Non-direct Effects Research Articles

Analysis of Economic Performance Determination in Supporting Community Welfare of District/City in Bali Province

The purpose of economic development is aimed to improve the community welfare. To realize the welfare community life, the government of Bali Province has implemented several effort through the work program with supported the existing budget. From the literature studies known that the financial performance, capital expenditure and the economic performance has influenced on the community welfare. The purpose of this research is analysis (1) the effect of financial performance and capital expenditure on the economic performance; (2) the effect of financial performance, capital expenditure and economic performance on the community welfare; and (3) analysis of the non-direct effect of financial performance and the capital expenditure on the community welfare through the economic performance on the District/city of Bali Province. This research is using panel data which are the combination between data of cross section which consists of 9 District with the data of time series 2010-2019. The data that used in this research is secondary data which is in the form of data which obtained from the financial data of the district/city of Bali province. The data managing and analysis is implemented with PLS Smart Software. The results and data analysis shows that (1) financial performance and capital expenditure has positive and significant influenced on the economic performance; (2) capital expenditure and economic performance has positive and significant influenced on the community welfare but the financial performance is not significant; and (3) financial performance is indirectly positive and significant influenced on the community welfare through the economic performance while the capital expenditure is not significant. The financial performance is able to improve the economic performance but unable to increase the community welfare, the financial performance holds the important and financial performance will be optimally on the community welfare if mediated by the economic performance on district/city of Bali Province.

Kültürel Zekâ: Tanımsal, Yapısal ve İlişkisel Bir İnceleme Çalışması

Küreselleşme olgusu ile yaygınlaşan, çok kültürlülük, kültürlerarası iletişim, kültürel uyum, kültürel çatışma gibi konular, kültürel zekânın önemini günden güne artırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, yerli ve yabancı literatürde, kültürel zekâ kavramı ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar hızla artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kültürel zekâ kavramının yerli ve yabancı literatürde tanımsal, yapısal ve ilişkisel incelemesi yapılarak ilgili alan yazına katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, yerli ve yabancı literatüre ait olmak üzere, 2003-2020 yılları arasında yayınlanan 152 araştırma incelenmiştir. Araştırmaların, 124’ü yabancı, 28’i yerli literatüre aittir. Çalışmada, yer alan araştırmalar, ilk olarak kültürel zekânın ölçülmesi ve öncülleri olarak değerlendirildikten sonra, kültürel zekânın diğer kavramlarla ilişkisi, doğrudan etki, doğrudan olmayan etki, aracı etki, düzenleyici etki ve nitel araştırmalar olmak üzere beş grupta incelenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, kültürel zekâ ile ilgili yapılan araştırmaların yıllara göre arttığını göstermiştir. İlişkisel incelemeler, kültürel zekânın daha çok doğrudan etki ve doğrudan olmayan etki yöntemi ile incelendiğini ortaya koymuştur. Diğer yandan, yerli literatürde kültürel zekâ ile ilgili oldukça kısıtlı araştırmaların yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir.

A Critical Review on the Electromigration Effect, the Electroplastic Effect, and Perspectives on the Effects of Electric Current Upon Alloy Phase Stability

The electronic interconnections in the state-of-the-art integrated circuit manufacturing have been scaled down to the micron or sub-micron scale. This results in a dramatic increase in the current density passing through interconnections, which means that the electromigration (EM) effect plays a significant role in the reliability of products. Although thorough studies and reviews of EM effects have been continuously conducted in the past 60 years, some parts of EM theories lack clear elucidation of the electric current-induced non-directional effects, including electric current-induced phase equilibrium changes. This review article is intended to provide a broad picture of electric current-induced lattice stability changes and to summarize the existing literature on EM-related phenomena, EM-related theoretical models, and relevant effects of the electroplastic (EP) effect in order to lead to a better understanding of electric current-induced effects on materials. This article also posits that EM is either part of the EP effect or shares the intrinsic electric current-induced plastic deformation associated with the EP effect. This concept appears to contribute to the missing parts of the EM theories.

Impact of migration on the expression of aggression and empathy in urban populations

BackgroundMigration is a very important and powerful factor of population dynamics. It can lead to evident genetic consequences, like allele frequency change, as well to non-direct effects by creating new environment for migrant genes to be realized, and different personality and somatic traits, governed by these genes, to be expressed, accordingly. AimThe aim of this research was to assess the impact of migration on the level of empathy and aggression among native population and migrants of the Ukrainian megapolis. Subjects and methodsAltogether 444 males and 597 females – permanent residents of Kharkov aged 45–65years passed a test for the level of aggression by Assinger's questionnaire and for the level of empathy by Mehrabian-Epstein's questionnaire. ResultsPlace of birth of both subjects and their parents was taken into account. The migration and the “alien” genes appear to increase the level of aggression and reduce the level of empathy. Combined action of these factors resulted in an average level of empathy by 15–16% and aggression by 5–6%. ConclusionVariation in the level of aggression is much more dependent on the genetic factor (4%) rather than on the environmental (1.8%). The rate of the environmental factor in the empathy variation is 9%, when the genetic − 7%.

