Nonessential Nutrients Research Articles

Characterization of bone and dung biochars for potential use as precursors for artificial fertilizers

The Fourier Transform Infrared technique was utilized to measure the infrared spectra of bone and dung chars at ambient temperature. The spectra of the investigated char samples showed some notable similarities, suggesting that the compounds have functional groups which display bands at similar wavenumbers in IR spectrum. Additionally, correlations between the chars and the terra preta soils were found. This implies that the investigated biochars and the terra preta soils share comparable characteristics. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy showed the existence of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and oxygen in the bone char which are classified as macronutrients. In addition, the bone char contained two micronutrients (nickel and chlorine) and one non-essential nutrient (sodium). The dung char was constituted with all the macronutrients found in the bone char and in addition it had traces of sulfur which is also a macronutrient. Iron, manganese and chlorine were present in the dung char as micronutrients. There was also the presence of sodium and aluminum which are classified as non-essential nutrients. Zinc which is also fundamental in soil fertility was detected using Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy in all the chars. Both the samples are alkaline with pHs ranging between 9 and 11. The results of this research will be useful in determining which biochars are best suited for production of synthetic fertilizers.

Antioxidant Defense and Ionic Homeostasis Govern Stage-Specific Response of Salinity Stress in Contrasting Rice Varieties.

Salt stress is one of the most severe environmental stresses limiting the productivity of crops, including rice. However, there is a lack of information on how salt-stress sensitivity varies across different developmental stages in rice. In view of this, a comparative evaluation of contrasting rice varieties CSR36 (salt tolerant) and Jaya (salt sensitive) was conducted, wherein NaCl stress (50 mM) was independently given either at seedling (S-stage), tillering (T-stage), flowering (F-stage), seed-setting (SS-stage) or throughout plant growth, from seedling till maturity. Except for S-stage, CSR36 exhibited improved NaCl stress tolerance than Jaya, at all other tested stages. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the improved NaCl stress tolerance in CSR36 coincided with enhanced activities/levels of enzymatic/non-enzymatic antioxidants (root ascorbate peroxidase for T- (2.74-fold) and S+T- (2.12-fold) stages and root catalase for F- (5.22-fold), S+T- (2.10-fold) and S+T+F- (2.61-fold) stages) and higher accumulation of osmolytes (shoot proline for F-stage (5.82-fold) and S+T+F- (2.31-fold) stage), indicating better antioxidant capacitance and osmotic adjustment, respectively. In contrast, higher shoot accumulation of Na+ (14.25-fold) and consequent increase in Na+/K+ (14.56-fold), Na+/Mg+2 (13.09-fold) and Na+/Ca+2 (8.38-fold) ratio in shoot, were identified as major variables associated with S-stage salinity in Jaya. Higher root Na+ and their associated ratio were major deriving force for other stage specific and combined stage salinity in Jaya. In addition, CSR36 exhibited higher levels of Fe3+, Mn2+ and Co3+ and lower Cl- and SO42-, suggesting its potential to discriminate essential and non-essential nutrients, which might contribute to NaCl stress tolerance. Taken together, the findings provided the framework for stage-specific salinity responses in rice, which will facilitate crop-improvement programs for specific ecological niches, including coastal regions.

EFFECTIVENESS OF LIQUID NPKSi AND N, P, K FERTILIZER ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF RICE PADDY IN ULTISOLS

Agricultural intensification and extensification need to be done to increase rice productivity. Silicon (Si) is a non-essential nutrient that plays a positive role in growth and yield. The application of liquid NPKSi fertilizer increases nutrient availability, particularly on Ultisols. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of liquid NPKSi fertilizer and straight fertilizer on nutrient uptake and yield of paddy rice on Ultisols. This research was conducted from September 2023 to June 2024 at the Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Experimental Farm and the Soil Chemistry and Plant Nutrition Laboratory. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD), which consisted of nine treatments and three replications. The treatments included control, recommended N, P, and K fertilizers, and various doses of liquid NPKSi fertilizer and straight fertilizer. The results showed that liquid NPKSi fertilizer and straight fertilizer were effective in increasing nutrient uptake and yield of paddy rice on Ultisols. The highest fertilizer effectiveness was found in the treatment of 6 L.ha-1 liquid NPKSi fertilizer and straight fertilizer (175 kg.ha-1 Urea, 37.5 kg.ha-1 SP-36, and 25 kg.ha-1KCl) with an RAE value of 218%.

