Non-commercial Roots Research Articles

CARACTERIZAÇÃO AGRONÔMICA DE GENÓTIPOS DE BATATA-DOCE OBTIDOS POR MEIO DE POLICRUZAMENTOS

ABSTRACT The average national sweet potato yield of Brazil falls below the productive potential of the crop because of the cultivation of local and unimproved varieties. To improve this, more productive cultivars must be adopted along with adequate culture treatments. This study was conducted between January and May 2019 in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, to characterize sweet potato genotypes obtained through crossbreeding. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks containing 264 genotypes, the control (‘Beauregard’), and two replicates. Plant harvesting began 127 d after planting. After harvesting, the roots were washed and dried in a covered area ready for evaluation. The total, commercial, and non-commercial yield; total, commercial, and non-commercial root number; root dry matter content; and dry matter productivity were evaluated. The genotypes CERAT16-20, CERAT31-1, and CERAT21-2 are promising in terms of root production for household consumption because of their high productivity of commercial roots. In contrast, genotypes CERAT16-20, CERAT31-1, CERAT25-17, CERAT25-12, CERAT21-2, CERAT29-26, CERAT34- 4, CERAT31-11, and CERAT24-8 are promising for industry because of the high production of dry mass per hectare. The main components, total number of commercial roots, production of non-commercial roots, mass of commercial roots, total production of dry mass of roots, mass of roots, and total production of roots have a low contribution to the discrimination of the genotypes; therefore, their analysis can be discarded in future studies, under the same soil and climate conditions, thus reducing workload, expense, and time.

Spatial arrangements between rows x radish plants

Given the importance of this crop and the need for phytotechnical knowledge about the plant spatial arrangement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive parameters of the radish culture when submitted to different spatial arrangements between plants and rows. To achieve this aim, the hybrid cultivar Red Pearl was used as a test in a randomized block experimental design, in a 4 x 6 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors comprise the combination of crop spacing between “rows” and “plants”. The factor levels correspond to the distances between rows: 8, 16, 24, and 32 cm; and between plants: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 cm. Root yield, average root mass, longitudinal and transverse diameters, and non-commercial roots were determined. The data obtained were tabulated to obtain the averages, which were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk residual normality test, at 5% significance, followed by the analysis of variance. When the residual was normal and the response variable was significant, the data was analyzed using linear regression and the appropriate polynomial model was adjusted to present the results. Statistical analyzes were carried out using the R Software. The results show that there was no interaction between the spacing factors for the analyzed parameters, and the spacing between rows and plants influenced the attributes evaluated independently. The spatial arrangements with lower plant densities provided greater root mass and diameter. The importance of new studies involving fixing the spacing between rows and varying the spacing between plants is suggested to better understand the effect of new spatial arrangements on the productive parameters of the radish crop.

Potential of non-commercial parts of Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft: Biscuit production

Some vegetables, such as Arracacia xanthorrhiza, present parts that are not commercialized. However, it still has a great composition that make it interesting to food industry. The flours production from vegetable waste are a great way to guarantee its use as a whole and decrease of waste of food in the World. Also, it can contribute on food products by adding nutrients and compounds important for human health. This study aimed to develop semi-sweet biscuits with crown and non-commercial roots of A. xanthorrhiza flour and the evaluation of its nutritional composition, physical characteristics and sensory profile. Biscuits were made in different concentration of cornmeal, flours of crowns and non-commercial roots of A. xanthorrhiza, according to centroid simplex experimental design, resulting in nine trials. The influence on nutritional, physical and sensory characteristics of the substitution of flours on the biscuits were analyzed. Results of the proximal composition of different formulations of biscuit were significantly different, except for lipids. Formulations with high percentage of flour of crown have presented darker color and has been liked by assessors on the sensory analyze, which could be associated with chocolate biscuits, due to the dark brown color. Semi-sweet biscuits with flour of crown and non-commercial roots of A. xanthorrhiza were satisfactory developed and showed a great nutritional composition, mainly on the minerals, fiber and carbohydrate content.

