Non-family Groups Research Articles

From left to right all through the night: Characteristics of lying rest in zoo elephants.

Despite increased research during the past years, many characteristics of resting behavior in elephants are still unknown. For example, there is only limited data suggesting elephants express longer lying bouts and increased total nightly lying durations on soft substrates as compared to hard surfaces. Additionally, it has not been investigated how frequently elephants change body sides between lying bouts. Here we present these characteristics based on observations of nighttime lying behavior in 10zoo elephants (5African Loxodonta africana and 5Asian Elephas maximus elephants) living in five different European facilities. We found that elephants housed on soft substrates have significantly increased total lying durations per night and longer average lying bouts. Furthermore, at 70%-85% of all bouts, a consistently higher frequency of side change between lying bouts occurred on soft substrates, leading to an overall equal laterality in resting behavior. Deviations from this pattern became evident in elephants living on nonsand flooring or/and in nondominant individuals of nonfamily groups, respectively. Based on our findings, we consider elephants to normally have several lying bouts per night with frequent side changes, given an appropriate substrate and healthy social environment. We encourage elephant-keeping facilities to monitor these characteristics in their elephants' nighttime behavior to determine opportunities for further improvements and detect alterations putatively indicating social or health problems in individual elephants at an early stage.

Outcomes of Kawasaki Disease in Families

An epidemiological study showed that a positive family history of Kawasaki disease (KD) was a risk factor for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy resistance, coronary artery lesions (CALs), and KD recurrence. However, real-world outcomes of KD patients with a family history remain unclear. The objective of this study was to elucidate the outcomes of KD patients with a family history in the era of 2 g/kg IVIG therapy. This retrospective study included data from 201 KD patients who underwent acute-phase treatment from January 2009 to June 2020, with 184 (91.5%) receiving 2 g/kg IVIG therapy. The patients were divided into 13 (family group) with and 188 (nonfamily group) without a family history of KD. The rates of IVIG resistance (8.3% vs. 22.1%, P = 0.315), rescue therapy (8.3% vs. 12.8%, P = 1.000), CALs (0.0% vs. 2.7%, P = 1.000), and KD recurrence (0.0% vs. 3.2%, P = 1.000) were similar between the family and nonfamily groups.

鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘越冬白鹤的时间分配与行为节律

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘越冬白鹤的时间分配与行为节律 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201706131074 作者: 作者单位: 江西师范大学生命科学学院;,江西师范大学生命科学学院,江西省科学院生物资源研究所,江西师范大学生命科学学院,江西师范大学生命科学学院,江西省科学院生物资源研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31560597） Study on time budgets and behavioral rhythm of wintering Siberian Cranes in a lotus pond reclamation area in Poyang Lake Author: Affiliation: College of life science,Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang,Jiangxi,;China,College of life science,Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang,Jiangxi,Institute of biological resources,Jiangxi academy of science,Nanchang,Jiangxi,College of life science,Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang,Jiangxi,College of life science,Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang,Jiangxi,Institute of biological resources,Jiangxi academy of science,Nanchang,Jiangxi Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:2016年12月-2017年3月，采用瞬时扫描法研究了鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘生境中白鹤Grus leucogeranus越冬期的行为，共扫描2560次，23219只次，包括18031只次成鹤和5188只次幼鹤。结果表明，觅食（41.78%）、警戒（25.02%）、修整（15.00%）和休息（10.84%）是白鹤越冬期的主要行为。与自然生境相比，藕塘生境中白鹤主要采取多休息和修整的策略来节省能量支出。成鹤的觅食行为（35.29%）显著低于幼鹤（62.42%）（F1，12=45.977，P < 0.01），警戒行为（28.66%）则显著高于幼鹤（10.26%）（F1，12=38.975，P < 0.01）。家庭群成鹤觅食行为（43.96%）极显著高于非家庭群成鹤（27.04%）（F1，12=60.169，P < 0.01）。家庭群成鹤需要喂食幼鹤，它们花费更多的时间觅食弥补能量的消耗。行为节律上，白鹤各时段觅食行为占总行为的比例均较高，11：00-11：59出现明显高峰，占总行为的48.64%。警戒行为无明显的低谷和高峰。成鹤在各时段的觅食行为比例均明显低于幼鹤，成鹤和幼鹤的觅食曲线变化趋势相似，即觅食比例的升高和降低比较同步。成鹤在各时段的警戒行为和修整行为比例均明显高于幼鹤，成幼鹤的休息行为比例在各时段差别不大，均在14：00-14：59有个明显的高峰。家庭群成鹤的觅食行为比例几乎在各时段均明显高于非家庭群，家庭群成鹤的修整行为和休息行为在大部分时段均低于非家庭群成鹤。因此家庭群成鹤采取多取食，少休息和修整的策略提高自身的适合度，同时保证对后代的抚育。 Abstract:Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, is the largest lake in China. Many waterbirds inhabit its wetlands, including endangered species such as the Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus), of which 95% of known individuals occur in the area. This species is currently listed in the First Category of National Key Protected Wildlife Species in China and among the critically endangered, according to the IUCN; its global population numbers 3500-4000 individuals. Many cranes once foraged in Poyang Lake's natural habitat during winter, but an increasing number have begun foraging in adjacent artificial wetlands, such as rice paddies and lotus ponds. Since the winter of 2012, less than 100 cranes had been foraging in the Wuxing lotus pond reclamation area, but by the winter of 2016, this number had surged to more than 1,000 individuals. With no information available on how long it took these cranes to adapt to this artificial habitat, what their time budget and behavior rhythms within it were, and what factors affected their wintering behavior. Therefore, from December 2016 to March 2017, instantaneous scan-sampling methods were used in-to our knowledge-the first research of its type in Chinese artificial wetlands on the wintering behavior of Siberian Cranes in a lotus pond reclamation habitat in Poyang Lake. A total 2560 times and 23219 individual-time (18031 individual-time for adults and 5188 individual-time for subadults) were scanned. Seven behavioral activities were recognized:foraging, resting, grooming, vigilance, social, flying, and locomotion. Major behaviors included foraging (41.78%), vigilance (25.02%), grooming (15.00%), and resting (10.84%). Siberian Cranes in lotus pond habitats conserved energy by spending more time resting and grooming. Adult vigilance (F1,12=38.975, P < 0.01) was significantly greater than subadult vigilance, while adult foraging (F1,12=45.977, P < 0.01) was significantly less than subadult foraging. Foraging behaviors of adults in family groups were significantly higher than those of adults in non-family groups were, with more time required for foraging to offset the energy consumption of subadult feeding. Cranes maintained high foraging frequencies in each period, with peaks occurring between 11:00 and 11:59 (about 48.64% of the total behavior) in the morning. There were no obvious peaks or troughs in timing spent on vigilance behaviors, with the proportion of adults foraging, lower than that of subadults during each time period, and with the proportion of adults and subadults foraging increasing or decreasing at similar times. During each time period, the proportion of adults performing vigilance or grooming behaviors was greater than that of subadults. No obvious differences were apparent in the timing of adult and subadult resting behaviors, with both peaking between 14:00 and 14:59. During each time period, the proportion of adults foraging in family groups was almost always higher than that of adults in non-family groups. During most time periods, the proportion of individuals grooming and resting in family groups was usually lower than that of adults in non-family groups. Adults in family groups spent more time feeding than they did on resting or grooming behaviors, improving overall fitness, and ensuring nurture. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Diversification and family control as determinants of performance: A study of listed business groups

The study analyses the individual and joint impact of family control and diversification on the performance of major Spanish corporations, considering the nature of the ultimate owner of non-family groups. The study uses a sample of ninety-nine Spanish corporations, each comprising a parent company listed on the stock exchange and a set of subsidiaries. Heckman's two-step correction is used to eliminate selection bias and the endogeneity of family ownership. Different models are contemplated in which we analyse the impact of both diversification and the family nature of a business on performance, established as Tobin's q-value. The results show how family control has a negative impact on Tobin's q-value, and that differences are greater between family groups and non-family groups controlled by banks and/or foreign agents. They also show how diversification does not affect the creation of value either individually or considering the possible moderating effect of family ownership.