Silicon spray affect floricultural traits and leaf elemental nutrient concentrations of Rose ‘Beverly Watson’

Silicon (Si) is looked upon as a non-essential nutrient whose positive effects have been proved on most plant species. This study explored the impact of various types and rates of Si on some plant traits of rose (Rosa hybrida) ‘Beverly Watson’ in a factorial experiment based on a Randomized Complete Design with two treatments and three replications. Three Si sources (calcium silicate, potassium silicate, and sodium silicate) were used as foliar application in five rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L−1) during 10 wks. It was found that Si treatment improved flowering stem length and diameter, petal thickness, flower fresh and dry weight, and days to flower senescence, but it reduced days to full flower opening. Likewise, foliar application of Si increased leaf N, P, K, Ca, and Si content. Si at lower rates improved leaf Cu, Mn, and Fe content, but it reduced them at higher rates.

Plant Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits on Cardiovascular Health: A Review.

Fruits, vegetables, and other food items contain phytochemicals or secondary metabolites which may be considered non-essential nutrients but have medicinal importance. These dietary phytochemicals exhibit chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against numerous diseases. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found in vegetables, fruits, and grains. These compounds exhibit several health benefits such as immune modulators, vasodilators, and antioxidants. This review focuses on recent studies on using dietary polyphenols to treat cardiovascular disorders, atherosclerosis, and vascular endothelium deficits. We focus on exploring the safety of highly effective polyphenols to ensure their maximum impact on cardiac abnormalities and discuss recent epidemiological evidence and intervention trials related to these properties. Kaempferol, quercetin, and resveratrol prevent oxidative stress by regulating proteins that induce oxidation in heart tissues. In addition, polyphenols modulate the tone of the endothelium of vessels by releasing nitric oxide (NO) and reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation to prevent atherosclerosis. In cardiomyocytes, polyphenols suppress the expression of inflammatory markers and inhibit the production of inflammation markers to exert an anti-inflammatory response. Consequently, heart diseases such as strokes, hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease could be prevented by dietary polyphenols.

Insights into the molecular mechanisms of uptake, phytohormone interactions and stress alleviation by silicon: a beneficial but non-essential nutrient for plants

Insights into the molecular mechanisms of uptake, phytohormone interactions and stress alleviation by silicon: a beneficial but non-essential nutrient for plants

A Comprehensive Review on Role of Nutrition in Management of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent malignancy in women and the second most common cause of cancer worldwide. There’s a lot of evidence that lifestyle factors including food, body weight, and physical activity are linked to a higher risk of breast cancer. Several bioactive food ingredients, including both essential and non-essential nutrients, can change gene expression profiles. Consequently, nutrigenomics provides information on the effects of consumed nutrients and other food components on gene regulation and transcription factors, i.e., diet-gene interaction, to find dietetic components that are beneficial or damaging to one’s health. Biological processes such as epigenetics, transcriptomics, and proteomics influence nutritional genomics (nutrigenomics), which is the junction of health, food, and genomics. As a result, it will help to determine unique nutritional requirements based on a person’s genetic composition (personalized diet), and also the link between diet and chronic diseases such as cancer, opening up new avenues for a better understanding of the impacts of breast cancer and its management. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy patients with BC experience a variety of symptoms that influence their quality of life. According to research studies on nutritional therapy during BC treatment, nutritional counseling and supplementation with certain dietary elements may be useful in reducing drug-induced side effects and increasing therapeutic efficacy. As a result, nutritional control in BC patients may be considered a critical component of a multimodal treatment strategy. The goal of this review is to give a summary of the existing research on the association between dietary variables and BC.

