Non-family Relationships Research Articles

Protective factors for adverse childhood experiences: Scoping review and evidence gap map.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACES) negatively impact mental, physical, and behavioral health of adults. To develop empirically supported interventions to reduce the impact of ACES, we need to have a strong empirical base of research on modifiable protective factors that reduce the link between ACES and health outcomes. The current review is focused on assessing the state of the literature on modifiable protective factors on the ACE-health outcome relationship in adults. We conducted a scoping review in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. A systematic search for peer-reviewed literature published in English was conducted in Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science from inception of the databases to January 5, 2023. We then constructed an evidence gap map to provide an innovative, visual approach to guide research prioritization. Seventy-seven articles met inclusion criteria. Findings indicated that the majority focused on mental health outcomes (59%), and investigated individual (52%) and general social support (23%) protective factors. Also, the majority of the work was done in North America (65%) with predominantly female samples. Future studies should focus on addressing gaps in our understanding of what factors may buffer the influence of ACES on physical health outcomes and risky health behaviors and our understanding of family and nonfamily relationships and community and cultural protective factors on the ACE-health outcome relationship in adults. Additionally, research is needed that focuses on samples that are more gender diverse and from countries outside of North America. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

노인의 가족 내 차별과 범죄 피해에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study was to verify the protection effect of the social network against criminal damage of the elderly. To this end, the moderating effect of whether or not to live alone was verified in the relationship between discrimination in the elderly's family and criminal damage. Furthermore, the moderated moderating effect of satisfaction with non-family relationships was verified. We utilized data from 5,427 people out of the 2020 elderly survey data and analyze using the SPSS 25.0 program and PROCESS Macro 4.2. The results showed experiencing discrimination in the family increased the experience of crime damage of the elderly. This relationship was moderated by whether or not to live alone. Specifically, the relationship between experiencing discrimination in the family and increasing the crime damage of the elderly was greater in non-living alone than in the elderly living alone. In addition, in the relationship between discrimination in the family and crime damage, the moderating effect of whether to live alone was moderated by satisfaction with non-family relationships. Satisfaction with non-family relationships has a greater effect on alleviating the relationship between discrimination and crime damage in the family in the elderly living alone. The results of this study suggest that the elderly can alternatively receive protection from non-family relationships if they are vulnerable to criminal damage because they do not receive protection from their families. Based on the results of the study, policy proposals to prevent criminal damage to the elderly were discussed.

How do family and non-family ties affect knowledge sharing in SMEs in a developing country? Linking social capital and network strength

PurposeThis study aims to examine how differences in the strength of interpersonal ties affect the social structure of organisational family and non-family relationships and their implications for work-related interactions.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a quantitative approach. The hypotheses were tested using multi-group analysis in PLS-SEM as implemented in WarpPLS Version.FindingsThe results show that both family and non-family organisational members are inclined to ask from others whom they previously have given information, implying that reciprocity in work-related interactions in the workplace is present at the dyad level. Furthermore, the existing robust strength of ties among family employees facilitate a three-way relationship where each member is responsible for the quality of work-related interactions between other members. This means that triadic communication is only present within family networks. While, the absence of strong interpersonal ties within non-family network fuels the popularity effect, where non-family employees who are perceived to be knowledgeable tend to be approached by others for work-related information.Originality/valueThis study brings to the fore a nuanced perspective that complements our current understanding of the implications of social relationships within family and non-family employee groups on work-related interactions in the workplace. It provides clues on how family and non-family employees identify with the firm through their informal relational embeddedness towards work-related interactions within the organisation.

