Non-cooperative Groups Research Articles

Application of STAD Model Cooperative Learning To Improve Mathematics Learning Activities of Grade VI Students of SDN XI No. 40 Blimbing, Malang Regency

The implementation of education in schools makes various kinds of lessons to students that must be taken in realizing their ideals. The subjects received and taught to students must be developed and improved in accordance with changes in the school curriculum. The purpose of learning mathematics is expected that students are able to provide knowledge to learn and understand mathematical concepts and be able to apply scientific methods that provide process skills to solve problems in everyday life. Based on research conducted by researchers for two weeks in the field from the 03rd to the 15th, researchers managed to collect some data that the number of samples studied was 26 students in a column and read the pressure in the table of the average value r product moments with a signification level of 5% we will find the number 0.388. This number shows the signification limit number, while the average calculated value of 0.8915 means that the relationship between the learning outcomes of cooperative students and non-cooperative groups through the STAD model cooperative learning is quite good. Because the calculated value obtained by r = 0.8915 means that jau is above the signification limit of 0.388. According to the results of the data analysis obtained, the relationship between the learning outcomes of cooperative students with non-cooperative groups with the cooperative learning strategy of the STAD model is very significant between the learning outcomes of cooperative students of group X with the learning outcomes of non-cooperative students of group Y.

Artificial intelligence for predicting orthodontic patient cooperation: Voice records versus frontal photographs

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the predictive ability of different convolutional neural network (CNN) models and machine learning algorithms trained with frontal photographs and voice recordings. Material and Methods: Two hundred and thirty-seven orthodontic patients (147 women, 90 men, mean age 14.94 ± 2.4 years) were included in the study. According to the orthodontic patient cooperation scale, patients were classified into two groups at the 12th month of treatment: Cooperative and non-cooperative. Afterward, frontal photographs and text-to-speech voice records of the participants were collected. CNN models and machine learning algorithms were employed to categorize the data into cooperative and non-cooperative groups. Nine different CNN models were employed to analyze images, while one CNN model and 13 machine learning models were utilized to analyze audio data. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score values of these models were assessed. Results: Xception (66%) and DenseNet121 (66%) were the two most effective CNN models in evaluating photographs. The model with the lowest success rate was ResNet101V2 (48.0%). The success rates of the other five models were similar. In the assessment of audio data, the most successful models were YAMNet, linear discriminant analysis, K-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, extra tree classifier, and stacking classifier (%58.7). The algorithm with the lowest success rate was the decision tree classifier (41.3%). Conclusion: Some of the CNN models trained with photographs were successful in predicting cooperation, but voice data were not as useful as photographs in predicting cooperation.

Towards socio-digital rural territories to drive digital transformation: General conceptualisation and application to the olive areas of Andalusia, Spain

The future of rural areas, in different geographical contexts around the world, faces enormous challenges and uncertainties, with the emergence of complex territorial dynamics. One of the main disruptive factors underlying the current challenges in rural realities is digital transformation (DT). This study has two objectives: 1) to develop a theoretical framework for the analysis of DT in rural areas from a territorial perspective, through the proposal of the concept of ‘socio-digital rural territories’ (SDRT); and 2) to analyse the specific case of the olive areas of Andalusia where DT is starting in recent years. For this purpose, Social Network Analysis (SNA) techniques are used, both to build the theoretical framework and to evaluate the concepts developed at a practical level in the case study. The results obtained show that addressing DT in rural areas from a territorial approach should consider the technological innovation system (TIS) and relational social capital (RSC), embedded in the technological and social dimensions of a territory, as key elements to promote successful dynamics towards a SDRT. On the other hand, the analysis of the DT network in the olive-growing areas of Andalusia (the DT olive network) shows that the actors that stand out for their role as knowledge emitters include digital technologies companies, knowledge generation agents, knowledge transfer agents and the scientific and informative media. On the contrary, the main receiving knowledge actors are olive growers, cooperatives or cooperative groups, non-cooperative groups and agricultural organisations. The density of connections in the network is high considering the type of actors and connections analysed. The DT olive network has a high potential for the creation of RSC. Thus, there is bonding capital, in which a high number of connections between actors predominate, although with low homogeneity in the typology of actors. And there is bridging capital, in which organisations of different types participate, and as it is a decentralised network, it favours the lack of concentration of power. Finally, this article offers a novel explanation of how knowledge is exchanged and created in a social network, and how this exchange creates new intellectual capital. This capital, which in the case of DT is territorial digital capital, is translated into digital technologies. The results indicate that the DT olive network and its RSC lead to the potential formation of an SDRT in Andalusian olive areas.