FACTORES AGRONÓMICOS ÓPTIMOS PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN COMERCIAL DE CAMOTE (Ipomoea batatas l., cv. Jonathan) EN LA COSTA CENTRAL DEL PERÚ

The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of three factors as type of seed, seed density and crop fertilization on the yields of commercial sweet potato roots cv. Jonathan. Four variables were analyzed: total root yield, commercial roots yield, non-commercial root yield and total dry matter. The experiment design was a randomized complete block factorial arrangement 2Sx2Dx2F, with two levels in each factor: common seed and basic seed, 20 cm and 40 cm spacing between cuttings, low and medium fertilization. The results showed that there is no interaction among the factors evaluated. The average planting density factor was statistically higher in all treatments with the spacing of 20 cm between cuttings; both commercial roots yield and other variables evaluated. In all treatments, commercial yield ensured the economic return of production, T5 treatment (basic seed, 20 cm spacing between cuttings and low fertilization) showed the highest yield average with 23.35 kg, and the average of the entire harvest of 83.84% of commercial roots.

Genetic diversity among cassava genotypes (Manihot esculenta crantz) collected in the south-central mesoregion of the state of Mato Grosso-Brazil

The aim of this research was to evaluate the genetic divergence between 164 genotypes of Manihot esculenta from the South-Central mesoregion of the State of Mato Grosso. The genotypes are from projects conducted by the Laboratory of Genetic Resources & Biotechnology of the University of the State of Mato Grosso, Cáceres-Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), and the Brazilian Public Agricultural Research Corporation - Agrosilvopastoral (EMBRAPA). The agronomic descriptors evaluated were plant height, height of first branching, branching levels, weight of the aerial part of the plant, total weight of the plant, number of roots per plant, average weight of roots per plant, yield of commercial roots, yield of non-commercial roots, number of rotten roots per plant and harvest index. For the analysis of genetic divergence, multivariate analysis based on the standardized Euclidean mean distance was employed, later performing the Hierarchical UPGMA and Tocher Optimization agglomerative methods. The degree of preservation of the genetic distances in the dendrogram was verified using the Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient. The Singh criterion was used to quantify the relative contribution of characteristics to genetic divergence. The genotypes presented genetic dissimilarity for the evaluated characteristics and based on the results of the dissimilarity matrix and groupings, it is recommended the crossings between the genotypes allocated in group II with the genotype allocated in group V, for the development of segregated populations with high genetic variability.

Evaluación del rendimiento potencial de cuatro cultivares de batata (Ipomoea batatas (l.) lam.) en Corrientes

<p>La batata [<em>Ipomoea batatas</em> (L.) Lam., familia Convolvulaceae] se cultiva en los cinco continentes, ubicándose en el séptimo lugar entre los cultivos alimenticios y en el tercero de los que tiene órganos comerciales subterráneos. En Argentina, el rendimiento promedio es de 14,9 tn ha<sup>-1</sup>, lo que se considera bajo respecto a otros países de Latinoamérica; particularmente en la provincia de Corrientes la batata se produce con tecnología obsoleta. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido conocer el potencial de rendimiento de raíces de batata de cuatro cultivares bajo manejo tecnificado, en las condiciones agroecológicas del norte de la Provincia de Corrientes. A este fin el experimento se llevó a cabo aplicando fertilización, control integrado de malezas y riego localizado. Los cultivares (<em>cvs</em>) saneados y de interés comercial sometidos a evaluación han sido: Beauregard y Arapey INIA, de ciclo corto y Morada INTA y Okinawa 100 de ciclo largo. Para ello se utilizó un diseño en bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones, registrándose variables como Número de Raíces Totales (NRT), Comerciales (NRC) y de No Comerciales (NRNC), Peso Fresco Total de Raíces (PFT), de las Comerciales (PFRC) y las No Comerciales (PFRNC) por m<sup>2</sup> a partir de los cual se realizaron estimaciones por hectárea. Los resultados fueron sometidos al análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) y prueba de Tukey (p<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><</span>0,05). Los <em>cvs</em> Okinawa 100 y Morada INTA, alcanzaron los mayores rendimientos con 72,79 y 55,29 tn ha<sup>-1 </sup>respectivamente, quintuplicando y triplicando el rendimiento promedio de la Provincia de Corrientes. Los <em>cvs</em> Beauregard y Arapey INIA rindieron 36,42 y 33,03 tn ha<sup>-1</sup> respectivamente, duplicando el rendimiento promedio provincial. El NRC y el NRNC no difirieron estadísticamente entre los cultivares evaluados.</p>

