Non-enzymatic Antioxidants Vitamin Research Articles

Effects of antimony on antioxidant system, damage indexes of blood-brain barrier and ultrastructure of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Antimony (Sb) and its compounds can be harmful to people and are known to cause cancer, so they are a key pollutant to control. This study investigated the influence of antimony on non-enzymatic antioxidants and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in zebrafish(Danio rerio), a model organism that shares a high degree of genetic similarity with humans. Zebrafish were exposed to different doses of antimony in water for 7, 18, and 30 days. The results indicated that antimony accumulated most in the liver, followed by the gills, flesh, and brain, with the accumulation increasing as the exposure duration extends. Additionally, under identical antimony concentrations, the buildup in the four tissues was positively correlated with the duration of exposure. After 18 days of exposure, the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and endogenous non-enzymatic antioxidants vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) decreased as a result of antimony ingestion in zebrafish, although cysteine secretion was increased in the liver, gills, and brain. The structural integrity of the BBB was compromised by the elevation of ApoE4 and MMP-9 levels as a result of antimony exposure, which led to the breakdown of the basal lamina, tight junctions, and nerve fibers in the brain. At this injured region, 5-HT and MBP were also able to easily enter and leave the BBB, albeit at variable rates. Additionally, when the antimony exposure level reached 16.58 mg·L−1, antimony penetrated the BBB and bound to erythrocytes, causing their lysis.

Serum CRP, MDA, Vitamin C, and Trace Elements in Bangladeshi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that is a painful health crisis. This study aimed to assess the serum C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), non-enzymatic antioxidant (vitamin C), and trace elements (Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe) in RA patients, and thereby correlate these parameters with the association of RA. This study included 20 Bangladeshi RA patients and 20 normal healthy volunteers as control subjects. CRP level was determined using a laboratory-based latex agglutination-enhanced immunoassay. The lipid peroxidation level was determined by measurement of the serum level of MDA. Non-enzymatic antioxidant vitamin C was assessed by UV spectrophotometric method. Trace elements were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Our study observed significantly higher concentrations of CRP (p < 0.001) and MDA (p < 0.001), and significantly lower concentrations of vitamin C (p < 0.001) in the RA patient. The mean values of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe were 6.62 ± 0.34, 1.42 ± 0.17, 7.51 ± 0.23, and 29.25 ± 0.41ppm for the RA patients respectively and 13.57 ± 9.13, 1.15 ± 0.17, 1.59 ± 0.18, and 62.47 ± 5.25ppm for the control subjects, consequently. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the trace element levels between the RA patients and control subjects. Our study suggests that a higher concentration of CRP and MDA, lower levels of vitamin C, and altered trace elements may be linked to RA.

Increased Oxidative Stress, Altered Trace Elements, and Macro-Minerals Are Associated with Female Obesity.

Generally female individuals are more prone to obesity due to their lifestyle and physiology. However, female individuals have got little attention in this aspect. This pioneering study designed to find the level of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), non-enzymatic antioxidant (vitamin C), other trace elements (zinc and iron), and macro-minerals (sodium, potassium, and calcium) for female obesity determining its role and action in disease diagnosis along with propagation. For this prospective case-control study, 70 female obese and 70 healthy individuals were evaluated. Serum lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was measured to determine the level of lipid peroxidation. UV spectrophotometric method was implemented for vitamin C concentration to measure serum ascorbic acid. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was implemented to determine serum macro-minerals (Na, K, and Ca), and trace elements (Zn and Fe) were estimated. For statistical analysis, student's t-test and Pearson's correlation test were executed. A significantly higher concentration of serum MDA (p < 0.001) and low concentration of antioxidants (vitamin C) (p < 0.001) are observed in patient than control group. We found a lower concentration of trace elements (zinc, iron) and macro-minerals (sodium, potassium, and calcium) in patients compared to control except sodium. The mean concentrations for serum Zn, Fe, Na, K, and Ca were 0.34 ± 0.01, 0.25 ± 0.01, 3828.91 ± 205.09, 90.42 ± 6.45, and 43.04 ± 2.38mg/L and 0.78 ± 0.08, 0.84 ± 0.08, 2600.97 ± 99.79, 223.79 ± 14.64, and 86.43 ± 2.78mg/L, respectively, for female obese patients and control subjects (p < 0.001). We can suggest from our study that there is a strong association of female obesity with increased serum concentrations of MDA and reduced non-enzymatic antioxidant vitamin C and different serum trace metals and macro-minerals.