Knowledge Transfer on Digital Transformation: An Analysis of the Olive Landscape in Andalusia, Spain

The global economy, and agriculture, in particular, faces significant challenges and transformation pressures. A major challenge, and opportunity, is the transformation towards digital agriculture or agriculture 4.0, where knowledge transfer (KT) has an important role to play not only in ensuring that digital innovations reach end-users, but also that these innovations contribute to development in rural landscapes. This paper analyses the role of KT in the framework of digital transformation (DT) in the Andalusian olive landscape. Thus, from the perspective of knowledge-generating agents, the main knowledge emitting and receiving actors in the DT are identified by using Social Network Analysis techniques (SNA). Subsequently, the performance of the Technological Innovation System (TIS) in KT is evaluated by using the multi-criteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results suggest that the knowledge-generating agents, the knowledge transfer actors, and the scientific and dissemination media actors are the main knowledge emitters and highlight their role as cohesive actors of the social network. The main knowledge receivers are olive growers, cooperatives and non-cooperative groups. The results also indicate that the global performance of the TIS in the KT function is medium/low. Furthermore, in the KT sub-functions where the TIS in DT performs best is the quality of the transfer processes of DT, and where it performs worst is the sufficiency of spaces for KT.

Professional medical writing assistance in oncology clinical trials.

e14088 Background: Academic publishing remains the cornerstone of biomedical research and scientific communication. Researchers often assign professional medical writers (PMWs) to craft publications, as these individuals may improve the overall writing quality and/or reduce time to publication. We sought to characterize the landscape of PMW utilization in phase III cancer clinical trials. Methods: We searched ClinicalTrials.gov for phase III randomized clinical trials between the years 2003 and 2018. Randomized multi-arm trials assessing a therapeutic intervention in cancer patients were included. After identifying the corresponding publications, we identified whether a PMW was involved in writing the manuscript based on author disclosures, along with any related funding information. Results: Six-hundred oncology RCTs with corresponding manuscripts were identified. In total, 260 (43.3%) trials used a PMW. Financial support to medical writers was largely provided by the industry (247/260, 95.0%). In multivariate analyses, PMW utilization was higher among industry-funded trials compared to non-industry-funded trials (OR: 14.2, p= 0.001). PMWs were used more frequently to report successful trials that met their primary endpoint (OR: 1.8, p= 0.03) but did not differ between English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries ( p= 0.19). Cooperative group trials used PMWs with less frequency compared to non-cooperative groups (OR 0.68, p < 0.001). PMWs were used more often in trials that led to subsequent drug FDA approval (69.6% vs 40.6% in trials that did not lead to subsequent FDA approval), but this association did not reach statistical significance in multivariate analysis ( p = 0.744). The use of PMWs has increased significantly over time (OR: 1.11/year, p =0.001). Conclusions: In this analysis, we show a strikingly high prevalence of PMW utilization in phase III oncology trials, with a vast majority of industry-supported studies using PMWs. We believe that professional writing assistance plays an important role in clear and efficient scientific communication. However, the disproportionate role of PMWs in reporting positive, industry-funded trials may represent a conflict of interest. We urge continued and increased reporting of utilization and funding of professional writing assistance in cancer clinical trials.