Sensing of the non-essential amino acid tyrosine governs the response to protein restriction in Drosophila.

The intake of dietary protein regulates growth, metabolism, fecundity and lifespan across various species, which makes amino acid (AA)-sensing vital for adaptation to the nutritional environment. The general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) pathway and the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway are involved in AA-sensing. However, it is not fully understood which AAs regulate these two pathways in living animals and how they coordinate responses to protein restriction. Here we show in Drosophila that the non-essential AA tyrosine (Tyr) is a nutritional cue in the fat body necessary and sufficient for promoting adaptive responses to a low-protein diet, which entails reduction of protein synthesis and mTORC1 activity and increased food intake. This adaptation is regulated by dietary Tyr through GCN2-independent induction of ATF4 target genes in the fat body. This study identifies the Tyr-ATF4 axis as a regulator of the physiological response to a low-protein diet and sheds light on the essential function of a non-essential nutrient.

Effect of different fertilizers on peppermint - Essential and non-essential nutrients, essential oils and yield

Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) plant was grown in this study using different mineral fertilizers combinations. Effects of fertilizer treatments on green and drug herb yields, herb essential nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu), essential oil yield, essential oil components (menthol, menthone, 1,8 cineole and menthofuran) and non-essential elements (heavy metal) (Pb, Ni, Co, Cr and Cd) were determined in two successive years (2011-2012). The highest green and drug herb yields were obtained from mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) treatments (24,980 kg ha–1 and 3070 kg ha–1) in the first year and from 15:15:15 treatments (16,950 kg ha–1 and 3080 kg ha–1) in the second year. Nutrient elements nitrogen 2.70% in MAP application, phosphorus 0.55% in mono potassium phosphate (MKP) application, potassium 3.12% in MAP application, calcium 1.47% in di ammonium phosphate (DAP) application, magnesium 0.36% in 15:15:15 application, iron 106 mg kg–1 in 15:15:15 application, copper 11.83 mg kg–1 in MAP application, zinc 35 mg kg–1 in MKP application and manganese 89 mg kg–1 in MAP application the highest value were respectively obtained from treatments. Concentrations of non-essential elements (Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd) in herb were found to be below toxic values. In both years, the highest essential oil yields were obtained from MAP treatments (4.10% in the first year and 2.90% in the second year). The essential oil components of peppermint were menthol, menthone, 1,8 cineole and menthofuran and menthol was the major component in both years. Highlights- Nitrogen fertilizer applications increased herb yield.- In terms of plant nutrients, mono ammonium phosphate and 15:15:15 fertilizers were more effective than other fertilizer applications.- Heavy metal concentrations of peppermint herb were determined below the limit values.- The main compound in peppermint essential oils was menthol in both years.

MODERN INFORMATION ON THE PANCREATIC STRUCTURES FORMATION IN THE EARLY STAGES OF HUMAN ONTOGENESIS

"This organ is nourished by the" purest juices "of the splenic vein," Avicenna wrote of the pancreas. In many cases, it takes the brunt of a sudden change in our diet, overeating, or neglect of overall health. However, if you dramatically increase the amount of food consumed or radically change its nature, it is certainly "revenge" for its unwillingness to change the level of enzyme production. The body is unable to absorb undigested food components and, as a result, develops a chronic deficiency of non-essential nutrients. When there are deficient conditions, such as hypovitaminosis, immunodeficiency, disorders of many body functions are provoked. In conditions of pancreatic insufficiency, the body is unable to absorb undigested food components and therefore experiences a chronic deficiency of essential nutrients. Metabolic disorders in organs and tissues, hypovitaminosis, disorders of body functions develop. The pancreas is a mixed gland, which has exocrine structures that make up 98% of its total mass and secrete digestive enzymes that enter through the excretory ducts into the lumen of the duodenum, and endocrine, consisting of several groups of cells that form islets Langerhans, which produce a number of hormones. The pancreas in the prenatal period of development develops in three stages. Up-during 5-10 weeks (the first stage) there is a bookmark of body, its form and topography is defined. The second stage (11-20 weeks) is characterized by active histogenesis of the gland, the formation of its bloodstream and nervous system. The third stage, which lasts until birth, is the differentiation of pancreatic structures, their quantitative growth, the gland begins to function. The presented work accurately describes the ontogenetic features in the structure of the gastrointestinal tract, namely: the pancreas.

