Non-discretionary Accruals Research Articles

Detecting Earnings Management And Earnings Manipulation In Indonesia: A Panel Data Analysis

This research aims to measure the quality of profits in non-financial sector companies in Indonesia regarding the extent to which the Company's financial reports are trustworthy to stakeholders. In this research, discretionary accruals are an indicator for measuring earnings manipulation, and non-discretionary accruals are an indicator for measuring earnings management. Secondary data is from annual reports of non-financial sector companies on IDX in 2020-2022. The sample for this research is non-financial sector companies, including the raw materials, manufacturing, and service sectors. Our research uses a modified Jones Model to estimate earnings management and earnings manipulation. The data analysis technique uses panel data regression. The research results show that the value aspect of discretionary accruals significantly influences total accruals. In contrast, the value of non-discretionary accruals does not significantly impact total accruals. This research is expected to help auditors, users of financial reports, and accounting standards bodies identify companies that fraud.

Pengaruh Volatilitas Penjualan Dan Siklus Operasi Terhadap Persistensi Laba Melalui Non Discretionary Accrual (Studi Pada Perusahaan Property Dan Real Estate Yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2016-2020)

This study aims to examine the effect of sales volatility and the operating cycle on earnings persistence through non-discretionary accruals in property and real and estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period. This research is a quantitative research with a comparative causality approach. The population in this study are property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange with purposive sampling technique. The data used in this study is secondary data which is accessed through www.idx.co.id. Data analysis uses path analysis and uses the Sobel test to examine the indirect effect of sales volatility and the operating cycle on earnings persistence through non-discretionary accruals. The results showed that sales volatility had no effect on non-discretionary accruals, while the operating cycle had an effect on non-discretionary accruals, sales volatility and the operating cycle had an effect on earnings persistence and non-discretionary accruals had an effect on earnings persistence. Meanwhile, the results of the indirect or mediating effect test show that non-discretionary accruals are only able to mediate the operating cycle on earnings persistence

Effect of Board and Audit Committee Attributes on Earnings Management: Evidence from Listed Non-Financial Firms in Nigeria

This study examines the effect of board and audit committee attributes on earnings management. The study adopts purposive sampling technique. The study carries out robust regression statistical model with a 10-year panel data among 36 listed firms in Nigeria. The data used were sourced from the published annual account and reports of sampled firms listed on the Nigeria Exchange Group. The findings from the study reveal that board size, board independence and financial expertise of women on the board and audit committee diminish earnings management while board expertise show mixed finding as board expertise promotes non-discretionary accrual, its equally diminishes discretionary accruals. The findings of this study imply that board and audit committee attributes are important in dealing with earnings management. From our key findings, the study recommends the inclusion of women with financial expertise on the board and audit committee beyond gender diversity. In contrasts to the present practice, the study recommends the inclusion of more independent directors to the board as against the current practice of non-executive directors as independent directors reduce earnings management.

Does the Capital Structure Affect the Discretionary and Non-discretionary Firm Performance? Evidence from Vietnam

This study strives to describe how the nexus between capital structure (CAS) and firm performance (FIP) changes with and without earnings management (EAM), which previous studies have not fully addressed. For this purpose, we divide the FIP into discretionary performance (DIP) and non-discretionary performance (NDIP). Subsequently, we examine the effect of CAS on both with each studied separately to recognize the conceptual drivers in the nexus between CAS and FIP. We use the dataset of firms listed on Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE) during the period from 2018 to 2022. Our findings reveal that there is a negative and noteworthy impact of CAS proxied by leverage on both DIP and NDIP, which is in line with trade-off theory (TOT) and pecking-order theory (POT). Because non-discretionary accruals (NDA) play an important role in EAM, firm action is consistent with TOT or POT and, thus, this study suggests dividing EAM into discretionary accruals (DA) and NDA to test CAS theories. Additionally, Vietnamese firms use EAM to lessen the negative effect of CAS and firm size. Finally, besides the theoretical contributions, the findings of this study have important empirical implications for managers, shareholders and other stakeholders.