Analysing technical efficiency of Hoa Loc mango between cooperative and non-cooperative farmer groups in Southern Vietnam

Analysing technical efficiency of Hoa Loc mango between cooperative and non-cooperative farmer groups in Southern Vietnam

Technical Efficiency of Mango Production: Differences between Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Famer Groups in the Southern Vietnam

Technical Efficiency of Mango Production: Differences between Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Famer Groups in the Southern Vietnam

Noncooperative Dynamic Contribution to a Public Project

We consider a dynamic contribution game in which a group of agents collaborates to complete a public project. The agents exert efforts over time and get rewarded upon completion of the project, once the cumulative effort has reached a pre-specified level. We explicitly derive the cooperative solution and a noncooperative Markov-perfect Nash equilibrium. We characterize the set of socially efficient projects, i.e., projects that cooperative groups find worth completing. Comparing with the Markov-perfect Nash equilibrium, we find that noncooperative groups give up large socially efficient projects. Moreover, they take too much time to complete the projects that they undertake.

Are bilateral conservation policies for the Białowieża forest unattainable? Analysis of stated preferences of Polish and Belarusian public

Transboundary nature protected areas constitute a considerable proportion of all the existing spatial forms of biodiversity protection. One prominent example is the Białowieża Forest, shared by Poland and Belarus. There is a considerable literature on allocation of funds to preserving nature shared by several countries. Some of this literature assess the funding schemes and the impacts on biodiversity within the EU. A particular challenge for the Białowieża Forest is that the larger part of it is outside the EU border. There has been less research on the economic benefits that citizens attach to protected transboundary land nature on the other side of the border. We are trying to fill the gap by finding out and comparing preferences towards increased protection of domestic and foreign segments of the transboundary Białowieża Forest, stated by samples of Polish and Belarusian citizens. The results of a discrete choice experiment show an almost unilateral preference for nature conservation, passive protection of forest land, on the domestic side. Whilst Polish respondents on average are willing to pay for an increased area under protection, on their side of the border, most Belarusians seem to be satisfied with the status quo. Taken at face value, there is even an apparent mutual disutility derived from the perspective of co-financing bilateral passive protection programmes in the Białowieża Forest. By use of latent class analyses of responses, a group of the Polish sample willing to contribute to the transboundary conservation is identified and described, and compared against the non-cooperative groups on both sides of the border. The results can to some extent be explained by a strict border division with a high fence, by differences in welfare or by behavioural reasons. However, it cannot be ruled out that the affected populations simply do not perceive the Białowieża Forest as a binational public good.

A Comparison of Oral Health Behavior and Oral Health Outcomes between Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Groups following Implementation of an Oral Health Care Program

A Comparison of Oral Health Behavior and Oral Health Outcomes between Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Groups following Implementation of an Oral Health Care Program

Climate-mediated cooperation promotes niche expansion in burying beetles.

The ability to form cooperative societies may explain why humans and social insects have come to dominate the earth. Here we examine the ecological consequences of cooperation by quantifying the fitness of cooperative (large groups) and non-cooperative (small groups) phenotypes in burying beetles (Nicrophorus nepalensis) along an elevational and temperature gradient. We experimentally created large and small groups along the gradient and manipulated interspecific competition with flies by heating carcasses. We show that cooperative groups performed as thermal generalists with similarly high breeding success at all temperatures and elevations, whereas non-cooperative groups performed as thermal specialists with higher breeding success only at intermediate temperatures and elevations. Studying the ecological consequences of cooperation may not only help us to understand why so many species of social insects have conquered the earth, but also to determine how climate change will affect the success of these and other social species, including our own.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02440.001.

GASA-JOSH: a Hybrid Evolutionary-Annealing Approach for Job-Shop Scheduling Problem

The job-shop scheduling problem is well known for its complexity as an NP-hard problem. We have considered JSSPs with an objective of minimizing makespan. In this paper, we develope a hybrid approach for solving JSSPs called GASA-JOSH. In GASA-JOSH, the population is divided in non-cooperative groups. Each group must refer to a method pool and choose genetic algorithm or simulated annealing to solve the problem. The best result of each group is maintained in a solution set, and then the best solution to the whole population is chosen among the elements of the solution set and reported as outcome. The proposed approach have been compared with other algorithms for job-shop scheduling and evaluated with satisfactory results on a large set of JSSPs derived from classical job-shop scheduling benchmarks. We have solved 23 benchmark problems and compared results obtained with a number of algorithms established in the literature.