YIELD OF MARGARET QUEEN RADISH HYBRID ACCORDING TO THE SPACING

Currently, some important hybrids have replaced traditional radish cultivars, without, however, developing necessary studies on the best planting density for different Brazilian conditions. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of spacing between rows and plants on the development and yield of the ‘Margaret Queen’ radish hybrid. A randomized blocks experimental design with four replications in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme was used. Three row spacings (10, 15, and 20 cm) and three spacings between plants in the row (3, 6, and 9 cm) were evaluated. The seeds were sown in furrows at 1.0 cm deep, and the harvest was carried out at 28 days after sowing. The following were determined: number of leaves, root diameter, root length, average root weight, non-damaged root yield, damaged root yield, commercial root yield, and non-commercial root yield. The row spacing did not influence the development of the plants, but it affected the root yield. The row spacing of 20 cm had the lowest root yield. The spacings that provided the highest commercial root yield (D>30 mm) of the Margaret Queen radish hybrid were 10 and 15 cm between rows and 6 cm between plants. The 3 cm spacing between plants is the least suitable for the cultivation of the Margaret Queen radish hybrid radish under the studied conditions.

Multiple QTL Mapping in Autopolyploids: A Random-Effect Model Approach with Application in a Hexaploid Sweetpotato Full-Sib Population.

In developing countries, the sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. [Formula: see text], is an important autopolyploid species, both socially and economically. However, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping has remained limited due to its genetic complexity. Current fixed-effect models can fit only a single QTL and are generally hard to interpret. Here, we report the use of a random-effect model approach to map multiple QTL based on score statistics in a sweetpotato biparental population ('Beauregard' × 'Tanzania') with 315 full-sibs. Phenotypic data were collected for eight yield component traits in six environments in Peru, and jointly adjusted means were obtained using mixed-effect models. An integrated linkage map consisting of 30,684 markers distributed along 15 linkage groups (LGs) was used to obtain the genotype conditional probabilities of putative QTL at every centiMorgan position. Multiple interval mapping was performed using our R package QTLpoly and detected a total of 13 QTL, ranging from none to four QTL per trait, which explained up to 55% of the total variance. Some regions, such as those on LGs 3 and 15, were consistently detected among root number and yield traits, and provided a basis for candidate gene search. In addition, some QTL were found to affect commercial and noncommercial root traits distinctly. Further best linear unbiased predictions were decomposed into additive allele effects and were used to compute multiple QTL-based breeding values for selection. Together with quantitative genotyping and its appropriate usage in linkage analyses, this QTL mapping methodology will facilitate the use of genomic tools in sweetpotato breeding as well as in other autopolyploids.

Evaluation of organic cotton residue and application of biostimulant in the production of radish (Raphanus sativus)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield of radishes in response to cotton residue doses and biostimulant application. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme using the doses of 0; 25; 50; 75; 100 t ha-1 of cotton residue with or without biostimulant, with three replicates. At 32 days after emergency, the following variables were determined: plant height, leaf area, diameter of commercial roots, diameter of non-commercial roots, fresh mass of commercial roots, fresh mass of non-commercial roots, root dry mass, and dry mass of the plant leaves. Increases ranging from 49.74 to 1.291% were observed depending on the analyzed variable in comparing the control with the highest residue dose of 100 t ha-1. The biostimulant application treatments were up to 25.75% superior in relation to the treatments without application. It is concluded that cotton residue application and biostimulant are good alternatives to improve the performance of radish plants and can be used in organic production systems.

