Non-edible Biodiesel Feedstock Research Articles

Experimental Analysis of Influence of Injection Pressure on Compression Ignition Engine With Biodiesel and Nanoparticles Blend

The scarcity of conventional fuel and stringent emission norms made researchers to look after alternative fuels to run an internal combustion engine. One of the possible alternatives for the Compression Ignition engine is biodiesel. Although there are some challenges such as high viscosity, low calorific value, carbon deposit on the injector nozzle, etc. To overcome these challenge nanoparticles are added which will bring most properties near to virgin diesel. Simarouba a non-edible biodiesel feedstock used and aluminum oxide nanoparticles are added with 50 nm size. Using a probe-type Ultrasonication process nano-biodiesel blend is prepared. To improve stability SDS surfactants are added. The characterization of nanoparticles studied using SEM image. The performance of the engine tested for different dosage levels of nanoparticles mainly 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 75 ppm. The injection timing, injector pressure, and speed kept constant, whereas injection pressure is varied 200 bar, 225 bar, and 250 bar. There is found a 5.2% increase in brake thermal efficiency for nanoparticles added blend biodiesel at 250 bar compare to 200 bar pressure. For the same thing brake specific fuel consumption decreased by 9%. Most of emissions such as Carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons decreased, whereas there is a significant amount of increase in oxides of nitrogen emission found.

Optimized Conversion of Nyamplung Seeds Oil to Biodiesel Using Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

This research is carried out for optimization of transesterification reaction parameters to convert oil from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) seeds into biodiesel. Calophyllum inophyllum seeds were normally left unused due to the toxicity of calophynic acid in the unrefined extracted oil. The optimal variables (parameters) for converting Calophyllum inophyllum seeds oil into biodiesel were found to be at a methanol: oil ratio (6 to 1), 67.5 °C temperature, 1 wt% catalyst and agitation rate of 750 (rpm). The biodiesel yield obtained (93.01 wt%). The results also indicated that Calophyllum inophyllum methyl esters (CIME) fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity 4.55 mm2/s acid value 0.027 mg KOH/g, cloud point 3 °C, pour point 1 °C, flash Point 161 °C, cetane index 49 min and density of 856 kg/m3 conformed with the international standard specifications except for the oxidation stability, which was at 4.38 hour. In addition, ANOVA of the developed model displayed presentation (R2 0.99). Calophyllum inophyllum seeds oil could be a suitable non-edible feedstock for biodiesel, especially in the South East Asian region.

The efficacy of multiple-criteria design matrix for biodiesel feedstock selection

The increasing demand for energy and depletion of fossil fuels are drawing attention to biofuel as a replacement for petroleum diesel. Hundreds of non-edible biodiesel feedstocks are available and are derived from seeds and animal fat or tallow. However, the selection of appropriate feedstock is fraught with difficulty, as these feedstocks have not been fully evaluated for various parameters that impact upon the performance and cost of the biofuel. Various technical, environmental, economic and social factors influence biodiesel feedstocks selection process. This paper focuses on technical aspects such as physico-chemical properties and fatty acid compositions of biodiesels in the screening process. Six biodiesels, namely papaya seed oil biodiesel (PSO), stone fruit kernel oil biodiesel (SFO), jatropha oil biodiesel (JBD), rapeseed oil biodiesel (RBD), beauty leaf tree biodiesel (BLT), and waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCB) were analysed in this study. Twelve physico-chemical properties of kinematic viscosity (KV), density, higher heating value (HHV), oxidation stability (OS), acid value (AV), flash point (FP), cold filter plug point (CFPP), cetane number (CN), iodine value (IV), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and long chain saturated factor (LCSF) were selected as criteria for ranking the above biodiesels. Three weightage (%) methods of EQUAL, CRITIC and ENTROPY were used for weight determination of criteria. Four different multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods, namely PROMETHEE Graphical Analysis for Interactive Assistance (GAIA), Weighted sum method (WSM), Weighted product method (WPM), and Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) were used for the analysis. Properties of these biodiesels were found to be within the limits of ASTM D6751-2, EN 14214 and the Australian standard. Finally, the results show that SFO was ranked as the best performer amongst the six biodiesel feedstocks examined in this study, PSO came out as the second best, and the WCB biodiesel feedstock was identified as the worst performer.

