non-EU Workers Research Articles

Effects of the End of Free Movement on the Supply Chains in the United Kingdom

The term "Supply Chain" can be explained as the whole network of businesses and individuals which are collaborating in order to produce and distribute a final good or service. Supply Chains are nowadays interconnected and can be easily influenced by foreseen and unforeseen events. Brexit affected the supply chains in the United Kingdom in a negative way and caused disruptions. One of the main factors caused by Brexit which is influencing the supply chains is the end of free movement. This study aims to analyze the effects of the end of free movement on the supply chains in the United Kingdom based on a literature review and personal reflection on the topic. The Business had to rearrange the supply chains and implement changes in order to make the supply chains resilient in the turbulent times. The post- Brexit immigration system introduced visa requirements for EU citizen which caused lack of workers in different areas and led to delays and struggles in the supply chains. Companies had to find different solutions for the labor crisis like increasing automation and hiring non-EU workers. The effects of the end of free movement will be ongoing and will be a topic for research and observation in the next years.

Returns-to-education gaps between native and migrant workers: the infl uence of economic integration on their drivers. Are Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) an eff ective remediation tool? A case comparison: Italy, Germany, Denmark and Cyprus

This paper answers the research question of whether economicintegration influences the drivers behind returns to education for native, EU and non-EU workers in the selected countries. It fills two gaps in the literature, assessing the role of economic integration in determining differences in returns on investments in education and testing whether ALMPs can bridge them. The literature has identified that returns to education vary between national and foreign workers. Differences among nationality groups regarding the quality of their educational background, their knowledge of the hosting labor market, or the mismatch between the qualifications and skills acquired abroad and those demanded by the local economy have been put forward to explain the gaps in returns to education. This paper contends that those factors might be economic reasons behind the differences in the returns to education but that their effect is mediated by the different degrees of economic integration between the host country and workers’ home country.

The Early Effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Labour Market Outcomes of Natives and Migrants in the UK

It has been found that migrants and natives are affected differently by fluctuations in the business cycle. This paper analyses whether this is the case when considering the most recent economic downturn triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic. By using UK data, it finds that unemployment has increased for both natives and migrants as has, consequently, the benefits which are aimed to support non-employed households. The rise in these outcomes is particularly important for EU migrants. EU migrants have also been more likely to experience a decrease in pay during the pandemic. Natives, EU workers, and non-EU workers have all suffered similar decreases in hours worked. Since migrants are likely to adjust to negative shocks by return or re-migration, these findings suggest that the recent increase in emigration from the UK can be partly explained by the negative effects of the pandemic on migrants labour market outcomes.

Mobility of Non-EU Workers within EU Implementing Vander Elst

The Van der Elst procedure derives from a 1994 ruling by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) regarding the right of an EU company to provide services within the EU. The ECJ stated that in accordance with the principles of freedom to provide services and the principle of non-discrimination a non-EU national who is employed by a company in one EU country must be allowed to provide services to a company in another EU country for a limited period without the need for a work permit. The principle established by the ECJ has been incorporated and implemented in different ways by member states. The article is a summary of the current status of implementation in a selection of member states.

Strategic contextualisation: free movement, labour migration policies and the governance of foreign workers in Europe

Heightened levels of internal labour mobility since the European Union (EU)'s Eastern enlargements in 2004 and 2007 have shifted the context for member state policies geared towards the admission of non-EU workers. This article contends that the strategic use of the internal mobility regime by member states, as a justification for selective recruitment of labour from outside the EU, deserves more analytical attention. This contribution examines how labour migration policies (LMP) in the United Kingdom, France and Germany make use of the EU free-movement framework in current legislation, and how associated policy rationales are justified. In an interpretive policy analysis of legislative documents and decision-makers' meaning-making, as related in semi-structured interviews, the article identifies the logics, tools and rationales which link LMP to EU free movement. These links are shown to be highly selective and they serve common as well as nationally distinct governance goals. Across all three cases LMPs ascribe various degrees of relevance to EU internal labour supply, depending on the different skill levels of migrants targeted in respective policies. This shared pattern of economic coordination of LMP by skill level – in which the EU common labour market plays the role of delimiting additional migration in the skilled and especially low-skilled segments – is conflated with national migration control agendas. Member states draw on EU free movement to justify migration restrictions targeted at specific sending countries. As a result, the governance of the foreign workforce produces skills- and origin-based privileges rather than granting rights to mobile migrant workers in Europe.