Irrigation of radish cultivars in the region of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The region of Vicosa in Brazil stands out for vegetable production. For success in this activity, the correct choice of cultivar with the correctly applied irrigation are necessary. As such, the aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of radish cultivars submitted to different irrigation depths. The radish crop was grown in a protected environment over three cycles, for periods of 38 to 40 days. The experimental design was of randomised complete blocks in split plots with five replications, comprising five irrigation depths (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of crop evapotranspiration-ETc) in the plots, with three radish cultivars in the subplots. (Hybrid no 25 - Sakata, Crunchy Royale - Sakata and Vip Crimson - Feltrin). A drip irrigation system was used, with the ETc obtained by means of the GESAI method. The following parameters were evaluated: root depth, plant water potential, leaf temperature, leaf weight, root diameter and length, number and weight of commercial and non-commercial roots, and water use efficiency. Since the experimental soil presented high water retention and availability, greater than 1.8 mm cm-1, an irrigation depth of 50% ETc is recommended, provided that the soil is at field capacity at the start of the cycle. When considering productivity and quality, the Crunchy Royale cultivar is recommended when cultivating the radish in Vicosa, Brazil.

English

This experiment was installed in the experimental plot of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Asuncion Department of Amambay, Paraguay, with the objective of evaluating the yield of four varieties of cassava in three harvest intervals. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four treatments (Seda, Pomberi, Sa’yju and Tacuara) and five repetitions. The spacing was 0.8 x 0.7 m, with a population density of 17,870 plants per hectare. Root quantity per plant, root weight per plant, amount of commercial and non-commercial root, weight of commercial and non-commercial root, yield per hectare were evaluated at eight, ten and twelve months after planting. The root number per plant was infuenced (p 0.05) depending on the varieties and harvest intervals. The root weight per plant does not present significant differences (p> 0.05) between varieties and harvest intervals. Commercial root weight and root yield were significantly (p <0.05) higher in harvest intervals performed 12 months after sowing, where the Tacuara variety showed the highest yield. Variety of table or sweet manioc Tacuara presents superior performance at 12 months after sowing. Cassava varieties tested have acceptable production parameters, and the knowledge of them as well as cutting interval may allow better use mainly by small farmers. It is recommended to evaluate the influence of planting density on the varieties and cutting interval. Keywords: Manihot esculenta, agronomic behavior, cultivars, harvest index.

Direct selection for phenotypic traits in carrot genotypes

ABSTRACT Selection of more productive carrot genotypes is fundamental for crop breeding programs aiming to increase productivity and reduce cost production. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate gains from direct selection and to measure its effects on other agronomic traits of interest in carrots. Thirty six carrot genotypes were evaluated in two experiments: the first, sown in the second half of November 2016 and the second one in the first week of March 2017. The experimental plots covered a useful area of 1.5 m2, in transversal rows and 0.10-m double spacing between single rows x 0.20-m between double rows in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. At 90 days, the incidence of leaf blight was evaluated using a note scale and 100 days after sowing, roots were harvested measuring the number and mass of total, commercial and non-commercial roots of each plot. The direct selection of commercial root mass allowed to estimate indirect and expressive gains for most evaluated traits, allowing to select seven genotypes (populations 758, 751, 737, 736, 735, 744 and 742) which can be released as cultivar or for the formation of a broader genetic-based population.

Residual effect of organic fertilization on radish production

ABSTRACT this research aimed to evaluate the residual effect of doses of organic compost on the radish production, as well as its effect on soil chemical properties. experiments were conducted in two areas (“low” and “high” soil fertility). prior to this, these areas were first used to evaluate the influence of organic compost doses on endive production. after harvesting endive, radish seeds were sown into the same plots used for endive to evaluate the residual effect. the six treatments consisted of organic compost doses (0, 35, 70, 105, 140 and 175 t ha-1), evaluated in a complete block experimental design, with four replications. vegetative characteristics of radish plants (shoot, root and total fresh and dry matter weight, plant height and root diameter) and soil characteristics (macronutrient content, ph, h+al, organic matter, sum of bases, cation exchange capacity and base saturation) in two dates (11 days after the endive transplant and at the end of the radish cycle) were evaluated. no significant difference was observed for all doses of organic compost in the “low” soil fertility area, obtaining only non-commercial roots (average fresh weight of 5.01 g per root). in the “high” soil fertility area, the higher the organic compost doses, the higher the values of most vegetatitve characteristics of radish plants and the chemical properties of the soil in both dates. for root fresh weight, the values ranged from 4.63 to 9.15 g in the control without organic compost and in the highest dose, respectively. in “high” soil fertility area, only k content in soil has not remained high for all organic compost doses, and the values ranged from 2.8 and 4.5 mmolc dm-3, in control without organic compost and in the highest dose, respectively. the residual effect of organic compost was confirmed by the increasing on the radish production in initial “high”soil fertility area.