Study of benign oral lesions and serum vitamin levels in tobacco consumers

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;Oral mucosal lesions are seen commonly in tobacco consumers and some of them are precancerous. Study of various benign oral mucosal lesions has done in tobacco consumers. Comparison of serum Vitamin levels was done in patients with benign oral lesions in tobacco consumers and non- tobacco consumers. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;Retrospective study of 100 patients with benign oral lesion with tobacco addiction was done. Control group includes tobacco non-addicts. Detail history regarding tobacco consumption was noted. Tobacco consumption pattern was studied in patients with benign oral lesion. Ear, nose, throat examination was done in detail. Oral lesion was noted. Comparison between serum levels of vitamin A, C and vitamin E in benign oral lesion of patients with tobacco addiction and tobacco non-addicts were included in the study. The results were analysed statistically by student &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt;-test. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;Patient with tobacco consumption with lime application was more prone to develop benign oral lesions. Gingivitis was most common lesion seen in study population followed by leukoplakia. Serum vitamin A, C and E were significantly decreased in tobacco consumers with benign oral lesions as compared to tobacco non-consumers. Decreased in serum vitamin levels were seen in all benign oral lesions irrespective of its malignant potential. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Gingivitis was most common lesion seen in study population followed by leukoplakia. &lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;Serum level of non-enzymatic antioxidant vitamin such as vitamin A, C and E gets decreased significantly in all benign oral lesions irrespective of its malignant potential. Serum levels of the antioxidant vitamins indicate need of increased oral intake of these vitamins to protect from damage in all benign oral lesions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Exposure to Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Karnataka, India

Background:Several studies have reported the toxicological implications of inhalation of petroleum hydrocarbon fumes in animal models. But, there is certainly little or no documentation of the exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon fuel on oxidative stress levels in humans, unlike the pulmonary physiology. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of constituents of the hydrocarbon fuels on oxidative stress levels of the petrol fillers and tanker drivers. Methods: The study involved 165 males divided into three groups were the petrol fillers, tanker drivers and the controls. Case control data set was established wherein the control subjects are not exposed to hydrocarbon fuels with similar age. Serum samples of the subjects were collected and subjected for various biochemical assays. The enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde a byproduct of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity of the individuals along with non-enzymatic antioxidant Vitamin A was estimated. Results: The results showed a no significant differences for age, body mass index, superoxide dismutase and levels of Malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity. But on the other hand, there is significant changes observed for total antioxidant capacity and vitamin A when exposed group is compared with control subject. Conclusion: It is evidential from the present study that prolonged exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon fumes leads to an increase in their oxidative stress in turn resulting broad spectrum of diseases. Hence, there is a raised need for public awareness about the health hazards in order to enable petrol attendants.

Oxidative stress responses in Wistar rats on subacute exposure to pharmaceutical wastewater.

Water pollution has been a major concern for agrarian societies like Pakistan. Pharmaceutical industries are amongst the foremost contributor to industrial waste. Present study addresses the generation of oxidative stress caused by 2months exposure to pharmaceutical wastewater in rats and their response to oral treatment with vitamin E, a potent antioxidant. The rats were randomized into five groups (n=5) named as negative control, pharmaceutical wastewater (PEW) 100%, PEW 10%, PEW 1%, and PEW 100%+vitamin E. Oxidative damage in rats was evaluated by estimation of the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the liver, kidney, and blood/plasma. Exposure to pharmaceutical wastewater significantly decreased the activities of T-SOD and CAT and concentration of H2O2 in the liver and kidney and blood/plasma. Exposure to 100% pharmaceutical wastewater exhibited a maximum decline in T-SOD activity, and activity was reduced to only 63.57U/mL, 32.65, and 43.57U/mg of protein in the plasma, kidney, and liver, respectively. Exposure to wastewater minimized activity CAT to 89.25U/g of hemoglobin, 54.36, and 62.95U/mg of protein in the blood, kidney, and liver, respectively. Treatment with vitamin E significantly increased the activity of T-SOD and CAT. However, increase in concentration of H2O2 was also observed in vitamin E exposed rats. Histopathology of the kidney revealed coagulative necrosis of renal epithelial cells and peritubular congestion. Endocardium showed infiltration of inflammatory cells and cellular breakdown in some areas. Lung sections exhibited atelectasis and emphysema of alveoli suggesting decline in lung function. The anatomy of the liver was also compromised due to severe degeneration and cellular swelling. The present study concluded that pharmaceutical wastewater induced severe oxidative stress in Wistar rats and ensued in histopathological lesions in several vital organs suggesting its high toxicity. Non-enzymatic antioxidant vitamin E may ameliorate oxidative stress induced by pharmaceutical wastewater.