CEDERA OLAHRAGA PADA ATLET PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA (PENGARUH PEMAHAMAN PELATIH, SARANA – PRASARANA OLAHRAGA DAN METODE LATIHAN TERHADAP TERJADINYA CEDERA OLAHRAGA)

Abstract
 The objectives of this research are to obtain information the effect of coach comprehension , sport facilities and training method on sport injuries at the Training Centres Athletes - National Sport Committee of DKI Jakarta Province periode 2009 – 2012. This study was conducted at DKI Jakarta Province by using survey method with path analysis applied in testing hypothesis. The number of 55 subdivisions as a sample is selected random sampling. The research findings are: (1) There is a non-direct effect of coach comprehension on sport injuries; (2) There is a non-direct effect of sport facilities on sport injuries; (3) There is a direct effect of training method on sport injuries; (4) There is a direct effect of coach comprehension on training method; (5) There is a direct effect of sport facilities on training method; (6) There is an effect of coach comprehension on sport injuries through the training method; (7) There is an effect of sport facilities on sport injuries through the training method.
 Key words; Coach Comprehension , Sport Facilities, Training Method and Sport Injuries.

Predation risk determines breeding territory choice in a Mediterranean cavity-nesting bird community

Non-direct effects of predation can be an important component of the total effect of predation, modulating animal population and community dynamics. The isolated effects of predation risk on the spatial organisation of the breeding bird community, however, remains poorly studied. We investigated whether an experimentally increased predation risk prior to reproduction affected breeding territory selection and subsequent reproductive strategies in three Mediterranean cavity-nesting birds, i.e., the little owl Athene noctua, European roller Coracias garrulus and scops owl Otus scops. We found that territories used the previous year were more likely to be re-occupied when they belonged to the safe treatment rather than to the risky treatment. The first choice of breeders of all three species was for safe territories over risky ones. When all breeding attempts in the season (i.e., final occupation) were considered, breeders also preferred safe to risky sites. In addition, little owls laid larger eggs in risky territories than in safe territories. Our study provides experimental evidence of a rapid preventive response of the three most abundant species in a cavity-nesting bird community to a short-term manipulation of predation risk. This response highlights the key role of the non-direct effects of predation in modulating avian community organisation.

The role of epistatic gene interactions in the response to selection and the evolution of evolvability

It has been argued that the architecture of the genotype–phenotype map determines evolvability, but few studies have attempted to quantify these effects. In this article we use the multilinear epistatic model to study the effects of different forms of epistasis on the response to directional selection. We derive an analytical prediction for the change in the additive genetic variance, and use individual-based simulations to understand the dynamics of evolvability and the evolution of genetic architecture. This shows that the major determinant for the evolution of the additive variance, and thus the evolvability, is directional epistasis. Positive directional epistasis leads to an acceleration of evolvability, while negative directional epistasis leads to canalization. In contrast, pure non-directional epistasis has little effect on the response to selection. One consequence of this is that the classical epistatic variance components, which do not distinguish directional and non-directional effects, are useless as predictors of evolutionary dynamics. The build-up of linkage disequilibrium also has negligible effects. We argue that directional epistasis is likely to have major effects on evolutionary dynamics and should be the focus of empirical studies of epistasis.

Induction of tyrosine kinase receptor b by retinoic acid allows brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced amyloid precursor protein gene expression in human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells

Retinoic acid (RA) is a potent regulator of morphogenesis, growth and cell differentiation. Incubation with RA causes arrest of proliferation and neurite extension in SH-SY5Y cells, a neuroblastoma cell line of human origin. In these cells, RA regulates the expression of the β-amyloid precursor protein. The retinoid increases the levels of intracellular and secreted forms of APP (amyloid precursor protein), APP–mRNA levels and the activity of the APP promoter in transient transfection studies. These responses require long periods of exposition to the ligand, thus suggesting a nondirect effect of the RA receptors on the APP gene. Also in these cells, RA induces the expression of TrkB, the tyrosine kinase receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and 4 days of pretreatment with retinoic acid confers BDNF responsiveness to the APP promoter.

Children and Demand: Direct and Non-Direct Effects

This paper examines the effects of children on demands. We employ a French family expenditure survey that has a number of unusual features to explore the source of the correlation between children and demands. The first sample we use is of older households which has information on completed fertility. The second sample is of younger households for whom we have family background variables. We find that children are not exogenous for some goods. These findings cast doubt on the usual practice of identifying “direct” children effects with the coefficients on the children variables in demand equations.