Migranti che contano. Percorsi di mobilitŕ e confinamenti nell'agricoltura del Sud Italia

This article will focus on immigrant labor in Southern Italy agriculture. In particular, it will consider the different status of the “new hired hands”: there are seasonal workers annually engaged by the Quota Agreement (Decreto Flussi); workers from new EU member countries that can circulate freely within the Schengen area (since 2004 or 2007); non-EU workers with a dependent work permit, among whom those with labor contracts in other sectors and often in other Italian regions; asylum seekers or refugees; and immigrants with any permission or overstayers, and so “irregular”. The analysis develops two main arguments: on the one hand, the migration status conditions the strategies, the patterns, the insertion in the labor market and in the gangmaster system; on the other hand, even if in conditions of precariousness and exploitation, migrants develop different forms of sociality and practices of mobility answering to individual and collective needs of reproduction. The article is based upon ethnographic data and in-depth interviews collected in Calabria, Basilicata and Apulia.

El rendimiento del capital humano de los trabajadores extranjeros y nacionales en España

Introduction. In this paper we analyze the differences in the returns on education and years of service in the company between native and foreign workers� salaries, paying special attention to the results as a function of workers� origin. Methodology. To carry out the empirical analysis we estimate wage regressions using data provided by the Earnings Structure Survey 2002. This data set provides information on workers� personal characteristics, including the country of origin, as well as information on their jobs and on the characteristics of the firm in which they are employed. Results. Results vary both across origin and level of education. Workers coming from European Union (EU) countries obtain a positive wage premium (relative to native workers) for all levels of education. For workers coming from non-EU countries, Latin America or Africa, with secondary or less than secondary education, this premium is negative. In the case of workers with university education, African workers are the most discriminated, obtaining 11% less than national workers. With respect to the effect on wages of years of service, both native and EU workers exhibit decreasing returns during most of their active service with the firm. On the contrary, in the case of all other workers, their wages increase with their years of service in the firm, and they do so at an increasing rate. Conclusions. Important differences exist in returns on education and years of service in the company depending on workers� origin. While non-EU workers obtain the lowest returns on education, they receive greater wage increases as their seniority in the firm increases.

Work related injuries: estimating the incidence among illegally employed immigrants

BackgroundStatistics on occupational accidents are based on data from registered employees. With the increasing number of immigrants employed illegally and/or without regular working visas in many developed countries, it is of interest to estimate the injury rate among such unregistered workers.FindingsThe current study was conducted in an area of North-Eastern Italy. The sources of information employed in the present study were the Accidents and Emergencies records of a hospital; the population data on foreign-born residents in the hospital catchment area (Health Care District 4, Primary Care Trust 20, Province of Verona, Veneto Region, North-Eastern Italy); and the estimated proportion of illegally employed workers in representative samples from the Province of Verona and the Veneto Region. Of the 419 A&E records collected between January and December 2004 among non European Union (non-EU) immigrants, 146 aroused suspicion by reporting the home, rather than the workplace, as the site of the accident. These cases were the numerator of the rate. The number of illegally employed non-EU workers, denominator of the rate, was estimated according to different assumptions and ranged from between 537 to 1,338 individuals. The corresponding rates varied from 109.1 to 271.8 per 1,000 non-EU illegal employees, against 65 per 1,000 reported in Italy in 2004.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that there is an unrecorded burden of illegally employed immigrants suffering from work related injuries. Additional efforts for prevention of injuries in the workplace are required to decrease this number. It can be concluded that the Italian National Institute for the Insurance of Work Related Injuries (INAIL) probably underestimates the incidence of these accidents in Italy.