A Study to Analyses the Effect of Alterations in Social Ties Among Older Persons Regarding Their Physical Functioning

It's common to associate an ageing population with negative ideas like the need for additional medical care. This is especially true of the very elderly. However, the ramifications are more extensive and have an impact on family care in the future as well as concerns with intergenerational interactions, jobs, housing arrangements, and mind-sets. The purpose of this study is to determine if various forms of social support and attachments can lessen the detrimental impacts of changes to physical functioning. Analyses of logistic regression with adjustments for baseline functioning, age, gender, and change frequency were performed on data from two cycles of the Longitudinal Aging Study to determine the impact of various social relationships for subgroups with various numbers of chronic diseases. The presence of various social ties was indicated by the number of daughters, boys, and other family members as well as non-family relationships, partner status, and other demographic data. In terms of social support, loneliness was experienced as well as practical and emotional help. On a 6-item self-report measure, a significant change after 3 years indicated a decline in physical functioning. Therefore, the presence of a spouse protected against a decline in physical functioning in people with no baseline alterations. In older adults who were disease-free, total network size had a negative impact, but in those who had illnesses, it had a favourable impact, mostly because of the positive effects of the number of daughters and non-kin relationships. Consequently, the findings show that older people's physical functioning declines, with or without any changes, depending on the sorts of social ties they have and the assistance they offer.

Perspectives of adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: review of community-based discussion boards.

Given the overall increase in the number of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors, there has been a growing interest in identifying and implementing effective care for this patient population. To date, there are remaining gaps in research, partly due to challenges in reaching AYA survivors. Our study aimed to assess AYA cancer survivors' concerns using postings from the American Cancer Society Cancer Survivors Network, an online, publicly available forum. Using qualitative methods, posts from AYA survivors and/or their family/friends in the "Young Cancer Survivors" discussion board from January 2010 to October 2020 were systematically assessed using a previously published cancer survivorship care framework. We identified 158 individuals (145 AYA and 13 family or friends), aged 15 to 39years old, who contributed to 181 posts with concerns regarding cancer survivorship. A majority of posts pertained to surveillance and management of psychosocial effects. Less than half related to concerns about the surveillance and management of physical effects and a few regarding surveillance for recurrence and new cancers. Psychological challenges, including coping and depression, as well as interpersonal topics, including community support and non-family relationships, were the most prevalent psychosocial concerns. Some issues across multiple domains were mentioned. Concerns pertaining to contextual healthcare delivery domains, such as communication, care coordination, and care experience, were less common. Our study found that AYA cancer survivors and their family/friends expressed concerns in several survivorship care domains. Physical and psychosocial issues were most prevalent. Interventions tailored towards identifying and addressing the continued unmet needs of AYA cancer survivors are needed. Use of social media may provide opportunities to access this patient population for both clinical and research interventions.

Patterns of stress and support in social support networks of in-home hospice cancer family caregivers.

Family caregivers of home hospice cancer patients often experience burden and distress, which can be mitigated by perceived social support. However, less attention has been paid to the non-family sources of support within social networks, or to how sources of support may also be sources of stress. We describe support and stress in social networks of hospice family caregivers and identify caregiving characteristics associated with classes identified in our data. We collected demographic and psychosocial self-report data from family caregivers providing in-home hospice care for advanced cancer patients (N = 90). Caregivers also reported perceived support and stress from specific family and non-family relationships. We identified three classes with unique patterns of stress and support within caregivers' support networks using a latent class analysis. Classes include: 1) high support, low stress across family and non-family network members ("supportive"; 53% of caregivers); 2) high support, high stress across family and non-family network ("ambivalent maximizers"; 26%); and 3) high support, high stress across family network only ("family-focused ambivalent"; 21%). Caregivers in the ambivalent maximizer class reported more burden than caregivers in the supportive class (p = .024). This is one of the first studies to systematically explore the role of non-family support, as well as how stress and support co-occur within relationships and across networks. As informal support networks of hospice family caregivers are complex and multifaceted, understanding the patterns of support and stress across various network members is essential to offer services to more effectively manage caregiver burden.