Emerging Concepts in Nutrient Needs

Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) are quantitative, nutrient intakebased standards used for assessing the diets and specific nutrient intakes of healthy individuals and populations and for informing national nutrition policy and nutrition programs. Because nutrition needs vary by age, sex, and physiological state, DRIs are often specified for healthy subgroups within a population. Diet is known to be the leading modifiable risk factor for chronic disease, and the prevalence of chronic disease is growing in all populations globally and across all subgroups, but especially in older adults. It is known that nutrient needs can change in some chronic disease and other clinical states. Disease states and/or disease treatment can cause whole-body or tissue-specific nutrient depletion or excess, resulting in the need for altered nutrient intakes. In other cases, disease-related biochemical dysfunction can result in a requirement for a nonessential nutrient, rendering it as conditionally essential, or result in toxicity for a food component at levels usually tolerated by healthy people, as seen in inborn errors of metabolism. Here we summarize examples from a growing body of literature of disease-altering nutrient requirements, supporting the need to give more consideration to special nutrient requirements in disease states.

From basic science to dietary guidance: Dietary fiber as an example

Although dietary fiber is a nonessential nutrient it has achieved the status of having nutrient intake values and dietary recommendations. How it achieved this may serve as a prototype for other nonessential functional food components. An important step was the development of a worldwide accepted definition and the analytical method consistent with that definition. A database of fiber values in foods facilitated important prospective cohort studies investigating the effect of fiber intake on decreased risk of key diseases. The strongest data relating dietary fiber to health involved its laxation effect, but due to high individual variability, laxation was not the endpoint upon which the intake value for fiber was established. Instead, the intake value for dietary fiber was based on decreased risk of coronary heart disease and calculated from three prospective cohort studies. Other physiological effects of fiber on health that are generally accepted are decreased risk of type2 diabetes and effect on weight maintenance. Since the 2009 final Codex definition for dietary fiber states that fibers that are extracted or synthesized (as opposed to endogenous to the food) need to prove a physiological benefit to health, there is strong interest in establishing health benefits for these functional fibers.

An unconventional uptake rate objective function approach enhances applicability of genome-scale models for mammalian cells

Constraint-based modeling has been applied to analyze metabolism of numerous organisms via flux balance analysis and genome-scale metabolic models, including mammalian cells such as the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells—the principal cell factory platform for therapeutic protein production. Unfortunately, the application of genome-scale model methodologies using the conventional biomass objective function is challenged by the presence of overly-restrictive constraints, including essential amino acid exchange fluxes that can lead to improper predictions of growth rates and intracellular flux distributions. In this study, these constraints are found to be reliably predicted by an “essential nutrient minimization” approach. After modifying these constraints with the predicted minimal uptake values, a series of unconventional objective functions are applied to minimize each individual non-essential nutrient uptake rate, revealing useful insights about metabolic exchange rates and flows across different cell lines and culture conditions. This unconventional uptake-rate objective functions (UOFs) approach is able to distinguish metabolic differences between three distinct CHO cell lines (CHO-K1, -DG44, and -S) not directly observed using the conventional biomass growth maximization solutions. Further, a comparison of model predictions with experimental data from literature correctly correlates with the specific CHO-DG44-derived cell line used experimentally, and the corresponding dual prices provide fruitful information concerning coupling relationships between nutrients. The UOFs approach is likely to be particularly suited for mammalian cells and other complex organisms which contain multiple distinct essential nutrient inputs, and may offer enhanced applicability for characterizing cell metabolism and physiology as well as media optimization and biomanufacturing control.

