. A substantial number of these children have psychological problems so serious that they require residential placement. Adolescents living with foster parents or in group homes have about four times the rate of serious psychiatric disorders than those living with their own families (2009a). Despite this level of need, less than one-third of children in the child protective system are receiving mental health services (2009a). Child psychiatric nurse advocates from the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses Division of the International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses compiled this position statement for adoption by the Board of Directors as the Association's formal statement on the plight of children and adolescents in foster care. Areas that need to be addressed include (a) lack of consistent and comprehensive service planning; (b) communications across agencies and with the youth, their foster parents, and key stakeholders; (c) use of evidence-based interventions to prevent and reduce the incidence of disability; (d) education of child welfare case workers about mental and emotional therapeutic management; and (e) education of foster parents and youth about mental health issues and appropriate treatments.

The "Public Child" and the Reluctant State?

The "Public Child" and the Reluctant State? Robbie Gilligan (bio) This essay explores the Irish state's response to the "public child." It assesses the available evidence and argues ultimately that the Irish state has been reluctant at best, negligent at worst, in its response to the needs of the "public child." The term "public child," as used here, refers to a child whose private world has in some sense become public business, attracting attention because concern has been aroused about his or her care or safety.1 The nature of this concern eventually leads the apparatus of state control, governmental or nongovernmental, to intervene, often placing the child in the care of the state, away from its home and the care of its parents.2 In earlier decades, this apparatus of control might have operated in civil society at least partly through the work of nongovernmental organizations, [End Page 265] such as the Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC) or through the efforts of concerned citizens.3 In recent decades, this apparatus has become more the remit of state systems, such as statutory child protection, social work services, or the Garda Síochána.4 Thus, the state has become increasingly involved not just in regulating the basis of intervention at the more serious end of the spectrum of child protection but also very often in delivering that intervention. The "public child" in the context of this discussion lives away from home, on foot of state intervention with or without parental consent.5 This essay also considers evidence on the experience of the "private child" and the "adopted child" to throw further light on the fate of the "public child." The "private child" lives within its family structure of whatever form, largely untouched by troubles that might bring him or her onto the radar screen of state surveillance systems. The "adopted child" is raised in its adoptive family home following an adoption order in accordance with state legislation. Legal adoption came late to the Republic of Ireland, only having been introduced as recently as 1952.6 In at least some instances, it [End Page 266] might be argued that domestic adoption serves the function, among others, of transforming a "public child" or a potential "public child" into a "private child."7 Unlike the private or adopted child, the public child's marginal status meant that it lacked sufficient advocacy on its behalf in the political or policy world. In terms of time frame, this essay focuses on the period since the publication of the Reformatory and Industrial Schools Systems Report, 1970—hereafter referred to by its more popular name, the Kennedy Report—although reference will be made to earlier developments where these help to explain later trends.8 The second part of the essay's title refers to the "reluctant state." Even a minimalist understanding of the state's role in comparative social welfare suggests three key areas of responsibility for child protective services: the enacting of legislation, the funding of activity to at least some basic level, and the monitoring of compliance with legal standards or funding conditions. Using evidence from these three areas of activity, this essay argues that the Irish state can indeed be classified as "reluctant" in its dealings with the "public child." The role of the state in relation to the "public child" will, moreover, be explored through four relevant lenses: residential care, foster care, adoption, and community supports, namely measures that might preempt the need to make care of the child a public responsibility.9 [End Page 267] Residential Care Given the plethora of media attention since the mid-1990s to child abuse scandals involving the state's industrial and reformatory schools, in the public mind residential care is probably the form of provision most associated with the "public child." Residential care refers to care provided in institutional or nonfamilial settings, such as in industrial schools, reformatory institutions, or orphanages.10 Prior to 1970, these settings were generally large and forbidding institutions, but with subsequent reform, now tend to be smaller in scale.11 Reflecting the spirit and the recommendations of the Kennedy Report, these newer settings are more...

Choice-Making Among Medicaid HCBS and ICF/MR Recipients in Six States

Choice in everyday decisions and in support-related decisions was addressed among 2,398 adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities receiving Medicaid Home and Community Based Services (HCBS) and Intermediate Care Facility (ICF/MR) services and living in non family settings in six states. Everyday choice in daily life and in support-related choice was considerably higher on average for HCBS than for ICF/MR recipients, but after controlling for level of intellectual disability, medical care needs, mobility, behavioral and psychiatric conditions, and self-reporting, we found that choice was more strongly associated with living in a congregate setting than whether that setting was HCBS- or ICF/MR-financed. Marked differences in choice were also evident between states.