Enzymatic and Non Enzymatic Antioxidant Activity of Tabernaemontana divaricate R.Br. Against DEN and Fe-NTA Induced Renal Damage in Wistar Albino Rats

Bee Honey Modulates the Oxidant-Antioxidant Imbalance in Diethyl nitrosamine-Initiated Rat Hepatocellular CarcinomaNaima Zayed Mohamed, Hanan Farouk Aly, Hatem Abdel moneim El-Mezayen, Hadeer E. El-Salamony

Lipid –peroxidation &amp; Non-enzymatic antioxidant (Vitamin E &amp; Vitamin C) serum levels in Anemic Rheumatoid arthritis patients

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multisystem disease with an unknown etiology affecting about 1% of the world's population. Anemia is a frequently occurring extra articular manifestation of RA, being mostly of the normochromic & normocytic type. The aim of our study to assess and affirm whether the increased oxidative stress in inflamed joints is reflected by lipid-peroxidation? Also to check the alteration in levels of non -enzymatic antioxidant (vitamin E & vitamin C) in RA with Anemia. 100 patients with RA and 100 healthy individual were included in this study. A level of malonaldehyde (MDA), a lipid -peroxidation marker was measured by Utley's method. Non enzymatic antioxidant vitamin E and vitamin C was assayed in plasma/ serum by Shami Hashim & Carl A Burtis method. The levels of MDA were significantly increased (P<0.001) in RA as compared to control. Whereas levels of non-enzymatic antioxidant (Vitamin E & Vitamin C) were decreased in patients as compared to control. It is statistically significant (P<0.001). There was a raised oxidative stress and decreased non-enzymatic antioxidant (Vitamin E & Vitamin C) in anemic rheumatoid arthritis patients. These changes are probably due to efforts for reducing lipid-peroxidation and hence to lower tissue damage. 19 method .Lipid-peroxidation was determined by Utley's method 20 with the help of red cell hemolysate.

Protective Effects of Syringic Acid against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatic Damage in Albino Rats

The protective effect of the phenolic compound syringic acid, one of the major benzoic acid derivatives from edible plants and fruits, was evaluated against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicity was induced in adult male albino Wistar rats by the administration of APAP (750 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally. Rats were treated with syringic acid (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight) by the oral route. We assessed the activity of hepatic markers aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and bilirubin. Lipid peroxidative markers thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides, and a decrease in enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione levels. Liver histology also showed convincing evidence regarding their protective nature against fatty changes induced during APAP intoxication. Syringic acid administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight significantly decreased the activities of hepatic and renal function markers to near normal values when compared with the other two doses. The results suggest that syringic acid could afford a significant protective effect against APAP induced hepatic damage in rats.

Lipid peroxidation and scavenging enzyme activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate lipid peroxidation and scavenging enzyme activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and then to establish whether moderate doses of nonenzymatic antioxidant vitamin E play a role in the antioxidant defence system in diabetic pregnant rats and their offspring. The study group consisted of 30 normal female Wistar rats, which were given a single dose of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) and were mated 7 days later. Subsequently, the diabetic animals were divided into two matched groups: the first supplemented with vitamin E (30 mg/100 g chow), and the other fed with a standard diet lacking vitamin E. Controls consisted of 15 pregnant rats. On the first day after delivery, the rats were decapitated and homogenates of maternal liver and uterus as well as neonatal lungs and liver were prepared. Then the following parameters were measured: malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the homogenates and blood serum, glutathione (GSH) levels, the activity of CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glycaemia. The neonates of diabetic rats were smaller than the healthy ones and serum glucose concentration was markedly higher in the diabetic animals. MDA levels were significantly increased, whereas GSH, SOD and GPx were markedly diminished in the diabetic adult rats and their offspring in comparison to the control group. In the animals supplemented with alpha-tocopherol, MDA concentrations were significantly lower, GSH content and SOD activities were markedly elevated most tissues studied, whereas GPx remained unchanged. We conclude that, by monitoring the activity of selected scavenging enzymes, information on ongoing biological oxidative stress and thereby on the fetus/neonate status may be obtained. Our results suggest that diabetic pregnant rats and their neonates are exposed to an increased oxidative stress and that vitamin E supplementation may reduce its detrimental effects.

Vitamin E protects guinea pig liver from lipid peroxidation without depressing levels of antioxidants

Oxidative stress is considered a pathogenic factor in many disorders. The capacity of dietary vitamin E to increase global antioxidant capacity and to decrease lipid peroxidation was studied in the guinea pig, an animal that cannot synthesize ascorbate. Male guinea pigs were subjected for 5 weeks to three diets differing in vitamin E content in the presence of optimum levels of vitamin C: group 15 (15 mg vitamin E/kg diet), group 150 (150 mg/kg), and group 1500 (1500 mg/kg). Hepatic vitamin E increased in the three groups in relation to the level of vitamin E in the diet. The increase in vitamin E between groups 15 and 150 was accompanied by a reduction in sensitivity to enzymatic lipid peroxidation. This did not occur between groups 150 and 1500. The different liver vitamin E concentrations did not affect the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH-peroxidase and GSH-reductase, nor the non-enzymatic antioxidants vitamin C, GSH and ascorbate. It is concluded that dietary supplementation with vitamin E, at a level 6 times higher than the minimum daily requirement for guinea pigs, increases protection against hepatic lipid peroxidation without depressing endogenous antioxidant defences. Further increases in vitamin E to megadose levels did not provide additional protection from oxidative stress. The results also suggest that optimum levels of both vitamin C and vitamin E, simultaneously needed for protection against oxidative stress, are much higher than the minimum daily requirements.