Accrual Management and Firm-Specific Risk

Firm-specific risk causes opinion differences on whether it relates to price informativeness or errors. The main difference is related to the disparity in information transparency. Therefore, this study tests the relationship between accrual management and firm-specific risk based on information transparency. It was conducted on firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2015 to 2019. The results showed that accrual management positively affects specific risks, which is strengthened by information asymmetry. These results indicate that accrual management has the potential to occur in environments with low transparency or high information asymmetry. Accrual management inhibits actual information, causing errors in stock price assessments that indicate firm-specific risk. This proves that firm-specific risk shows a price error. These results are consistent with previous studies that discretionary accruals can measure earnings quality by considering the firm’s fundamental factors reflected in how non-discretionary accruals affect firm-specific risk. This study shows that risk fluctuates depending on firm-specific information.

How do Islamic banks manage earnings? Application of various measurement models in the Iranian Islamic banking system

PurposeThis study aims to identify and compare the measurement models of earnings management (EM) appropriate to the Iranian Islamic banking system. The importance of reported profit figures has motivated business executives, who also perform financial reporting, to manipulate these figures. These measures are referred to as “earnings management,” which negatively influence the quality of reported earnings and financial statements' reliability.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, four methods, namely, Jones (1991), modified Jones (Dechow et al., 1995), Kasznik (1999) and Kothari et al. (2005), were used to measure the EM index in 25 Iranian Islamic banks (IBs) registered with the Tehran Stock Exchange and/or the Central Bank of Iran. The study covered the period 2005–2020. Following the aforementioned methods, this research implemented templates that were repeatedly tested in subsequent studies using accruals to discover EM.FindingsThe results show that the Kasznik (1999) model is the preferred and compatible model with the Iranian Islamic banking system's accrual behaviour due to the consistency of the measurement coefficients with theoretical and previous research findings. Therefore, total accruals, including discretionary accruals and non-discretionary accruals, have the most correspondence with (1) property, machinery and equipment; (2) the change in cash flow from operating activities; and (3) the difference of change in revenue (ΔREV) and change in net receivable accounts (ΔREC).Originality/valueThis is the first investigation in the Iranian Islamic banking system. The research contributes to the Iranian Islamic banking system literature on the implements of EM, which could be appealed to in the context of developing countries like Iran. Finally, this study highlights the different EM capabilities in Islamic banking systems similar to the Iranian banking arrangement.

Discretionary choices of commercial banks in Bangladesh: an earnings management approach

ABSTRACT Purpose- The study aims to trace out the factors contributing to earnings management practices in the commercial banks of Bangladesh. Methodology- The study used secondary data sources from the published audited annual reports of 32(Thirty-Two) commercial banks of Bangladesh from the year 2005-2018 of 425 observations. The study conducted preliminary diagnoses like normality, unit root, and Granger causality test to identify the data's nature and response. Moreover, the study performed the heteroscedasticity test, autocorrelation test, and fixed and random effect of the model to confirm the output's accuracy. Based on the above statistical diagnosis, the study has selected Robust Least Square (RLS) regression model to show the practice of discretionary choices in the banking sector of Bangladesh. Following Kanagaretnam et al.’s (2003), this study also derived discretionary and non-discretionary accruals from loan loss provisions. Findings- This study considered several factors like bank size (SIZEit), loan to deposit ratio (L/DEPit), non-performing loan to previous year’s total loan ratio (NPLRit-1), changes in non-performing loan to current total loan ratio (∆NPL/TLit), and changes in total asset to total loan ratio (∆TA/TLit) to show the effects on banks’ earnings management. It is found that SIZEit, NPLRit-1, ∆NPL/TLit and ∆TA/TLit have a positive and significant (p<0.01; p<0.05) effect on Bank‘s discretionary choice. However, L/DEPit positively affects earnings management but is statistically insignificant. Conclusion- Despite being a legal tool, earnings management is often involved with the controversy of being an unethical practice. However, there has been a lot of research on tracing earnings management in corporate firms based on discretionary and non-discretionary accruals. The study contributes to the existing literature and tries to explain the role of discretionary accruals in banks performance mostly in the submerged economy. Along with identifying significant variables, the study has tried to explain the implication of these findings suggesting some crucial steps that may help reduce the practice of earnings management as earnings management distorts the banks' financial position or any firm and misleads the investors. Keywords: Earnings management, discretionary accruals, panel data, commercial banks, Bangladesh. JEL Codes: C22, C23, G21