Assessment of Low Temperature Refining Process of Castor Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

In recent years research on biodiesel production from non-edible seed oil is receiving more attention to prevent food vs biofuels problems such as starvation in developing countries. Castor seed oil is potential non-edible biodiesel feedstock, but it has high viscosity and high acid value which are among the undesired factors in biodiesel production. The castor seed oil was extracted using soxhlet extraction method, refined using standard analytical methods and its physicochemical properties was determined using ASTM methods. The crude extracts of castor seeds oil which was characterized as high viscous oil, was refined to improve its quality, and physicochemical properties of refined and crude extracts castor seed oil was studies. The crude extracts oil (41.29±1.54%) produce was refined to reduce its high viscosity (233.0±2.00 mm²/s) and acid value (4.488±0.40 mgKOH/g). The viscosity and acid value of the oil significant reduced to 159.0±3.00 mm²/s and 2.805±0.20 mgKOH/g after the refining process. The others physicochemical properties such as flash point, saponification value, iodine value, moisture contents, specific gravity, refractive index, kinematic viscosity, cloud point, pour point and free fatty acids qualities were improved after refining. The study show that refined castor seed oil were more suitable in biodiesel production than crude castor seed oil.

Euonymus maackii Rupr. Seed oil as a new potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel

Abstract In this study, Euonymus maackii Seed oil (EMSO) was exploited and evaluated for the first time as a new non-edible oil feedstock for preparation of biodiesel. The EMSO yield was 41.06 ± 2.68 wt%. The fatty acid compositions of EMSO involved palmitoleic acid (2.01%), palmitic acid (14.5%), stearic acid (3.1%), oleic acid (49.8%), linoleic acid (29.3%), 11-Eicosenoic acid (0.1%) and arachidic acid (0.07%). Microwave-assisted transesterification with methanol provided a high conversion yield in short duration under low temperature. The 2.0 wt% of catalyst amount, 10:1 of methanol/oil molar ratio, 40 min of reaction time and 60 °C of temperature were found to be the optimum process conditions for the maximum biodiesel yield of 94.74 ± 2.09%. Using pseudo first-order kinetic model, the reaction rate constants were 2.145 × 102, 3.550 × 102 and 6.447 × 102 min−1 for 40, 50 and 60 °C, respectively. The thermodynamic property for biodiesel preparation was determined as activation energy = 47.67 kJ/mol. The fuel properties of the biodiesel product were evaluated and comparable to ASTM D-6751 and EN 14214 standards. Overall, this study revealed and confirmed the potential of Euonymus maackii seed oil as the appropriate alternative feedstock for biodiesel production.

Seed oils of Sisymbrium irio and Sisymbrium sophia as a potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production

ABSTRACTBiodiesel production from non-edible oil feedstocks could partially alleviate the debate over the food vs. fuel crisis. In this work, seed oils of Sisymbrium irio L. and Sisymbrium sophia L. syn. Descurainia sophia L. Webb ex. Prantl were investigated as potential industrial non-edible biodiesel feedstock. The results revealed that the seeds had high oil contents, of 36.98% (S. irio) and 33.99% (S. sophia). The relatively high erucic acid content in the seed oils (i.e. 11.23 and 10.29%, respectively) showed that these oils could not be applied as edible oils. On the other hand, the low free fatty acid contents (0.44 and 0.34%) showed that seed oil of these species could be a suitable source for biodiesel production even in non-refined form. Linolenic acid was the dominant acid, making up 49.2 and 51.8% of the fatty acid profiles of S. irio and S. sophia, respectively. Such high linolenic acid content in both seed oils resulted in favorable physicochemical properties of the perspective biodiesels, i.e. higher degree of unsaturation, improved cold flow characteristics, and better viscosity. Overall, the seeds could serve as a non-controversial biodiesel feedstock, resulting in enhanced fuel properties while not posing any threats to food security.