Stress and Support in Family and Non-Family Relationships Within Hospice Cancer Survivor Social Networks (SCI954)

1.Identify 2-3 of hospice cancer caregivers’ patterns of informal social networks that contribute to stress and/or support.2.Describe and evaluate 2-3 factors associated with patterns of stress and support. Effective social support mitigates burden and distress experienced by cancer caregivers. Little research, however, investigates informal support within social networks of family caregivers of cancer home hospice patients, and how social stress may accompany this support. We assessed patterns of support and stress within the social networks identified by family caregivers of cancer home hospice patients (N=90). We analyzed secondary data from a longitudinal multi-site study. Participants completed baseline measures including demographics (age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, employment, relationship to patient, length of caregiving) and self-report measures on caregiving (Rewards of Caregiving Scale, Caregiver Competence Scale, and Zarit Caregiving Burden Interview), overall mental and physical health, and perceived support and stress including the Duke Social Support and Stress Scale. Participants independently rated perceived levels of support and stress for up to six family members and four non-family members. Latent class analysis identified patterns in reported relationships, stress, and support, and. We then compared between-class differences in demographics and evaluated perceived health and caregiving burden. Three types of social networks were identified: supportive (high support, low stress across family/non-family network), ambivalent maximizers (high support, high stress across family/non-family network), and family-focused ambivalent (high support, high stress across family network only). Groups differed by ethnicity, employment status, relationship to patient, and caregiving burden (p<0.05). Social support is nuanced and may coexist with stress within the relationships and networks of hospice family caregivers. A better understanding of caregivers’ social networks and the support and stress associated with those relationships can inform how hospice providers facilitate meeting caregivers’ needs within these informal networks.

Understanding alcohol as an element of \u2018care practices\u2019 in adult White British women\u2019s everyday personal relationships: a qualitative study

BackgroundIn the last thirty years there has been a rise in harmful alcohol use amongst White British women. Approaches to alcohol harm reduction typically position drinking as an individual behaviour, with an emphasis on people to make changes to and by themselves. Moving away from an individual approach, this paper works with a relational framework to develop understanding of non-dependent women’s drinking in the context of their everyday lives. It draws on Feminist Ethics of Care theory, to consider the importance of care in women’s lives and alcohol as an element of their ‘practices of care’ in different relationships.MethodsThe study adopted an interpretive approach and drew on feminist principles of practice. Qualitative one-to-one face-to-face interviews were undertaken with twenty-six White women living in the North East of England. Participants were aged between 24 and 67 years. Thematic analysis of the data was carried out.ResultsParticipants’ relationships came through the analysis as central to understanding the way alcohol did and not feature in care practices. In couple relationships drinking offered a way of doing ‘care’ together, yet when it was used too often it no longer became appropriate as a form of care. In non-family relationships alcohol enabled care giving and receiving, while disguising that care was being received. In relationships with mothers the use of alcohol was relatively absent in the care practices described. Participants’ relationship to alcohol as a form of care of self, particularly when drinking alone, was closely related to their roles and responsibilities to others.ConclusionsOverall the data suggests that interventions targeting women’s drinking should start from a position that women are relational. Moreover that when care by others is lacking or unavailable, alcohol can increasingly be introduced into care practices, and the reproduction of these practices may be leading to an increase in heavy drinking. By seeing alcohol use in the context of wider familial and non-familial relationships, this work has important implications for future interventions.

Perceived quality of life among caregivers of children with a childhood-onset dystrophinopathy: a double ABCX model of caregiver stressors and perceived resources

BackgroundDuchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies, collectively referred to as dystrophinopathies, are recessive X-linked disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and ultimately cardiac and respiratory failure. Immediate family members are often primary caregivers of individuals with a dystrophinopathy.MethodsWe explored the impact of this role by inviting primary caregivers (n = 209) of males diagnosed with childhood-onset dystrophinopathy who were identified by the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet) to complete a mailed questionnaire measuring perceived social support and stress, spirituality, and family quality of life (FQoL). Bivariate and multivariate analyses examined associations between study variables using the Double ABCX model as an analytic framework.ResultsHigher stressor pile-up was associated with lower perceived social support (r = -0.29, p < .001), availability of supportive family (r = -0.30, p < .001) or non-family (r = -0.19, p < .01) relationships, and higher perceived stress (r = 0.33, p < .001); but not with spirituality (r = -0.14, p > 0.05). FQoL was positively associated with all support measures (correlations ranged from: 0.25 to 0.58, p-values 0.01–0.001) and negatively associated with perceived stress and control (r = -0.49, p < .001). The association between stressor pile-up and FQoL was completely mediated through global perceived social support, supportive family relationships, and perceived stress and control; supportive non-family relationships did not remain statistically significant after controlling for other mediators.ConclusionsFindings suggest caregiver adaptation to a dystrophinopathy diagnosis can be optimized by increased perceived control, supporting family resources, and creation of a healthy family identity. Our findings will help identify areas for family intervention and guide clinicians in identifying resources that minimize stress and maximize family adaptation.