Assessment of Essential Nutrients in Soil with Litter Chemistry of Tropical Deciduous Forest, India

We investigated assessment of essential and non-essential nutrients in soil along with litter chemistry in the tropical deciduous forest at Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, India. Three forest communities in teak plantation (TP), sal mixed (SM) and dry mixed (DM). The factors examined were nutrients contents chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel(Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and carbon in soil and litter. Majorly of essential nutrients levels were higher in the DM followed by SM and TP in soils. Zn was increased in TP, while Cu in SM soils at the depth of 0-15cm. Overall litter nutrients, concentration was maximum in DM. But some litter nutrients as like Ni and Zn maximum in the SM and TP. TOC was maximum in SM (19.23 g kg–1) followed by DM (17.74 g kg–1) and TP (13.62). Litter C was also increased in DM followed by SM and TP.

Phytochemicals and their role in curing fatal diseases: A Review

Abstract Plants are serving mankind from the first day of his creation and have been a chief source of medicines from thousands of years. According to the latest report of the World Health Organization (WHO), more than eighty percent people are completely relying on the herbal medicines comprised of phytochemicals. These are biologically active, naturally occurring and non-essential nutrients. They are found in fruits (apples, grapes, berries, cherries, citrus fruits peel, apricots, oranges), vegetables (kale, cabbage, cauliflower, carrot, cooked tomato, sweet potato, soybean, bean) green tea, cereals, nuts, whole grains and seeds in a considerable quantity protecting human health from hazards. These compounds are major sources of a large number of medicines consisting of various groups like emetics, antispasmodics, antimicrobials, anti-cancerous etc. In traditional system of medications, large number of plants are considered to have therapeutic characteristics such as anti-pyretic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiarrheal, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic. They are extensively used worldwide for the treatment of various kinds of fatal diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative, cardio vascular diseases, type 2 diabetes etc. Various phytochemicals develop the immune system and protect the body from dangerous pathogens. It is believed that there is proper treatment mechanism for each and every disease by the nature in one or another way. Due to this reason, the researchers of the day are stressing to identify the role of these secondary metabolites against various diseases based on phytotherapeutical methods. In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlight the role of several phytochemicals in curing of various fatal diseases. Keywords: Fatal diseases; Herbs; Medicinal plants; Pathogens; Secondary metabolites http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700193

Betaine in Cereal Grains and Grain-Based Products.

Betaine is a non-essential nutrient which performs several important physiological functions in organisms. Abundant data exist to suggest that betaine has a potential for prevention of chronic diseases and that its dietary intake may contribute to overall health enhancement. Several studies have pointed out that the betaine status of the general population is inadequate and have suggested nutritional strategies to improve dietary intake of betaine. Cereal-based food has been implicated as the major source of betaine in the Western diet. This review summarizes the results on the betaine content in various cereals and related products. Attention has been given to the betaine content in gluten-free grains and products. It also discusses the stability of betaine during processing (cooking, baking, extrusion) and possibilities to increase betaine content by fortification.

EFEKTIFITAS BAKTERI ENDOFIT DAN PENAMBAHAN INDOLE ACETIC ACID (IAA) DALAM MENINGKATKAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN PADI <em>Oryza sativa</em> L.