Evaluating combustion, performance and emission characteristics of Millettia pinnata and Croton megalocarpus biodiesel blends in a diesel engine

Abstract Biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oil is considered as a monetarily doable source among the conceivable sources. It can be used as a replacement of the fossil diesel without any modification of engine design. In this study, “Millettia pinnata (MP) which is known as Karanja and Croton megalocarpus (CM), non-edible biodiesel feedstock sources used for biodiesel production. 20% (v/v) of each M. pinnata (MP20) and C. megalocarpus (CM20) and their combined blends were evaluated in a single-cylinder diesel engine with variable load and speed condition in the context of performance, combustion and emission characteristics. For speed test condition, MP20 and CM20 reduced the brake power by 3.70% and 0.53%, brake thermal efficiency by 3.36% and 1.41%, carbon dioxide emission by 18.46% and 6.20%, hydrocarbon emission by 9.00% and 2.89% respectively compared to neat diesel but increased the brake specific fuel consumption by 7.63% and 4.64%, NOX emission by 17.15% and 8.16%, respectively. Beyond diesel, a mixture of 5% MP and 15% CM biodiesel with 80% diesel (MP5CM15) provides higher in-cylinder peak pressure (77.44 bar), better heat release rate (39.26 J/°CA), shorter ignition delay and combustion duration. Thus MP5CM15 found to be a substitutable alternative to neat diesel except for NOX emission.

Prospects of Tectona Grandis as a Feedstock for Biodiesel

The limited availability of fossil fuels has encouraged the need of replacement fuels of renewable nature. Among the renewable fuels, biodiesel that produced from oil seeds and food wastes has been favored by the majority of researchers. In this study, Tectona Grandis seed oil has been investigated as a non edible feedstock for biodiesel. The oil content of seed is 43% which makes it suitable for commercial production of biodiesel. The production of biodiesel from Tectona Grandis oil was done with transesterification reaction giving high percentage yield of biodiesel which reached to 89%. The Tectona Grandis biodiesel was subjected to determine various physicochemical parameters by standard testing methods and found in agreement with the ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 standards. The fatty acid methyl ester composition for the biodiesel is composed of 42.71% oleic acid, 13.1% palmitic acid and 31.51 % linoleic acid.. The biodiesel showed low oxidation stability which is attributed to high percentage of unsaturation. To address this issue, synthetic antioxidants were added to increase its resistance towards oxidation. By considering all the parameters, present study reveals that the Tectona Grandis seed oil is reliable for the production of biodiesel with encouraging probability in future.

Biodiesel production from lignocellulosic biomass

Alkaline transesterification of Silybum marianum seed oil to biodiesel using methanol and ethanol was studied. The two methods used were conventional stirring (600 rpm) and ultrasonication (40 kHz). Oil was extracted from the seeds, followed by physico-chemical properties' determination and transesterification to biodiesel. The seeds contained 46% oil which had low free fatty acids (FFA) (0.68%). Linoleic acid (65.68%) was the main composition of the oil. Ultrasonication transesterification with methanol gave the highest yield (95.75%) after 20 min. Yields of methyl esters were higher than respective yields of ethyl esters. Using first order reaction kinetics model, the reaction rate constants were 2.3 × 10− 2 s− 1 and 7.0 × 10− 3 s− 1 for ultrasonication using methanol and ethanol, respectively. With the exception of oxidative stability (2.1 h) and iodine values (132-methyl and 133-ethyl esters), properties out of range but can easily be improved, the remaining properties including cetane number, flash point and the cold flow ones of both methyl and ethyl esters were similar and comparable to Chinese, ASTM and European Union standards. The findings of this study complement with the abundance of S. marianum oil at cultivation and silymarin industrial production as by-product indicates its potentially new non-edible feedstock for biodiesel.

In-situ transesterification process for biodiesel production using spent coffee grounds from the instant coffee industry

Industrial spent coffee grounds (IND-SCG) are a potential non-edible biodiesel feedstock due to their abundant global supply and high oil content. In this study, an in-situ transesterification (in-situ TE) was developed and scaled up for IND-SCG biodiesel production. Several hurdles must be overcome, including the high acid value, and wide range in particle size of IND-SCG. Washing IND-SCG with methanol reduced its high acid value with negligible loss of oil. Size reduction (0.25–1.68mm) and an increase of the reaction temperatures (30–60°C) were found to improve the biodiesel yield significantly. The whole deacidified IND-SCG was processed at 50°C; and a maximum biodiesel yield of 77% was achieved within 3h. The process was successfully scaled up for processing 4kg IND-SCG per batch with a yield comparable to the 30-g scale. The IND-SCG biodiesel met the ASTM biodiesel standard in terms of total glycerin, water content, kinematic viscosity and oxidative stability index (OSI), but its acid value exceeded the standard. A simple process modification using acidic water to neutralize alkaline catalyst during refining step, instead of strong acid, enabled the IND-SCG biodiesel to meet the standard for acid value. The oxidative stability index of the in-situ IND-SCG biodiesel was superior to that of the conventional process, probably due to the co-extraction of natural antioxidants.