Development of Externalizing Behaviors in the Context of Family and non-Family Relationships

A longitudinal model was presented, that included reciprocal associations between physically harsh parenting by the mother, child externalizing problems, and support from the father, the extended family, and the neighbors. This transactional process was estimated for the years preceding school entry. The data were from a 4-years longitudinal and nationally representative study of 1009 children and their mothers in Turkey. The results indicated that concurrently, physically harsh parenting and child externalizing problems were strongly associated. Controlling for their within domain stability and cross-domain concurrent correlation, changes in harsh parenting and changes in child externalizing behaviors had significant reciprocal effects in early childhood, although these effects were small. These reciprocal effects were smaller for observer reported harsh parenting than maternal reports. There was a role of the mesosystem in this developmental process. Increases in the support from the father, and the extended family and the neighbors predicted declines in the child externalizing behaviors subsequently. Reciprocally, high child externalizing and maternal physically harsh parenting predicted subsequent declines in the support from these sources. These results were consistent with the hypotheses that negative mother–child relationships could spill over to the other relationships of the mothers, and that positive and supportive relationships of the mother could constitute positive role models for the child.

Subjective Satisfaction of with Family Relationships among inpatients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia in Guangzhou, China

Objective: Although caregiver relationships are a recognized feature of recovery for people with schizophrenia, subjective satisfaction with individual family and non-family relationships has not been studied systematically nor have factors associated with greater relationship satisfaction been identified. Methods: Eighty-four schizophrenic inpatients were assessed using the Family/Social Involvement Scale (FSIS) which identifies patients' satisfaction with their relationship with whom they had contact at least once in the year prior to hospitalization. General psychological distress was assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and health-related quality of life with the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) physical and mental component scales. Mixed model regression analysis was used to identify correlates of satisfaction with relationships. Results: The patients identified an average of 4.6SD = 2.1) relationships 45% of whom were first degree relatives, 36.3% were second degree relatives, 6.8% were third degree relatives and 18% were non-kin caregivers. Mixed model analysis showed that the total number of family caregivers was significantly related to level of satisfaction across all relationships. Closeness of relationships, overall subjective quality of life, frequency of contact with relationships, and subjective distress were not significantly related to relationship satisfaction. Conclusions: This is the first study to comprehensively examine subjective satisfaction with social relationships in acutely schizophrenic patients. The fact that the number of relationships was the only independent correlate of overall relationship satisfaction suggests that greater satisfaction with relationships is associated with larger networks and that interventions to expand relationship networks may be warranted.

Associations Between Functioning and PTSD Symptom Clusters in a Dismantling Trial of Cognitive Processing Therapy in Female Interpersonal Violence Survivors

This study conducted secondary analyses of a published trial and sought to determine if different domains of psychosocial functioning (e.g., daily living, work, nonfamily relationships) improved following trauma-focused treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive processing therapy (CPT), an empirically supported treatment that involves evaluating trauma-related beliefs and written trauma accounts, was compared to its components: CPT without the written accounts or written accounts only in a sample of 78 women with PTSD secondary to interpersonal violence. Overall and individual domains of functioning significantly improved with treatment and results were similar across treatment groups, Fs (2, 150) ≥ 11.87, ps < .001. Additionally, we investigated whether changes in different PTSD symptom clusters were associated with outcomes in domains of psychosocial functioning, after collapsing across treatment condition. Multiple hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that overall clinician-assessed PTSD symptom reduction was associated with outcomes in all domains of functioning, βs = .44 to .68, ps < .001. Additionally, improvements in the emotional numbing symptom cluster were associated with outcomes in the nonfamily relationships domain, β = .42, p < .001, and improvements in the hyperarousal symptom cluster were associated with outcomes in the overall, daily living, and household tasks domains, βs = .34 to .39, ps < .01. Results suggest that it may be important to monitor improvements in emotional numbing and hyperarousal symptoms throughout treatment to increase the likelihood of changes in psychosocial functioning.