Effect of Ind AS on Earnings Management in Selected FMCG Companies in India

The Corporate frauds have increased drastically which is witnessed in the last decade in India and around the world. Managers use their judgement in analysing the financials and modification of statements which is the origination for earnings management. This paper discusses about earnings management evaluation after adoption of Ind AS for the first time by leading fast moving consumer goods companies in India. Random sampling is used to select three companies and analyse for a period of 6 years (2014-2020)
 The Jones Model (1991) is used for evaluation of earnings management and tested using the regression model to arrive at the findings. The Jones model of non-discretionary accruals is used for the purpose of evaluation of accounting manipulation. The Jones model has non-discretionary and discretionary accruals estimated in the model. The R square is 14.3% and F-test significance value is greater than 0.05 therefore null hypothesis is accepted concluding there is no change in earnings management after the new standards.

Earnings management and theoretical adjustment in capital structure performance pattern: Evidence from APTA economies

This study examines the role of earnings management in the relationship between firm performance and capital structure, dividing earnings management into discretionary and nondiscretionary accruals to test established theories on the capital structure. Using data on 802 companies in the member countries of the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA), our findings reveal that, in the absence of earnings management, the relationship between the capital structure and firm performance follows the trade-off theory or the pecking-order theory. Our results are consistent with agency theory only through managers’ intervention via earnings management. In India, substantial opportunistic behavior in discretionary accruals is observed, and management seems to focus on manipulating capital structure performance in opportunistic ways. Furthermore, discretionary earnings are focused more on hiding asset inefficiency that arises from forced increases in firm size, reducing earnings risk. These practices reduce the impact of the capital structure on firm performance. This study has vital implications for debt managers and performance analysts in APTA member countries. Rather than testing the applicability in a traditional way, this study recommends dividing earnings management into discretionary and nondiscretionary accruals to test capital structure theories. Because nondiscretionary accruals play a dominant role in earnings management, firm behavior is consistent with trade-off or pecking-order theory, as seen in patterns in the relationship between the capital structure and firm performance, whereas agency theory holds only after external intervention by managers in terms of earnings management.

The impact of earnings management on market liquidity

This article investigates the impact of earnings management on market liquidity measured by the depth of the market. Managers have desired to provide amazing performance of companies, manage their earnings through non-discretionary accruals. Consequently, investors have trouble evaluating the stock value and misunderstanding of the market liquidity because of manipulated information.To this aim, the fixed-effect model (FEM) is implemented to analyze the financial information of 170 listed firms on the Vietnam Stock Exchange over the period 2013–2016. The empirical results emphasized that market liquidity is influenced by earnings management that means the higher level of earnings management, the better equity liquidity. The findings provide additional insight into the determinants of stock liquidity such as earnings management, firm size, daily trading dollar volume of stock, average daily trading dollar volume of the firm, daily returns of stock, daily stock returns, average closing stock price of the firm.

Earnings Management di Indonesia: Studi Empiris pada Periode Sebelum dan Setelah Terlaksananya Program Tax Amnesty

This study aims to examine earnings management practice in the Indonesian companies, before, during, and after the tax amnesty program, and compare it through testing the difference in the absolute value of discretionary accruals before, during, and after the tax amnesty program. To conduct this analysis, this study uses 42 samples of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2015 to 2018. Data from all company samples are arranged in the form of Discretionary Accruals, Non-Discretionary Accruals, and Absolute Discretionary Accruals. The results indicate that there are earnings management practices before the tax amnesty program, and it is greater during the tax amnesty, and smaller after the tax amnesty. Based on the results of different tests, this study also shows that there are differences in the value of Absolute Discretionary Accruals in the tax amnesty program (AbsPre) and Absolute Discretionary Accruals after the tax amnesty program (AbsPost), so the hypothesis states that there is difference between earnings management before the tax amnesty program and after the tax amnesty program, can be accepted. In addition, the amount of Absolute Discretionary Accruals before the tax amnesty program (AbsPre) which tends to be higher 68.37% or almost 70%, shows that there is a great effort made by the management of the company in order to make the company looks outperformed to the investors. Keywords: Tax Amnesty, Earnings Management JEL Classification: M41, 023, G18, G20, H71