Social dilemmas between individuals and groups

Three computer-controlled experiments were conducted to study interactions between individuals and non-cooperative groups in prototypical social-dilemma games. The asymmetric competition between an individual and a group was compared with symmetric control conditions where both competitors were either individuals or groups. All games were played repeatedly with the same players interacting for 120 rounds. The results show that the outcome of the conflict depends both on the type of competing players and on the structure of the competition. Generally, individuals do better than non-cooperative groups, regardless of the type of conflict, and more often than not it is better to have a non-cooperative group rather than an individual as an opponent. The relative advantage is a result of individuals generally cooperating better with other individuals (as compared to cooperation between two groups), and that in mixed competitions the individual takes advantage of the group’s difficulties in mobilizing collective-action, and dominates it.

The Hard Problem of Cooperation

Based on individual variation in cooperative inclinations, we define the “hard problem of cooperation” as that of achieving high levels of cooperation in a group of non-cooperative types. Can the hard problem be solved by institutions with monitoring and sanctions? In a laboratory experiment we find that the answer is affirmative if the institution is imposed on the group but negative if development of the institution is left to the group to vote on. In the experiment, participants were divided into groups of either cooperative types or non-cooperative types depending on their behavior in a public goods game. In these homogeneous groups they repeatedly played a public goods game regulated by an institution that incorporated several of the key properties identified by Ostrom: operational rules, monitoring, rewards, punishments, and (in one condition) change of rules. When change of rules was not possible and punishments were set to be high, groups of both types generally abided by operational rules demanding high contributions to the common good, and thereby achieved high levels of payoffs. Under less severe rules, both types of groups did worse but non-cooperative types did worst. Thus, non-cooperative groups profited the most from being governed by an institution demanding high contributions and employing high punishments. Nevertheless, in a condition where change of rules through voting was made possible, development of the institution in this direction was more often voted down in groups of non-cooperative types. We discuss the relevance of the hard problem and fit our results into a bigger picture of institutional and individual determinants of cooperative behavior.

Survival in cyberspace

The immune system response of the vertebrates demonstrates an extremely adaptive and resilient defensive capability against a broad spectrum of pathogenic attacks. The field of artificial immune systems (AISs) aims to replicate this capability in the digital environment. In particular, we would like to understand adaptive survivability and defence in large-scale computing networks. In this paper we discuss some of the background concepts to AIS and focus on one specific aspect required to achieve a digital immune system, i.e. the social dynamics of competitive and co-operative defence. In particular, the ability of an information network to maintain itself in the face of continuous perturbation raises more complex issues related to system metabolism and network topology. In order to investigate these processes a multi-agent simulation model has been developed that demonstrates a self-organising group formation capability and a collective immune response. In this model each agent is susceptible to viral infections passed between the agents and has local sensors and a complex metabolic state that reflects its current health. We then introduced an artificial immune system to each agent that allowed learned ‘antibody’ solutions to be exchanged between the agents within a social group. The health of a co-operative group was observed to improve by over 90%, relative to isolated agents or non-cooperative groups. The specific solutions advocated are therefore to utilise distributed defence mechanisms and the monitoring of metabolic processes to detect intrusions. Finally, the paper considers the problem of how we might utilise such knowledge to develop greater security and robustness in real-world networks using distributed agent systems.

Nonpoint Source Pollution When Polluters Might Cooperate

Abstract In a model of nonpoint source pollution, we extend the theory of ambient taxes to the case when polluters might cooperate. We show that regulation through ambient taxes is severely constrained when the degree of cooperation among polluters is unknown to the regulator. On the other hand, if the regulator can invest in costly monitoring of emissions, then the optimal regulation offers a low ambient tax to cooperative groups and an optimal but costly individual emission tax to non-cooperative groups. This mechanism also has attractive properties when risk-aversion is introduced.