AND WHAT IF THERE IS NO ADVANCE CARE PLANNING? A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE IN SHARED DECISION MAKING WITH FAMILY AS PROXY IN DYING HOSPITAL PATIENTS

BackgroundAdvance care planning (ACP) is an example of Shared Decision Making (SDM). Of particular concern in palliative care is the significance of both family and non-family relationships and the patient's...

Meaning in life, emotional distress, suicidal ideation, and life functioning in an active duty military sample

The present study examined the relationship of meaning in life with emotional distress, suicidal ideation, and life functioning in a sample of 273 active duty Security Forces personnel assigned to two US Air Force bases. Results of regression analyses indicated that stronger meaning in life was significantly associated with less severe emotional distress (p < 0.001, ΔR 2 = 0.047) and suicidal ideation (p = 0.043, ΔR 2 = 0.017), and better functioning at work and in intimate relationships, nonfamily relationships, and recreational activities (p < 0.001, ΔR 2 = 0.073). Meaning in life showed stronger associations with outcomes relative to other predictors and covariates and explained the relationship between belonging and life functioning. Findings suggest that meaning in life is associated with less emotional distress and suicide risk, and greater success and performance across multiple domains in life among military personnel.

Integrating Census Data to Support a Motion for Change of Venue

This applied demography case study illustrates the practical application of demographic concepts and methods to an issue facing the court. We show how census data can be used to support a legal motion for a change of venue. “Change of venue,” the legal term for moving a trial to a new location, usually is sought to avoid prejudice against one of the parties to a lawsuit. The case study will interest demographic practitioners, and it can be used as an instructional case in teaching applied demography: students can replicate it using data for any particular pair of populous metropolitan communities. By doing so, students would gain proficiency working with Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) household records—and the person records within household records—to identify and categorize family and nonfamily relationships among household members, and practical experience translating legal issues into questions that can be answered empirically using American Community Survey (ACS) data.

Ouderen, hun sociale contacten en de beleving ervan: continuïteit of verandering?

Social contacts with family, friends and acquaintances open up a world. Using data from the survey of living conditions of elderly persons in Flanders, this article focuses on the social contacts of the elderly from the perspective of the social integration approach, referring to the quantity of social contacts, the type and the frequency of contact. Next, the subjective component is integrated: the degree of loneliness of elderly people. Although contact with different relation categories decreases over time, there is no increase in the proportion of elderly feeling lonely. A logistic regression proves that living alone, a negative health perception and bad financial conditions, are important predictors of loneliness. The absence of formerly exercised activities too has an impact on loneliness. In contrast to the preconceived hypothesis, the actual social contacts are not significant, but the preferred contacts are: elderly people who are dissatisfied with their collateral and non-family relationships and do want additional contacts are more vulnerable for feelings of loneliness.

You and Me Against the World: Marriage and Divorce from Creditors' Perspective, in Reconceiving the Family: Critique on the American Law Institute's Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution

The Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution addresses the financial rights and obligations of family participants with respect to each other. But, legal regulation of families affects more than just family participants. It affects relationships with outsiders such as credit card issuers, tort claimants, taxing authorities, and medical care providers. Although the Principles expressly do not address these non-family relationships, the subjects the Principles do address necessarily affect creditors in ways that may be surprising. This chapter shows that family law and creditors' rights are inescapably related. Part I explains how two or more persons can collaborate to shield wealth from their creditors and how creditors can protect themselves from this behavior. Part II explains some of the ways marital and divorce law facilitate wealth-shielding behavior. Part III makes some observations about the Principles' potential effect on the balance between the property rights of adults in marital or cohabiting relationships inter se and the rights of their creditors. To understand the full impact of the Principles, we must consider creditors' perspective. Indeed, only when we take into account how creditors will perceive changes in regulation of marriage and families, can we fully appreciate the social impact of the proposed regulation.