SELECTIVITY OF METRIBUZIN IN POSTEMERGENCE OF CULTURE OF CARROT

ABSTRACT The initial slow growth and short stature of carrot can allow that weeds settle in crop areas, requiring the management of these plants for productivity not to decrease. Nevertheless, weeds control has been difficult because there are few herbicides available for weeds control in postemergence of carrots. Two experiments in the field were carried out to evaluate selectivity of metribuzin applied in postemergence of carrots. A experimental randomized block design was utilized with four repetitions. Treatments consisted of metribuzin doses (0, 144, 288, 432, 576, 720, 960 and 1,200 g ha-1), applied in postemergence of carrots of the Nantes variety. Roots productivity was evaluated and percentage of commercial roots and no-commercial roots was calculated. Metribuzin has not caused visual symptoms of intoxication in carrots. Doses lower than 432 g ha-1 of metribuzin do not reduce the total productivity of roots, independent of the application period. Any doses of metribuzin changed the percentage of commercial and noncommercial roots. It is concluded that metribuzin is selective for carrots of the Nantes variety in postemergence applications at doses of 432 g ha-1.

SUBSTITUTION OF CORNMEAL FOR FLOUR OF SHOOTS AND NON-COMMERCIAL ROOTS OF ARRACACHA (Arracaria xanthorrhiza Bancroft) IN THE PROCESSING OF SEMISWEET BISCUITS

The objective was to develop cornmeal semisweet biscuits with the addition of flour of shoots and non-commercial roots of arracacha ( Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) and evaluate their nutritional implications and physical characteristics of the product. The flours were obtained from fresh samples of shoots and non-commercial roots of arracacha. Biscuits were prepared in different concentrations of cornmeal, flour of shoots and non-commercial roots of arracacha, totaling seven trials. The flours and the biscuits were nutritionally analyzed and the cost of production was determined. That substitution of cornmeal by flour of non-commercial roots up to 50 % provided fewer-calorie biscuits with higher fiber content. Flour of shoots favored the increase of fibers; however, the biscuits had a darker color and harder texture. In conclusion, the addition of arracacha residues in the production of biscuits promoted increased fiber content and reduced the calorie value.

Desempenho agronômico de cultivares de batata-doce oriundas de ramas produzidas de forma convencional e in vitro

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of sweet potato cultivars (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)) originated from conventionally and in vitro produced branches in Mossoró-RN. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments were a combination of five sweet potato cultivars (ESAM 1, ESAM 2, 3 ESAM, Branca do Rio de Janeiro and California) and two propagation techniques (conventional and in vitro). The characteristics valuated were: total, commercial and non-commercial roots yield, commercial roots mass, number of commercial and total roots per plant, dry mass of aerial parts, roots and total. The in vitro propagation of all sweet potato cultivars promoted a larger number and productivity of commercial roots, and the cultivar ESAM 1 showed the highest percentage gains. The cultivars California and ESAM 2 were the most productive respectively, both from conventional and in vitro propagation.&nbsp

Seleção de clones de batata-doce pelo procedimento REML/BLUP

The objective of this work was to classify and select sweet potato clones, using the REML/BLUP methodology. The study was carried out in Rio Largo, Alagoas State, located 127 m above sea level, 9&deg;27’S and 35&deg;27’W. Five clones were evaluated (CL-2, CL-3, CL-4, CL-6 and CL-8) in a randomized complete blocks design with eight replications. The analyzed variables were number of commercial roots (NCR), number of non-commercial roots (NNCR), total number of roots (TNR), aerial part weight (APW), average weight of non-commercial roots (AWNCR), commercial root length (CRL), average weight of commercial roots (AWCR), and diameter of commercial roots (DCR). The analysis of deviance showed that the clones differ statistically for NNCR, TNR, AWNCR, AWCR, CRL and DCR. CL-06 had the best NCRN, NNCR, TNR, AWNCR, AWCR, DCR; CL-03 for APW and CRL, and CL-02 for NCR. By the classification of genotypic averages, the best clone was CL-06.