Treatment Foster Care for improving outcomes in children and young people

Treatment foster care (TFC) is a foster family-based intervention that aims to provide young people (and, where appropriate, their families) with a tailored programme designed to effect positive changes in their lives. TFC was designed specifically to cater for the needs of children whose difficulties or circumstances place them at risk of multiple placements and/or more restrictive placements such as hospital or secure residential or youth justice settings. To assess the impact of TFC on psychosocial and behavioural outcomes, delinquency, placement stability, and discharge status for children and adolescents who require out-of-home placement. We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL) 2006 (Issue 4), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2007), CINAHL (1982 to December 2006), PsycINFO (1872 to January 2007), ASSIA (1987 to January 2007), LILACS (1982 to January 2007), ERIC (1966 to January 2007), Sociological Abstracts (1963 to January 2007), and the National Research Register 2006 (Issue 4). Included studies were randomised controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of TFC with children and young people up to the age of 18 who, for reasons of severe medical, social, psychological and behavioural problems, were placed in out of home care in restrictive settings (e.g. secure residential care, psychiatric hospital) or at risk of placement in such settings. Titles and abstracts identified in the search were independently assessed for eligibility by the two authors (GM and WT) who also extracted and entered into REVMAN. Date were synthesised on the few occasions where this was possible. Results are presented in tabular, graphical (forest plots) and textual form. Five studies including 390 participants were included in this review. Data suggest that treatment foster care may be a useful intervention for children and young people with complex emotional, psychological and behavioural need, who are at risk of placements in non-family settings that restrict their liberty and opportunities for social inclusion. Although the inclusion criteria for this systematic review set a study design threshold higher than that of previous reviews, the results mirror those of earlier reviews but also highlights the tendency of the perceived effectiveness of popular interventions to outstrip their evidence base. Whilst the results of individual studies generally indicate that TFC is a promising intervention for children and youth experiencing mental health problems, behavioural problems or problems of delinquency, the evidence base is less robust than that usually reported.

Predictors of Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Newly Homeless Youth: A Longitudinal Study

Purpose To longitudinally examine the association between newly homeless youth individual factors (sociodemographic characteristics, depression, substance use), and structural factors, such as living situation (family, institution, nonfamily), with sexual risk behaviors. Methods A cohort of newly homeless youth from Los Angeles County (N = 261; aged 12–20 years) was interviewed at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. At each assessment youth were asked about symptoms of depression (using the Brief Symptom Inventory), substance use, living situation, and sexual risk behaviors (number of sexual partners and condom use). Random effects models were used to determine the effects of predictors on the number of sexual partners and on condom use over time, by gender. Results At baseline, 77% of youth had been sexually active, increasing to 85% of youth at 24 months of follow-up. For predictors of multiple sexual partners, among male youth, these included living in nonfamily settings and using drugs; among females, living situation was not predictive of having multiple sexual partners but drug use was. For condom use, among females, living in a nonfamily setting and drug use decreased the odds of always using condoms; for males, no factors were found to be predictive of condom use. Conclusions Living with nonfamily members and drug use appear to be the most salient in explaining sexual risk among newly homeless youth. Our findings indicate that interventions aimed at reducing sexual risk behaviors, and thereby reducing sexually transmitted diseases and HIV among newly homeless youth, need to help youth in finding housing associated with supervision and social support (family and institutional settings) as well as aim to reduce drug use.

Adults with autism living at home or in non‐family settings: positive and negative aspects of residential status

Very little is known about the context of caregiving by parents of adults with autism or about the perceived impacts of continued patterns of co-residence vs. out-of-family living. In the present study, maternal assessments of residential status, involvement with adult children living in a non-family setting, and the impacts on mothers of their residential arrangements were examined. Mothers from 133 families of adults (aged 22 years and older) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) completed questionnaires as part of a longitudinal study on family caregiving. Mothers completed open-ended questions regarding the positive and negative aspects of their child's residential arrangement. Mothers also completed scaled questions regarding their satisfaction with their child's residential arrangement, the different ways in which people's lives change after a relative moves from the home, and the frequency of contact with their son or daughter. Mothers found co-residing with their adult child to be of greatest positive benefit to the family while those living apart found this residential arrangement of greatest benefit to the son or daughter with ASD. The greatest negative consequences for co-residing mothers were understood to fall on families, while mothers felt the majority of negative consequences for those that lived apart. There was a high level of contact and maternal involvement between the mother and adult child with ASD even after out-of-home placement. Residential status, as appraised by mothers, has varying impacts on the individual with ASD, on the family, and on mothers as individuals and caregivers. The present analysis suggests the multifaceted and highly contingent maternal experience associated with where her child with ASD lives. Among families whose children live elsewhere, there is an impressive amount of continued contact between these families and their son/daughter.

Personality judgments in adolescents' families: the perceiver, the target, their relationship, and the family.

The present study investigated whether personality judgments involve different processes in a family setting than in a nonfamily setting. We used the Social Relations Model to distinguish the effects of perceiver, target, perceiver-target relationship, and family on personality judgments. Family members of families with adolescents judged their own and the other members' Big Five factors. Judgments were found to depend on the relevance of personality factors within the family setting: Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were judged most consistently. Large relationship variance indicated that parents adjust their judgments to the target family member; large perceiver variance indicated that adolescents judge family members' personalities rather similarly. However, a comparison of self- and other-judgments showed adolescents' judgments to be no more related to their self-perceptions than parents' judgments. We concluded that the relevance of personality factors may differ on specific tasks within a setting.