Nonpoint Source Pollution When Polluters Might Cooperate

In a model of nonpoint source pollution, we extend the theory of ambient taxes to the case when polluters might cooperate. We show that regulation through ambient taxes is severely constrained when the degree of cooperation among polluters is unknown to the regulator. On the other hand, if the regulator can invest in costly monitoring of emissions, then the optimal regulation offers a low ambient tax to cooperative groups and an optimal but costly individual emission tax to non-cooperative groups. This mechanism also has attractive properties when risk-aversion is introduced.

Parenting and Family Support in Japan for 6- to 8-year-old Children Weighing under 1000 Grams at Birth

The purpose of this study was to explore the variables related to paternal involvement in the caregiving of 6- to 8-year-old extremely low-birthweight (ELBW) children, specifically, sociodemographic factors related to the family or individual biological factors related to ELBW. Thirty-three children with a mean birthweight of 845.5 grams and a mean gestational age of 27.4 weeks participated in this research. Approximately 29% of their fathers were classified by the mothers as nonco-operative in overall child care. The paternal involvement in caregiving was related to the sociodemographic variables of the family; the co-operative fathers were proportionally more often from families where the child had no older female sibling(s) and/or grandparent(s), whereas the nonco-operative fathers were proportionally more often from families where the child had older female sibling(s) and/or grandparent(s). The individual perinatal risk variables and IQ, and the paternal variables (age, socioeconomic status) were not related to the paternal co-operativeness. Our sample mothers seemed to have raised their children in more difficult parenting and economic situations, and to have received proportionally more support from grandparent(s) than did typical Japanese mothers. The children's relationships with peers differed between the paternal co-operative and nonco-operative groups; there were proportionally more children from the nonco-operative group who preferred to play alone than to play with peer(s) at the ages of 3-5 years. Thus, scarce paternal involvement in the process of caregiving appeared to influence the children's sociability.

Habitat, food availability and group territoriality in the European badger, Meles meles.

Since European badgers (Meles meles L.) form non-cooperative groups in parts of their geographic range, but are solitary elsewhere, their social systems have been at the centre of a debate about the evolution of group living in the Carnivora. In a recent review of models of non-cooperative sociality, Woodroffe and Macdonald (1993) presented evidence in favour of two hypotheses, which suggested that badger groups might form because either the distribution of blocks of foodrich habitat, or the economics of excavating new setts, prevented the division of group territories into individual territories. We present data upon the response of badger spatial organisation to a reduction in food-patch dispersion, brought about by the conversion of carthwormpoor arable land to earthworm-rich pasture over a 15-year period. This change in the distribution of earthworm-rich habitats was accompanied by territory fission, facilitated by the excavation of new setts. This indicates that the availability of sett sites had not constrained territory size at the start of the study. However, sett distribution did define the size and configuration of the daughter territories. We also show that variation among territories in the availability of food-rich habitats was reflected in the reproductive rates and body weights of the groups that inhabited them, although there was no detectable effect upon group size.

社会的相互作用場面における対人認知の研究 ＩＩＩ 集団ゲーム行動の分析を通して

In the present study, processes of interaction between a cooperatively oriented and a non-cooper-atively oriented group were analyzed. Fifty-four female students were divided into nine pairs of three-person groups, and each pair of groups having different orientations participated in 15 trials of the Prisoner's Dilemma Game. After completion of the trials, each subject was asked to evaluate own and opposite group's intentions in the game, and also to evaluate how successful own group was. Results obtained were as follows: (1) In the course of the trials, non-cooperative groups remained constant in their strategies, whereas cooperative groups became less cooperative, assimilating themselves to their opposite groups. (2) Non-cooperative groups perceived their opponents as similar to themselves, whereas cooperative groups perceived their opponents as different from them and had strong feelings of failure. (3) Cooperative groups attributed responsibility for the game outcome more to non-cooperative groups than to themselves.