Noncompromised Host Research Articles

Ocular Myaisis– A Case Report

A case of destructive ocular myiasis in the right eye of an healthy and non-compromised host having poor personal hygiene. Mechanical removal and good local hygiene helped to heal the wound. The larvae isolated were found to be that of Chrysomyia bezziana (screwworm fly). Infestation of human eyes with larvae of flies (myiasis) has been reported. Serious consequences of destructive myiasis are seen in emaciated and diseased patients. Only one report of total destruction of the globe by maggots of Chrysomyia bezziana exists in the literature. Mechanical removal of maggots is an important step in the management of patients with myiasis.

Urinary Tract Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Urinary Tract Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Treatment strategies for oropharyngeal candidiasis

Background: Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is a common oral disease that may cause oral symptoms, lead to regional infection (e.g., esophageal candidiasis) and increase the risk of systemic fungal infection in the compromised host. Objective: Critical review of the literature of prevention and therapy. Methods: The literature was reviewed using PubMed, and specific keywords from the MeSH Database were used. Results/conclusion: Management of OPC requires that the underlying risk factors of infection be diagnosed and managed whenever possible. Antimicrobials may be provided as topical or systemic therapy. Topical therapies may provide effective management for candidiasis in the non-compromised host and increase the control of colonization in the compromised host. Advances in prevention and management include new agents and improved mechanisms of topical drug delivery.

Transient protein-losing enteropathy associated with cytomegalovirus infection in a noncompromised host: a case report

Nakase, Hiroshi MD1, 2, 3; Itani, Toshinao MD1, 2; Mimura, Jun MD1, 2; Takeuchi, Ryo MD1, 2; Kawasaki, Toshihiko MD1, 2; Komori, Hideshi MD1, 2; Hashimoto, Kimio MD1, 2; Chiba, Tsutomu MD2, 3, *Author Information

Bacterial adherence in urinary tract infections: preliminary studies in a primate model.

Escherichia coli with both P and type 1 fimbriae caused vaginal colonization in the female green monkey, while only the P-fimbriated bacteria frequently caused ascending bladder infection. Bladder inoculation caused only short-lived bladder infection from type 1 fimbriated E. coli, but those with P-fimbriae caused acute pyelonephritis even in the absence of vesicoureteral reflux. Thus, type 1 fimbriae of E. coli, while causing vaginal colonization, did not often cause ascending infection in the non-compromised host as did P-fimbriated bacteria.

Regulation of Candida albicans populations in the gastrointestinal tract: mechanisms and significance in GI and systemic candidiasis.

Colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by Candida species, and C. albicans in particular, may play an important role in human health and disease, as the GI tract has been implicated as an important source of infection in cases of recurrent vaginitis (104) and systemic candidiasis (94,112,149–151,164). The overgrowth of C. albicans in the intestinal tract and its subsequent passage through the gut mucosa into the host bloodstream, for instance, is believed to be the proximate mechanism leading to systemic candidiasis (151), particularly in patients with acute leukemia (103,112,129). Similarly, colonization of the GI tract by C. albicans and other Candida spp. may lead to involvement in a number of other disease syndromes that include esophageal, gastric and intestinal thrush, gastric and intestinal ulceration, GI bleeding, diarrhea, peritonitis, perianal itch, napkin dermatitis, chronic “irritable bowel” syndrome, and auto-brewery syndrome (12,59,60,80,81,94,102,106,112,117,118,130,131,149–151,156, 164,165,171). The importance of GI colonization by C. albicans therefore should not be underestimated, especially in view of the suggestion that “the most important source of Candida species in human disease is endogenous” (118). On the other hand, GI colonization by C. albicans may also have important beneficial effects on the host in that it apparently results in stimulation of the immune system, leading to a protective response to systemic Candida infection in the noncompromised host (31,32).

Clinical Significance of Pseudallescheria boydii: A Review of 10 Years' Experience

Pseudallescheria boydii is a recognized cause of mycetoma, a chronic fungal disease that usually affects the extremities. Isolated case reports have also implicated P. boydii in infections of other sites. We report the first large series (83 isolates) of P. boydii in 46 patients, including the second report of P. boydii brain abscess and disseminated infection in a noncompromised host. Between 1974 and 1984 at our institution, P. boydii was cultured from a variety of sites: respiratory tract, 36; soft tissue, 25; bone, 9; gastric aspirate, 4; maxillary sinus, 2; wound, 2; urine, 2; brain abscess, 1; ear, 1; and toenail, 1. Pulmonary colonization proved to be the most common form of pseudallescheriasis of the lung (34 of 36 cultures in this category); 28 of the 32 patients with pulmonary infections had received immunosuppressive therapy or had an underlying disorder. The importance of isolation of P. boydii from bone and soft tissue is supported in this series because all 9 cultures from bone and 21 of 25 cultures from soft tissue were associated with infection. Of 10 cases of infection, 5 were osteomyelitis and 2 were infected wounds; in addition, maxillary sinusitis, disseminated infection, and a lung abscess occurred in 1 patient each.

Treatment of disseminated and progressive cavitary histoplasmosis with ketoconazole

Ten patients with disseminated histoplasmosis and seven with progressive cavitary histoplasmosis were treated with ketoconazole, an imidazole derivative that is well absorbed orally and relatively nontoxic. Seven of seven noncompromised hosts with disseminated disease tolerated therapy well and achieved clinical and mycologic cures. Although well tolerated in all three compromised hosts with disseminated disease, none achieved clinical and bacteriologic cures. All patients with progressive cavitary disease tolerated therapy well and six of seven achieved clinical and radiographic cures. Therefore ketoconazole appears safe and effective in the treatment of disseminated or progressive cavitary histoplasmosis in the noncompromised host. In the compromised host with disseminated histoplasmosis, ketoconazole does not appear to be effective and more conventional therapy appears warranted.

Listeric meningitis in the non-compromised host.

A small epidemic of listeric infection among non-compromised adults recently occurred in the western part of Sweden. All ten patients survived and the prognosis of listeric meningitis in non-compromised patients would seem to be considerably better than in the compromised host. A rapid initiation of ampicillin treatment (10-20 mg/kg of body weight daily) within 48 hours after onset of symptoms may be contributed to the excellent outcome in the present series besides a well-functioning intracellular killing mechanism which seems to be of the greatest importance in listeric infeciton.

Case report: septicaemia due to Yersinia enterocolitica in a non-compromised host.

A case of septicaemia due to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3, biotype 4, in a non-compromised host is described. The patient showed severe signs of gram-negative septicaemia. Treatment with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim) was unsuccessful in spite of full sensitivity, bactericidal and synergistic effects in vitro. Tetracycline gave full restitution.