Estrategias de diversificación en los grupos familiares y no familiares: principales diferencias según el tipo de grupo no familiar

In the last decade, the interest for the study of ownership structure as a determinant of diversification arises. However, there is a lack of researches that analyze the influence of the nature of the ultimate owner in the level and type of diversification. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze the diversification strategies used by the main Spanish business groups whose parent company is listed on the stock markets, and to study the differences between family and non-family business groups, considering in these last, the type of ultimate owner. In the study a sample of ninety-nine listed companies is used, where companies that constitute the business group are identified. In the paper are used as econometric methodologies the binomial logistic models and panel data models. The results show that family nature of business group positively influences in specialization and related diversification and negatively on unrelated diversification. Family groups differ most form those non-family groups where there is not a reference shareholder than can exercise effective control and ownership dispersion is higher, the groups referred as “non effective control”. The research allows further analysis of differences between family and non-family groups, considering the nature of the ultimate owner for non-family groups.

Discovering Family Groups in Passenger Social Networks

People usually travel together with others in groups for different purposes, such as family members for visiting relatives, colleagues for business, friends for sightseeing and so on. Especially, the family groups, as a kind of the most common consumer units, have a considerable scale in the field of passenger transportation market. Accurately identifying family groups can help the carriers to provide passengers with personalized travel services and precise product recommendation. This paper studies the problem of finding family groups in the field of civil aviation and proposes a family group detection method based on passenger social networks. First of all, we construct passenger social networks based on their co-travel behaviors extracted from the historical travel records; secondly, we use a collective classification algorithm to classify the social relationships between passengers into family or non-family relationship groups; finally, we employ a weighted community detection algorithm to find family groups, which takes the relationship classification results as the weights of edges. Experimental results on a real dataset of passenger travel records in the field of civil aviation demonstrate that our method can effectively find family groups from historical travel records.

Dominance relations and agonistic behaviour of Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) during fall and spring migration

Social interactions and agonistic activities of Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) were documented at Long Point, Ontario, to determine (i) dominance relations among social groups and (ii) the frequency and intensity of agonistic acts by swans. Families were involved in one-third as many interactions as were nonfamily groups. Nonfamily groups initiated interactions with other nonfamily groups more often than they did with family groups, but families initiated the same relative numbers of interactions with family and nonfamily groups. Further, families won nearly all conflicts with nonfamily groups, which suggests that they generally dominated nonfamily groups. Tundra Swans also showed a dominance hierarchy based largely on family or group size. To reduce conflict and energy expenditure, swans may use a simple "decision rule" during interactions: larger groups and initiators win. Two results supported this: (1) swans initiated interactions more often with smaller groups and (2) groups that initiated won interactions more often than did recipients. Swans used low-intensity agonistic acts more frequently than higher intensity ones when engaging members of other social groups, but intensity of aggression was independent of group status. Dominance based on the use of simple cues may be especially beneficial in unstable social environments at major staging areas.

FAMILY STRUCTURE IN THE SIBERIAN JAY AS REVEALED BY MICROSATELLITE ANALYSES

The Siberian Jay (Perisoreus infaustus) lives in resident, territorial family groups outside the breeding season, but does not breed cooperatively. Thereby it offers an opportunity to study the evolution of territorial group living, without confounding effects of reproductive cooperation. During a long-term study in Finland 1974-2000, we observed Siberian Jay group composition in autumn. Using microsatellite analysis based on feather or blood samples we clarified kin relations within the groups. We found that out of 311 groups that included at least one more individual than the territory holders, 74% were nuclear families, including breeding birds and 1-3 retained offspring. However, 26% of the groups were not families, but consisted of pairs accompanied only by individuals that were not their offspring. According to extensive pedigrees we found that 70% of the 82 immatures associated with a nonparent pair were not related to either territory holder. Of these 82 immatures, 91% were associated with pairs that had no offspring on their own, suggesting that they were failed breeders or newly established pairs. The composition of groups was mostly unchanged during the observation period within each season, regardless of kinship. Previous studies have reported apparent nepotism between parents and retained offspring in the Siberian Jay, and a high degree of aggression toward nonoffspring, so we did not expect to find such high frequency and remarkable within-season stability of nonfamily groups. These observations suggest that there are important fitness benefits to gain from territoriality and group living, regardless of kinship.