Agrosilício na produção de clones de mandioquinha-salsa

The production of Peruvian carrot clones was evaluated in response to calcium-magnesium silicate, through an experiment carried out in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, from May 2004 to March 2005. The experiments were arranged in a complete randomized design, in a 9 x 2 factorial scheme, with the nine clones (Araponga, BGH-4550, BGH-5742, BGH-5744, BGH-5747, BGH-6417, BGH-6425, BGH-6525 and Senador Amaral) cultivated with and without calcium-magnesium silicate (2,500 kg ha-1), with three repetitions. Plants were harvested 304 days post-planting, and the assessed parameters included plant height and diameter, fresh mass of aerial part, commercial roots per plant and yield of commercial and noncommercial roots (rejects), rotten roots and crown, measured in kg ha-1. There was no significant effect of calcium-magnesium silicate application on the yield of commercial roots. Senador Amaral, Araponga, BGH-5747, BGH-5742 and BGH-4550 were the most productive clones, with all having commercial yields above 18,000 kg ha-1. Clone BGH-5744 gave the lowest yield of commercial roots, although it stood out for plant height, diameter and production of fresh mass of aerial part. Further research is recommended to evaluate the effect of calcium-magnesium silicate on the production of Peruvian carrot commercial roots and resistance to diseases.

Produtividade de mandioquinha-salsa sob diferentes densidades de plantio e tamanho das mudas

Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, estudar a resposta produtiva da mandioquinha-salsa 'Amarela de Carandaí', propagada por mudas grandes-MG (22,1 g); médias-MM (14,1 g); pequenas-MP (9,7 g) e muito pequenas-MMP (5,7 g) e cultivada em canteiros com duas-2F e três fileiras-3F de plantas. Foram feitas colheitas aos 211 e 239 dias após o plantio-DAP. Todas as características avaliadas nas plantas, nas duas colheitas, foram influenciadas de forma variável pela interação tamanho das mudas e número de fileiras no canteiro. As maiores alturas das plantas foram daquelas do tratamento MP3F, nas duas épocas de colheita, mas, as colhidas aos 211 DAP (35,64 cm) apresentaram 4,50 cm a mais em relação às colhidas aos 239 DAP (31,14 cm). As massas frescas de folhas foram maiores nas plantas do tratamento MG2F (23,86 t ha-1), aos 211 DAP, e as do MM3F (22,09 t ha-1), aos 239 DAP. As maiores médias de massas frescas de rebentos (8,66 t ha-1) e de coroas (5,66 t ha-1) foram obtidas aos 239 DAP, em relação às dos 211 DAP (7,19 e 4,20 t ha-1). As maiores produções de raízes comerciais (11,61 t ha-1) e de não comerciais (5,80 t ha-1) foram do tratamento MG3P, aos 211 DAP e dos tratamentos MMP2F (14,48 t ha-1) e MP3F (5,92 t ha-1), respectivamente, aos 239 DAP. As massas frescas de raízes comerciais representaram apenas 18,31% e 23,08%, aos 211 DAP e 239 DAP, respectivamente, em relação à produção total das plantas.

Número de fileiras no canteiro e espaçamento entre plantas na produção e na rentabilidade da beterraba em Dourados-MS

This work had as objective to determine the yield, gross income and gross income minus seed cost of ‘Tall Top Early Wonder’ beet in answer to the use of four and five rows per plot and spaces of 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0 cm between plants. Harvest was done at 116 days after sowing, when the height of plants, fresh mass of leaves, diameter and length of roots and fresh mass of commercial and non-commercial roots were evaluated. The validation of this work was done by determination of gross income and gross income minus seed cost obtained per cultivated hectare. None of the evaluated characteristics was influenced significantly by the interaction of number of rows/spaces between plants. The highest gross income (R$ 6,700.00) came from the treatment with five rows per plot and 5.0 cm among plants, and the highest gross income minus seed cost (R$ 5,654.00) was from the treatment with five rows and 10.0 cm between plants. It was concluded that to obtain the greatest yield of beet, five rows of plants per plot and 5.0 cm between plants must be used, but to obtain the highest gross income minus seed cost, five rows per plot and 10.0 cm between plants must be used.