Rice plant needs essential and non-essential nutrients to grow. However, the use of inorganic fertilizers may affect the soil microbe community which expected to increase the availability of nutrients for both plants and microbes, a condition that could control several types of diseases. Many efforts were made to find alternative fertilizer which environmentally friendly, for instance by exploiting microorganisms such as endophytic bacteria associated with plant tissue or seed plant cell. This research aimed to determine the effect of endophytic bacteria, the concentration of IAA, and the combination of endophytic bacteria with a concentration of IAA, on the growth of rice plant. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Biology, The Soil Research Institute located in Cimanggu Bogor from December 2015 to February 2016. This research was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, i.e., the inoculant of endophytic bacteria (2.2 KT, KR 6, and I CM), and the concentration of IAA (0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 ppm). Three replicates were applied for each treatment of the inoculant combined with different doses of IAA. The variety of rice plants tested were Inpari 13 and IR 64. The potential test has been applied to determine the factor with the highest yield of the rice plant growth. The parameters observed were the height of the rice plant, the length of the rice plant roots, and the total weight of the plant including root. The results showed the inocula of endophytic bacteria alone had no effect to increase growth for both IR 64 and Inpari 13 rice variety. The IAA concentration of 0.1 ppm was able to increase the height of rice plant and the length of rice plant root for both IR 64 rice plant and Inpari 13. The combined treatment of KR 6 bacterial inoculum with 1 ppm of IAA concentration was effectively promoted rice plant growth for both IR 64 and Inpari 13.

Phytochemicals in quinoa and amaranth grains and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential health beneficial effects: a review.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) are pseudocereal grains rich in both macronutrients and micronutrients including vitamins and minerals. The proteins are particularly of high nutritional quality due to the outstanding balance of essential amino acids. However, recent research strongly suggests that nonessential nutrients such as phytochemicals of quinoa and amaranth may also have potential health beneficial effects. This review focuses on the phytochemical composition of quinoa and amaranth seeds, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of hydrophilic (e.g. phenolics, betacyanins) and lipophilic (e.g. fatty acids, tocopherols, and carotenoids) nutrients, and how these contribute to the potential health benefits, especially in lowering the risk of the oxidative stress related diseases e.g. cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. The gap between current knowledge and future research needs have also been identified.

Functional Foods and Health Effects: A Nutritional Biochemistry Perspective.

Increased consumer´s interest in health has driven the development of foods that offer specific beneficial effects. The list of foods and ingredients includes essential and non-essential nutrients, plant and marine components, whole foods, microorganisms, microalgae and technological approaches. Traditionally, health outcomes focussed on the prevention of chronic diseases but health targets have expanded to cover areas such as brain health, inflammation, eye health, women´s health, healthy ageing and beauty. This review highlights, from a nutritional biochemistry perspective, differential aspects on designing and interpreting human studies to support the health effects of functional foods. Despite the available evidence from in vitro, animal and observational studies, welldesigned human studies are necessary to support the health effects of functional foods. Intervention trials with foods are complex as they imply limitations due to methodological, food-related and host-related factors. The use of responsive, validated and clinically relevant markers becomes essential even though there is a lack of reliable biomarkers of exposure for many bioactives. Furthermore, the effect of modulating factors such as subclinical inflammation, gut microbiota and genetic variability should be taken into account. Multiple indicators may provide a more reliable alternative to assess physiological processes while emerging biomarkers (microRNAs, epigenetic changes) constitute a promising approach. Additionally, the magnitude of the change is critical to support any health effect although interventions may have a limited clinical impact but be epidemiologically relevant. Also, based on the available data, the premise that bioactivescontaining foods are safe may be questionable. An integrated approach including multiple biomarkers, genetic variability, effect of gut microbiota and risk/benefit assessment should be used to support the potential health effects of functional foods.

What nutritional physiology tells us about diet, sugar and obesity.

In this closing perspective, the author exposes why targeting a single nutrient like sugar is in his opinion unlikely to be efficient in preventing obesity and metabolic diseases. He defends the proposal that the concept of fructose toxicity is based on major misconceptions of nutritional physiology. He specifically proposes that (1) sugar being a non-essential nutrient does not obligatorily imply that it has no beneficial effect; (2) alterations of blood triglyceride concentration and hepatic glucose production within the normal range may merely reflect adaptations to a fructose-rich diet rather than early markers of diseases; (3) overfeeding is a normal physiological response to exposure to an energy-dense, palatable nutrient rather than the consequence of 'leptin resistance'; (4) we may presently overemphasize the role of biological regulations and of gene-related heredity when assessing the effects of fructose in particular, and the determinants of obesity in general.