Agent, Steward, and Dividend Policy

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to examine whether the dividend policy of Indonesian firms is based on agency theory or stewardship theory. The study investigates the relationship between profitability, non-discretionary accruals, discretionary accruals and dividend policy. Design/Methodology/Approach: The final sample of this study is a total of 28 firms of consumers‘ goods industries listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period of 2010 to 2017 and conducts logistic regression for hypotheses testing. Findings: The result of the first model shows that ROA and non-discretionary accruals (non-disc) have positive sign and they are significant on dividend policy. The second model shows that ROA has a positive and significant effect on dividend policy, while non-disc is insignificant on dividend policy. The third model shows that ROA and non-disc are consistently positive and significant, while discretionary accruals are consistently insignificant on dividend policy. The fourth model shows that ROA and non-disc have positive sign and significant on dividend policy, while disc is insignificant on dividend policy. The fifth model shows that ROA and non-disc have a positive and significant sign on dividend policy, while DAR, AG and disc are insignificant on dividend policy. The results of profitability on all models also indicate that the objective of managers for most Indonesian dividend payers are align with the objective of stockholders in context of stewardship. The findings imply that most of firms as payers tend to increase dividends when their profitability increases. Practical Implications: It appears that dividend payers with strong profitability as based on their policy, generally do not engage in managing its earnings while reporting the accounting information. Originality/Value: The study provides empirical evidence for dividend policy in context of agency and stewardship perspectives. This study also identifies the behavior of firm insiders whether play as an agent or steward in relationship with their principals.

Unequal Impact of Conditional Conservatism on Components Accruals: Evidence from French Capital Market

Applied to the French context, this study examines the unequal impact of conditional conservatism on accrual components. The study’s sample is an unbalanced panel of 331 French companies listed on Euronext Paris during the period time going from 2000 till 2015. First, this work aims at attributing empirical evidence to conditional conservatism using Basu (1997) and Khan and Watts (2009) models to detect this accounting practice. Then, it analyses differential implications of conditional conservatism on accrual components.Actually, French companies are known to be conservative firms as they implement conditional conservatism through an accrual component of earning, two accruals drivers (Revenue and receivables) and the non-discretionary accrual. According to Richardson, Sloan, Soliman & Tuna (2005), the working capital component is the preferred tool, among accrual components, for the transmission of conditional conservatism.

SINKRONISASI HARGA SAHAM MELALUI KUALITAS AKRUAL DAN RISIKO PASAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA STUDI KHASUS PERUSAHAAN PERBANKAN

The objectiveof this researchwas examining empirically the correlation between the nondiscretionary accruals, the discretionary accrual and the market risk on the stock price synchronization. The non discretionary sccruals, the discretionary accruals and the market risk were regarded as the specific information of companies. The subject of this research was tge specific information of companies. The subject of this research was the banking companies indexed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period of 201-2017. The result of this research showed that the nondiscretionary accruals affected the stock price synchronicity, the discretionary accrual did not affect the stock price synchronicity and the market risk did noot affect the stock price synchronicity. The important of this research was that the nondiscretionary accruals were the important factor for the investors to decide the specific infrormation of companies for the decision making of the capital market.