Cooperative sentinel behaviour in the Arabian babbler

Cooperative sentinel behaviour in Arabian babblers, Turdoides squamiceps, appears generally consistent with state-dependent models of individually selfish antipredator behaviour. We examined further detailed aspects of this cooperative behaviour, including the suggestion that by engaging in this behaviour sentinels advertise their status and gain social prestige. Chosen sentinel locations were higher, but no more exposed, than the best alternative locations within 25m. Sentinels started off closer to the centre of the foraging group than when sentinel bouts were terminated. Change-overs between sentinels were nearly always due to previous sentinels terminating their own bout. On the rare occasions when bouts were interrupted by upcoming sentinels, physical contact or aggression was extremely rare. Dominant males tended to terminate sentinel bouts of other birds, interrupting especially the dominant females. Other than this, there was no effect of an individual's sex or dominance rank on any aspect of sentinel change-overs or location choice when acting as a sentinel. There were also no differences in any sentinel activity between simple family groups, and those more complex nonfamily groups within which individuals compete for reproduction. Rates of alarm calling did not differ between group members, although dominant males did make more territorial calls to neighbouring groups while acting as a sentinel. Therefore, we found relatively little evidence that individuals compete for the chance to act as a sentinel as a means of showing off within groups of Arabian babblers. Instead, our study confirms the primary function of sentinels as a system of cooperative vigilance.

THE NOT-SO-SMALL HOUSEHOLD MINORITIES: SINGLES AND SHARERS IN SYDNEY

SUMMARY Over one quarter of a million single people in Sydney live alone in one-person households. Another 150,000 or more live as non-family household groups. While most of these live in groups of two, about 20,000 of them live in groups of 4 or more. (This in itself requires a stock of about 4,000 dwelling units.) Until now, no organisation has seen a need to research this group. However, investigation of the unpublished Census data shows it is difficult to identify sharing groups (since this class of information has not been specifically sought in the Census). In addition, the Census definition of ‘dwelling’ makes it possible for two (or more) families sharing a single house or flat to show up in the Census as occupying two (or more) “dwellings” thus possibly concealing a group of disadvantaged families. This paper reports (a) Census data about single people living with others in non-family households and (b) a pilot study of 45 share households. The latter shows that location of dwelling is important ...

Crisis and Conjugal Power

The present study investigates the effects of crisis on conjugal power using SIMFAM, a laboratory method. Research on non-family groups has shown that during an unsolved crisis a leader tends to decrease in power and to be replaced. The relevance of these ideas for marital dyads was tested, as well as the idea that the more equalitarian the conjugal power structure during a non-crisis situation, the more likely a change in relative conjugal power will occur during a crisis. Hypothesis based on these ideas were supported with a sample of 50 married couples.

The Housing of Non-Family Groups of Men in Chicago

Next article FreeThe Housing of Non-Family Groups of Men in ChicagoMilton B. HuntMilton B. Hunt Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 16, Number 2Sep., 1910 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/211883 Views: 115Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Frank Eckardt, Sabine Meier Zur Soziologie des Wohnens, (Dec 2021): 3–23.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24724-9_31Frank Eckardt, Sabine Meier Zur Soziologie des Wohnens, (Mar 2021): 1–21.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24862-8_31-1Pierre Lannoy When Robert E. Park was (Re) writing “the city”: Biography, the social survey, and the science of sociology, The American Sociologist 35, no.11 (Mar 2004): 34–62.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-004-1002-9TIM HALLETT, GARY ALAN FINE Ethnography 1900, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 29, no.55 (Oct 2000): 593–617.https://doi.org/10.1177/089124100129024016Arodys Robles, Susan Cotts Watkins Immigration and Family Separation in the U.S. at the Turn of the Twentieth Century, Journal of Family History 18, no.33 (Jul 1993): 191–211.https://doi.org/10.1177/036319909301800301A R Veness Home and Homelessness in the United States: Changing Ideals and Realities, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10, no.44 (Nov 2016): 445–468.https://doi.org/10.1068/d100445Thomas James Phelan From the attic of theAmerican Journal of Sociology: Unusual contributions to American sociology, 1895?1935, Sociological Forum 4, no.11 (Mar 1989): 71–86.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01112617