Comparative Immunotoxicology - A New Direction

Siwicki A. K., M. Studnicka, M. Morand, F. Pozet, E. Terech-Majewska: Comparative lmmmunoroxicology a New Direction. Acta vet. Bmo 1998,67: 295-301. Increasing concentrations of xenobiotics in the environment, food and water supplies has direct or non-direct effects on the immunocompetent cell activity, cellular and humoral defence mechanisms and protection from diseases in animals and human. At this moment we must develop comparative aspects of immunotoxicology, justifying the wse of invenebrates, amphibians and especially fish and reptiles, as models. The defence mechanism indices have been used in various laboratory and field experiments to analyze the influence of xenobiotics on the defence mechanisms and disease resistance of mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. Many of the standard immunological techniques have been modified for optimal results. In this paper we present the basic immunological techniques for study of the effects of xenobiotics on the cellular and humoral defence mechanisms in fish. Xenobiotics,fish, defence mechanisms Understanding the human and animal health risk associated with environmental exposures involves defining the cascades of events between exposure to an environmental agent and the resulting effects on health. To cause health impairment, a pollutant must be absorbed into the body and result in biological change. For most environmental pollutants, little is known about. the flow of events between exposure and health effect. Biological markers are powerful tools that can be used to address many different issues confronting environmental health scientists. Effects of markers are indicators of biological responses. They provide information concerning the likely health outcomes associated with different target doses of environmental pollutants or their metabolites. Overall, biological markers offer the possibility of using human data to make health risk assessment more meaningful, realistic and host-effective. Risk assessment attempts to determine the consequence of toxicant exposure at the human population level. Biomarkers are frequently used to assess the responses and effects of toxicants on laboratory animals. Therefore, there is a need to extrapolate from animal data to human health effects, not only because most of the uncertainties associated with human epidemiological studies. The immune and host defences are highly conserved across species such that immunocompetent cells and some products of the immune system in humans, mice, rats and also in teleost fish are similar. Also, in instances where controlled human studies have been possible, results of immune function studies have been accurate predictors of effects in humans (H u g get t et al. 1989). Increasing concentrations of xenobiotics in the environment, industry, food and water Address for correspondence: A. K. Siwicki Department of Fish Pathology and Immunology IFI. 05-500 Piaseczno. Poland Phone: +-18 ~~ 756 2490 Fax: +48227562490 E-mail: irs@warman.com.pl

Platelet serotonin transport is altered in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The present work was conducted to examine whether experimental diabetes (streptozotocin-induced) promotes changes in mean platelet volume, and platelet serotonin (5HT) uptake and content. These variables were measured in from four experimental groups: control, diabetic, diabetic+insulin, and non-diabetic+insulin. Animals treated fifteen days before with streptozotocin had platelets with higher 5HT uptake affinity, 5HT content, and volume. The insulin therapy reestablished the control values of all of these three variables. Non-diabetic animals treated one week with insulin did not show any variations. The effects of in vitro application of insulin, hyperglycaemic incubation medium, and streptozotocin on platelet amine uptake and release were also examined. Only those platelets incubated with streptozotocin showed an altered platelet 5HT uptake. No changes were observed for spontaneous 5HT release. The results are consistent with: a) an increase of platelet uptake capacity, as a consequence of an increase in platelet turnover, for explaining alterations of intraplatelet 5HT contents in experimental diabetes; b) a non-direct effect of insulin and glucose levels on platelet 5HT uptake -for explaining its dysfunctions in experimental diabetes-; c) the contribution of alterations in platelet 5HT transport for explaining the higher incidence of vascular complications in diabetic patients; d) the suitability of platelet as a model for investigating neuronal 5HT reuptake.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 down-regulates aggrecan proteoglycan expression in immortalized rat chondrocytes through a post-transcriptional mechanism.

We have examined the effects of various analogs of vitamin D on the expression of the aggrecan proteoglycan by an immortalized rat chondrocyte cell line. The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), produced a concentration-dependent reduction in the synthesis of aggrecan as monitored by histochemical staining of the matrix, incorporation of [35S]sulfate, and the level of aggrecan core protein. Other analogs of vitamin D were much less potent or had no activity whatsoever. The reduced expression of aggrecan was caused by a dramatic decrease in the steady-state level of the mRNA coding for the aggrecan core protein. A nuclear run-off analysis revealed that the rate of transcription of the aggrecan gene was not significantly altered by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, suggesting that the metabolite was acting through a post-transcriptional mechanism. Experiments using the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D also supported a nondirect effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the expression of the aggrecan gene. These results suggest that the vitamin D metabolite activates a new pattern of gene expression which results in a more rapid turnover of the aggrecan mRNA. This system should be useful for characterizing the regulation of chondrocyte gene expression by vitamin D.

Search for Nondirect Effects in theSi28(p,p0,1,2)Si28Excitation Function from 16-18.2 MeV

Excitation functions have been measured at laboratory angles of 60, 80, and 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in 50-100-keV steps for proton scattering from the ${0}^{+}$, ${2}^{+}$, and ${4}^{+}$ members of the ground-state rotational band in $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$. Prominent structure of width 300 keV is seen in both the ${2}^{+}$ and ${4}^{+}$ cross sections at all three angles and throughout the entire energy range from 16 to 18.2 MeV. At 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, there is a 30% change in the ${2}^{+}$ and ${4}^{+}$ cross sections over the resonance at 17.7 MeV. The presence of this structure makes very dubious the quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations extracted from direct-reaction analyses of proton scattering below 18 MeV.