Welfare Reform under PRWORA: Aid to Children with Working Families?

We assess some of the major themes and impacts of welfare reform that have emerged for states and families during the three years since the passage of the 1996 welfare reform bill, PRWORA. The major themes for states include: (1) a work-first approach to cash assistance, (2) large increases in federal funding for child care, (3) increasing diversity in state and local cash assistance and child-care programs, (4) the beginning stages of the integration of diverse child-care programs, and (5) the severing of the link between child-care assistance and cash assistance in some states. Changes for families include (1) increases in financial incentives to work; (2) mandatory work-related activity requirements, sanctions if requirements are not met, and time limits on cash-assistance receipt; (3) increased availability of child-care subsides; and (4) a different environment and culture at welfare offices--stressing work and personal responsibility. Assessment of impacts on state and local government and low-income families with children are at an early stage. The clearest impact is the marked decline in the number of individuals receiving cash assistance and the equally marked increase in the number of children being cared for in nonfamilial settings. A markedly increased proportion of cash-assistance recipients are working or in other approved activities. Increased child-care subsidies appear to have increased the earnings of both current and former welfare recipients and other low-income families. Preliminary results suggest that work requirements and time limits have succeeded in moving low-income women with children into jobs, but have decreased the wages they are able to obtain compared to women who are not subject to time limits.

Welfare Reform under PRWORA: Aid to Children with Working Families?

We assess some of the major themes and impacts of welfare reform that have emerged for states and families during the three years since the passage of the 1996 welfare reform bill, PRWORA. The major themes for states include: (1) a work-first approach to cash assistance, (2) large increases in federal funding for child care, (3) increasing diversity in state and local cash assistance and child-care programs, (4) the beginning stages of the integration of diverse child-care programs, and (5) the severing of the link between child-care assistance and cash assistance in some states. Changes for families include (1) increases in financial incentives to work; (2) mandatory work-related activity requirements, sanctions if requirements are not met, and time limits on cash-assistance receipt; (3) increased availability of child-care subsides; and (4) a different environment and culture at welfare offices--stressing work and personal responsibility. Assessment of impacts on state and local government and low-income families with children are at an early stage. The clearest impact is the marked decline in the number of individuals receiving cash assistance and the equally marked increase in the number of children being cared for in nonfamilial settings. A markedly increased proportion of cash-assistance recipients are working or in other approved activities. Increased child-care subsidies appear to have increased the earnings of both current and former welfare recipients and other low-income families. Preliminary results suggest that work requirements and time limits have succeeded in moving low-income women with children into jobs, but have decreased the wages they are able to obtain compared to women who are not subject to time limits.

Therapists and Parents Interacting with Schizophrenic Patients

Numerous clinical studies [1-5] have shown that Expressed Emotion (EE) of relatives is a good predictor of relapse in schizophrenic patients. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that specific and intensive therapeutic care of high-EE families has a protective effect on the course of the illness [1,6-1 1]. Thus, Expressed Emotion is widely acknowledged to be a very influential factor within the vulnerability/stress framework [12,13]. However, a differentiated interpretation of EE is necessary because relatives classified as high EE seem to form a rather heterogeneous group [1,3,14], some of them exhibiting high EE as an (inadequate) coping strategy [15] and some becoming less emotionally involved with the passage of time [10]. By investigating these modulating factors, EE research has made important contributions to understanding interaction in families of schizophrenic patients and has led to effective therapeutic outcomes. Surprisingly, very few studies have transferred the EE concept to nonfamilial settings. Berkowitz & Leff[16] analyzed in detail the difficulties researchers encounter in studying relapses in schizophrenic patients in terms of familial communication styles. They observed negative reactions of the relatives, such as helplessness, anger, or partisanship among family members, in certain high-EE families. Between the clinical and the research team members, almost a duplicate of these

Family Training for Political Leadership: Birth Order of United States State Governors and Australian Prime Ministers

The birth order of 45 males who were U.S. state governors in 1988 and of all 24 males who had been Australian prime ministers since the country's federation in 1901 was examined. It was found that political leaders of both types were more likely to have been boys who were the oldest children in their families and less likely to have been middle children. This finding indicates that within-family experiences associated with birth order, and hence diferent for each child in a family, can have diferent developmental outcomes. Two sets of familial experiences which are associated with birth order were discussed. These were sibling relationships and parent-child relationships, each of which are experienced differently by children of diferent birth orders. It was suggested that both sets of experiences contribute to the first-born's heightened sensitivity to authority and power, which for males leads to an increased willingness and ability to exert political leadership in nonfamilial settings. Further research is needed to account for the paucity of political leaders who were middle children and to examine the relationship between ordinal role and female leadership.