A comprehensive study on the improvement of oxidation stability and NOx emission levels by antioxidant addition to biodiesel blends in a light-duty diesel engine

Moringa oleifera oil, a non-edible biodiesel feedstock with high unsaturated fatty acid content, was used in this study.

Sea Mango Activated Carbon Preparation and Characterization for Dye Removal

The conversion of sea mango oil into non-edible feedstock for biodiesel will lead to the production of abundant sea mango biomass as waste. Thus in this study, the potential of converting sea mango fiber waste into a value added product was analyzed. Sea mango fiber was utilized to produce activated carbon and was tested on dye removal. The sea mango activated carbon (SMAC) was prepared using physical activation by carbon dioxide. The preparation was carried out by varying the activation temperature (600-900 °C), gas flow rate (50–300 ml/min) and activation time (1.0-2.5 h). The parameters are manipulated using Design of Experiment. The prepared activated carbon was tested on methylene blue dye. SMAC was characterized by SEM, FTIR and BET surface area. Results showed that activation temperature and time have significant effect on the characteristic of SMAC and removal of dye. The optimum conditions for preparing the SMAC having the highest dye removal were found to be activation temperature of 810 °C, 178 ml/min of carbon dioxide flow and 1.9 h of activation time. The results showed that the BET surface area and dye removal efficiency of the SMAC are 540 m2/g and 95.6 % respectively.

Potential non-edible oil feedstock for biodiesel production in Africa: A survey

Africa is a continent full of untapped natural resources ranging from biodiversity to vast water bodies but faced with food and energy crises. Prices of fuel are also escalating. With researchers and experts scrambling for the solution, biodiesel from vegetable oil will receive more attention. But the edible feedstock as the obvious cheapest choice will not be sustainable enough for the increasing energy and food demand; hence, there is a need for guaranteed feedstock. This study was therefore undertaken to explore feedstock that would not be suitable for food but useful for biodiesel in Africa. Among the highlight areas of the study include current energy situation in Africa, technologies of biodiesel production, current state of biodiesel in Africa, driving forces for increase in biodiesel production, current existing problems of biodiesel commercialization, potential benefits of biodiesel processes, need for non-edible oil plants, potential non-edible biodiesel feedstock, biology, distribution and chemistry of the selected non-edible oil plants. The study also throws light on the implication of biodiesel on the environment and the outlook. From the study, the use of non-edible oils can be guaranteed as sustainable feedstock for biodiesel since most of the non-edible plants can be grown on wastelands to reclaim them, not compete with food crops for limited lands, are relatively cheap, available and offer similar or even higher yields of biodiesel and fuel properties as the edibles. Developing biodiesel industry in Africa can help curb the high rate of unemployment through job creation as well as increase in income level of the rural populace. Weaning African economies from oil import dependencies could also be an economic achievement. It can be deduced from the study that there are promising non-edible oil resources in the system for biodiesel industrialization in Africa.

Calophyllum inophyllum L. – A prospective non-edible biodiesel feedstock. Study of biodiesel production, properties, fatty acid composition, blending and engine performance

Recently, non-edible oil resources are gaining worldwide attention because they can be found easily in many parts of the world especially wastelands that are not appropriate for cultivating food crops, eliminate competition for food, more efficient, more environmentally friendly, produce useful by-products and they are more economical compared to edible oils. Jatropha curcas, Pongamia pinnata, Calophylium inophyllum, Croton megaiocarpus and Azadirachta indica are some of the major non-edible feedstocks for biodiesel production. This paper investigates the potential of Calophyllum inophyllum as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. In this paper, several aspects such as physical and chemical properties of crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil and methyl ester, fatty acid composition, blending and engine performance and emissions of Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester were studied. Overall, Calophyllum inophyllum appears to be an acceptable feedstock for future biodiesel production. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Silybum marianum oil as a new potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel: A comparison of its production using conventional and ultrasonic assisted method