Earnings relevance changes post the Egyptian revolution crisis

Purpose This paper aims to investigate whether the value relevance of accounting information has been affected by the occurrence of the Egyptian revolution financial crisis. More specifically, this paper examines the value relevance changes of three key accounting constructs: operating cash flow, normal non-discretionary accruals and discretionary accruals before and after the Egyptian revolution crisis. Design/methodology/approach Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression is used to examine the changes in earnings value relevance across before and after the Egyptian revolution crisis. The performance matched Jones model (Kothari et al., 2005) is used to estimate the discretionary accruals. Findings After the Egyptian revolution financial crisis, the discretionary accruals (DAC) information value has significantly improved. However, the non-discretionary earnings components (OCF and NDAC) have minimal changes. The evidence of further analysis indicates that managers are using the discretionary accruals to signal the future adding value investments that respond optimally to changes in discount rates. Research limitations/implications The paper extends the literature debate about earnings management over a financial crisis; the findings provide implications for regulatory bodies that could learn how the common incentives of firms to attract potential investors during a crisis could lead them to provide a high-quality financial reporting. Originality/value Using data from the Egyptian market, the paper fills a research gap by examining the value relevance of earnings and tests whether the revolution crisis has influenced earnings reporting and firms’ values from a relatively developing country with special institutional and enforcement backgrounds.

Predictive ability of accruals before and after IFRS in the Brazilian stock market

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze and assess the predictive ability of discretionary accruals (DAs) and non-discretionary accruals (NDAs) for forecasting future cash flows before and after the convergence with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Brazil. The study is warranted due to the scarcity of research in Brazil on the subject and is relevant because it aims to shed light on whether the changes occurring due to convergence with IFRS in Brazil have improved accounting quality. The accounting choices of managers and accountants in the Brazilian stock market, enabled by IFRS, contribute to an apparent improvement in accounting quality in terms of reliability, the faithful representation of entities’ equity and financial positions, and in particular, the predictive ability for forecasting future cash flows. The population was composed of publicly traded companies listed on the Bovespa and São Paulo Stock, Commodities, and Futures Exchange (BM&FBovespa) in 2004 to 2007 and 2010 to 2015. The non-probability convenience sample is composed of 715 enterprises, once companies from the “finance and insurance” and “funds” sectors and even those considered as “holding” were excluded. The data were pooled by year, as they contain different companies over the time series (unbalanced panel data). The DAs and NDAs produced prior to full convergence with IFRS are negative and statistically significant for predicting future cash flows in the Brazilian stock market, which indicated opportunistic/contractual earnings management. One of the possible explanations for this would be the influence of government tax authorities on Brazilian accounting norms, which could induce managers to manipulate accounting results with the aim of reducing earnings in order to pay fewer taxes, for example. The DAs and NDAs produced after IFRS are positive and statistically significant for predicting future cash flows in the Brazilian stock market, signaling the motivation of discretionary accounting choices under the informational aspect. Current DAs and NDAs add informational power compared to current aggregate accruals. It has also been observed that the current DAs and NDAs originating after IFRS in Brazil, compared to current aggregate accruals, have an informational gain in relation to those produced before.

The role of earnings management in the relationship between accruals and market value

The paper aims to clarify the role of earnings management in the relationship between accruals and the market value of companies. Previous studies suggest that some managers, for providing a desirable image of their performance, manage their profits through distorting cash or accruals. Consequently, investors rely on this information and estimate inaccurate stability of accruals which lead to mispricing phenomenon. Finally, the returns earned by the investors will not be equal to the expected return and thus the accrual anomaly will be created.To this aim, two hypotheses were developed and three regression models were applied to analyze the data. To analyze and estimate the models employed, the financial information of 110 companies listed on the stock exchange between years 2008 to 2014 is used. A selective approach to test the hypotheses is studying cross-sectional data.After conducting statistical tests, the results showed that discretionary accruals through which earnings management is done are improperly valued by the market, but the issue is not applicable regarding the non-discretionary accruals. Based on the close relationship between earnings management and discretionary accruals it can be found that earnings management can have an effect on the relationship between accruals and market value.