Psychological status related to surgical control of temporal lobe seizures.

Patients who underwent temporal lobe surgery with diagnosis aided by stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) were evaluated psychosocially before surgery and at one month and one year after surgery. Patients who were not operated on but who also had been evaluated by SEEG served as controls. These patients were evaluated at time periods comparable to those of the operated cases. At one year after surgery, patients whose seizures had been relieved had improved in Degree of Dependency, Work Performance, and Non-Family Relationships. Patients whose seizures were not controlled by surgery and nonoperated patients did not show any significant change in psychosocial measurements one year postoperatively. Psychosocial improvements were seen regardless of the side of the brain operated. While patients whose seizure were reduced experienced memory deficits of the type associated with side of the temporal lobe resection, the data suggested that there was improvement in intellectual score and, in the case of right-sided surgery patients, memory functions associated with the contralateral, intact hemisphere.

The Measurement of Modernism. A Study of Values in Brazil and Mexico.

Preface Chapter I. The Modernization of Values Traditional Society versus Modern Society Causes and Effects Values and Norms Career Values Three Men From Ideal Types to Variables The Components of Modernism Empirical Syndrome of Modernism Conclusions Chapter II. The Operational Definition of Modernism The Questionnaire The Samples The Scales Modernism I Stability of Modernism I in Subsamples Rotation of Axes Modernism II Conclusions Chapter III. Who Are the Modern Men? Component Value Scales Comparisons between Brazil and Mexico: Modernism III Comparisons with the United States Conclusions Chapter IV. Modern Values, Education, and Occupation From School to Job How Much Is an Education Worth? Why Do Boys Stay in School? The Prediction of Education by Father's Status and by Size of Town Values and Education Conclusions Chapter V. Modern Values and Fertility Ideals Fertility Ideals The Role of Values Family Structure in Brazil and Mexico Supporting Evidence on Family Structure Nonfamily Relationships A Theory of Causation Conclusions Chapter VI. Personal Satisfaction and Political Attitudes Job and Career Satisfaction Life Satisfaction Relations among the Three Indices of Satisfaction Satisfaction, Occupation, and Location Time Sequence: Satisfaction Relative to Aspiration Education, Occupation, and Satisfaction Income and Satisfaction Measures of Radical Orientation Status, Satisfaction, and Radicalism Mexican Manual Workers Mexican Nonmanual Workers The Ambivalent Mexican Conclusions Chapter VII. Work Attitudes The Wide Range of Views Specific Job Attitudes Rating by the Boss Conclusions Chapter VIII. Conclusions: Modernism and Development The Value Scales The Typical Modem Man Where Is the Modern Man? Validity of the Tools Values and Education Values and Family Size Satisfaction and Politics Work Attitudes Values: Means or Ends? Values and Economic Development Appendix A. Socio-Economic Status Social Stratification The Respondents' Status Indices Index of SES Measures of Parental Status Social-Class Identification Deviant Cases Time Sequence Multivariate Analysis of Identification Identification as an Intervening Variable Clerks versus Skilled Workers Conclusions Appendix B. Fathers and Sons: Intergenerational Mobility Rates of Mobility: Correlation Coefficients Father's SES, Son's Education, Son's SES Problems of Matrix Analysis of Occupational Mobility Matrices for Brazil and Mexico Education and Mobility Conclusions Appendix C. Portuguese Translation of Value Scales Appendix D. Spanish Translation of Value Scales Bibliography Index

A twelve-year follow-up of New York narcotic addicts: IV. Some characteristics and determinants of abstinence.

Thirty urban narcotic addicts who over a 12-year period achieved stable abstinences were compared with 30 chronic addicts. Abstinence was associated with certain changes in defensive style but did not result in emergence of new psychiatric symptomatology. It occurred most often in addicts with a prior history of regular employment and a stable early childhood. Compulsory community supervision, discovery of substitutes for narcotics, and gratifying nonfamily object relationships appeared to be important factors in producing abstinence.