Alkaline transesterification of Silybum marianum seed oil to biodiesel using methanol and ethanol was studied. The two methods used were conventional stirring (600rpm) and ultrasonication (40kHz). Oil was extracted from the seeds, followed by physico-chemical properties' determination and transesterification to biodiesel. The seeds contained 46% oil which had low free fatty acids (FFA) (0.68%). Linoleic acid (65.68%) was the main composition of the oil. Ultrasonication transesterification with methanol gave the highest yield (95.75%) after 20min. Yields of methyl esters were higher than respective yields of ethyl esters. Using first order reaction kinetics model, the reaction rate constants were 2.3×10−2s−1 and 7.0×10−3s−1 for ultrasonication using methanol and ethanol, respectively. With the exception of oxidative stability (2.1h) and iodine values (132-methyl and 133-ethyl esters), properties out of range but can easily be improved, the remaining properties including cetane number, flash point and the cold flow ones of both methyl and ethyl esters were similar and comparable to Chinese, ASTM and European Union standards. The findings of this study complement with the abundance of S. marianum oil at cultivation and silymarin industrial production as by-product indicates its potentially new non-edible feedstock for biodiesel.

Biodiesel Conversion from High FFA Crude Jatropha Curcas, Calophyllum Inophyllum and Ceiba Pentandra Oil

Biodiesel is a renewable energy that has great potential as an alternative fuel to fossil diesel in diesel engine. The potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel is now being taken into careful consideration for the purpose of continuing biodiesel production while not negatively affecting the food issue. The crude jatropha curcas, calophyllum inophyllum and ceiba pentandra oil have free fatty acid value which is above 2%. Therefore, a pretreatment acid catalyzed esterification process is required to reduce the free fatty acid content. It was found that jatropha curcas, calophyllum inophyllum and ceiba pentandra oil at 9:1M ratio (methanol to oil) with preheat at 60°C and reaction at temperature 55°C for 60minutes in the presence of 1% KOH in order to get lower acid values (0.39mg KOH/g, 0.45mg KOH/g and 0.40mg KOH/g) and obtained high methyl ester yield (98.23%, 98.53% and 97.72%). This study had shown that improvement in biodiesel properties by using two stage esterification-transesterification methods. The major fuel characteristics such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and calorific value of biodiesel fulfilled American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) biodiesel standards.

A Study on Low Temperature and Pressure Hydrogenation of Cyclopropenoid-Group Containing Non-Edible Oil for Biodiesel Feedstock

One of the potential non-edible biodiesel feedstocks in Indonesia is kapok seed oil (Ceiba pentandra). However, the biodiesel made directly from kapok seed oil will not comply with the requirement of Indonesian Biodiesel Standard, because the oil contains cyclopropenoid group, i.e. a reactive group that easily polymerizes, making the biodiesel viscous and thus could plug the fuel injection nozzle on the diesel engine. The aim of this study is to determine the suitable conditions for low T and P catalytic transfer hydrogenation process to eliminate the cyclopropenoid group in kapok seed oil. Potassium formate (10M) was used as a hydrogen donor solution and the catalyst was a 5%- palladium on carbon (5%-Pd/C) utilized at a level of 0,5%-mass to oil. The concentrations of cyclopropenoid group at the beginning and the end of the hydrogenation were determined titrimetrically using Durbetaki reagent. The best condition for catalytic transfer hydrogenation of kapok seed oil found in this study was at 65°C for 9hours, which resulted in about 61% decrease of the cyclopropenoid group. Iodine number measurements indicated that the hydrogenation process merely occured on the cyclopropenoid group, because the group was more reactive than the monoenoic/dienoic bonds on the aliphatic fatty acid chains of the oil.

High accumulation of lipids during off-tree ripening and senescence in Jatrophacurcas Linn Luanti accession kernels

This study was conducted to firstly determine changes in extracted oil yield, soluble solid concentration and free fatty acids over time of harvested physiologically mature green Jatrophacurcas Linn Luanti accession fruits. Secondly, to understand identified fruit bunch harvesting indicators by examining the ripening percentage during storage based on the identified characters of fruits bunches at harvest. The results showed a significantly high oil yield extracted from off-tree fruits ripened and senesced kernels compared to kernels from on-tree ripened and senesced fruits. Extracted oil yield from off-tree ripened and senesced fruits were about 59 and 63% compared to only about 49 and 48% for on-tree ripened and senesced fruits respectively. Fruit bunches with less than 10% of their fruits yellow in color is recommended as the best harvesting indicator. The results of this study demonstrate promising harvesting and postharvest handling practices to increase commercialization viability of this non-edible biodiesel feedstock.