Discretionary Income Smoothing and Analyst Forecast Accuracy

본 연구는 이익유연화의 재량성과 재무분석가의 예측정확성 사이의 관계를 분석하였다. 이익유연화는 보고이익의 변동성을 감소시키는 행위로 정의된다. 선행연구에서 이익유연화는 주로 현금흐름의 변동성 대비 당기순이익의 변동성으로 측정되는데, 본 연구는 이를 경영자의 재량성이 개입된 부분과 그렇지 않은 부분으로 구분하고, 이들이 재무분석가의 예측정확성과 각각 어떠한 관련성이 있는가에 대해 분석하였다. 2004년부터 2016년까지 거래소에 상장된 1,346 개의 표본을 대상으로 분석한 결과 경영자의 재량성 유무에 관계없이 이익유연화는 재무분석가의 예측 정확성을 향상시킴을 발견하였다. 또한, 이러한 현상은 영업현금흐름이나 본원적 이익의 변동성이 큰 경우에 두드러지는 현상임을 관찰하였다. 본 논문은 이익유연화를 재량성을 기준으로 나누어 분석하였다는 점과 유연화가 재무분석가의 예측정확성 향상에 도움을 주는 상황을 제시하였다는 점에서 선행연구 대비 학문적·실무적 공헌점이 있을 것으로 보인다.This paper investigates the relation between the discretionary earnings smoothing and analyst forecast accuracy. Previous studies measure the earnings smoothing by calculating the ratio of standard deviation of earnings by standard deviation of operating cash flows. Which can disguise the empirical results by ignoring the non-discretionary accruals’ effect. I mean the smoothing measure can be positive even if management makes no attempt to smooth income. Conversely, the income smoothing measure can be negative even in spite of management’s attempts to smooth income. Therefore, it is very important to differentiate discretionary and non-discretionary components of income smoothing. So, I construct measures of discretionary and non-discretionary income smoothing by decomposing the conventional income-smoothing measure. So, I can test the effects of discretionary and non-discretionary earnings smoothing individually. I obtain the financial and analyst forecast data from Fn-guide. The sample period is from 2004 to 2016, with 1,323 firm-year observations. This research provides two new findings. First, not only the discretionary income smoothing but also the non-discretionary income smoothing have a positive effect on the analysts’ forecast accuracy. Second, discretionary earnings smoothing is strongly associated with the accuracy of analysts’ forecast accuracy when the volatility of operating cash flow(or net income minus discretionary accruals) is high, while the non-discretionary earnings smoothing is not.

The Effect Accounting Conservatism in Emerging Market Using Lo Eko Model

The research aim is to examine other variables that also affect the relationship between conservatism and earnings quality in emerging market. Normal Corporate Governance is a set of mechanisms that can protect minority shareholders from expropriation by managers and insider shareholders with an emphasis on legal mechanisms. Data Population are companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2010-20015. The sample selection is based on purposive sampling method with the purpose of obtaining a representative sample. An Alternative measure of accounting conservatism used is the instrumental variables of Accounting conservatism (VIKV) developed by Lo Eko (Lo, 2005). The quality of earnings can be measured through discretionary accruals calculated by way of setting aside total accruals (TACC) and nondiscretionary accruals (NDACC). In calculating DACC, Modified Jones Model is used because it is considered better among other models to measure earnings management (Dechow et al., 1995). The results of this study indicate that the Instrumental Variables Conservatism (VIK) has a significant positive effect on the Earning Quality. This means that management positively signals the application of accounting conservatism within the company and has an impact on improving the quality of earnings. The next investor is expected to provide more valuations by providing a high premium for the company's stock price.

The Effect of Accounting Conservatism on Earning Quality

The purpose research is to examine other variables that also affect the relationship between conservatism and earnings quality. Good Corporate Governance is a set of mechanisms that can protect minority shareholders from expropriation by managers and insider shareholders with an emphasis on legal mechanisms. Data Population are companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2010-20015. The sample selection is based on purposive sampling method with the purpose of obtaining a representative sample. An Alternative measure of accounting conservatism used is the instrumental variables of Accounting conservatism (VIKV) developed by Lo (2005). The quality of earnings can be measured through discretionary accruals calculated by way of setting aside total accruals (TACC) and nondiscretionary accruals (NDACC). In calculating DACC, Modified Jones Model is used because it is considered better among other models to measure earnings management (Dechow et al., 1995). The results of this study indicate that the Instrumental Variables Conservatism (VIK) has a significant positive effect on the Earning Quality. This means that management positively signals the application of accounting conservatism within the company and has an impact on improving the quality of earnings. The next investor is expected to provide more valuations by providing a high premium for the company's stock price.